The Developing Database Culture. An overview of Lev Manovich's excerpt article The Database (2001) and Eugene Thacker's essay Biocolonialism, Genomics, and the Databasing of the Population. (2005)
Disclaimer: All images used for illustrative purposes belong to their respective trademark owners. No copyright infringement is intended.
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This document discusses allocation and provisioning in economics. It begins by introducing the concepts of scarcity and wants, and how economics deals with allocating scarce resources to satisfy unlimited wants. It then discusses several questions around provisioning, including the nature of wants, social institutions, technology, and their role in the economic system. The document outlines three approaches to addressing the allocation problem: increasing output, altering the mix of goods produced, and altering wants/preferences. It introduces concepts like ceteris paribus, opportunity cost, and property rights and their role in allocation mechanisms.
The document discusses two theories of mass communication: technological determinism and cultivation theory. Technological determinism, proposed by Marshall McLuhan, argues that media technologies shape human thought and society. McLuhan believed history can be divided into epochs defined by the dominant communication medium of the time. Cultivation theory, proposed by George Gerbner, suggests that television shapes viewers' perceptions of social reality by presenting disproportionate amounts of violence. Both theories have been criticized for lacking empirical evidence and being overly deterministic.
The document provides an overview of topics related to social perspectives on media and ICT, including:
1. Media saturation in today's environment with high rates of technology adoption.
2. Digital inequalities that exist globally and regionally in terms of access, skills, and usage.
3. The complex nature of media effects and influence, which involves many mediating factors.
4. Shifting media production with the blurring line between producers and consumers.
5. Engagement and democracy, where the internet theoretically enables greater civic participation but reality often falls short of expectations.
6. The evolution of social relations as the internet becomes more integrated into daily life.
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2) Marshall McLuhan's theory that the medium itself, not just the content, shapes societies and cultures. He coined the term "global village" to describe electronic media bringing people together.
3) Criticisms of technological determinism emerged, arguing that technology develops through social processes, not autonomously according to its own logic. Studies showed technologies can have flexible designs negotiated by social groups.
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Sasha Constanza-Chock, Out of the Shadows and Into the Streets: Transmedia Organizing and the Immigrant Rights Movement (MIT Press, 2014)
Henry Jenkins, Sam Ford, and Joshua Green, Spreadable Media: Creating Value and Meaning in Networked Culture (NYU Press, 2013)
Deborah Willis (ed.), Picturing Us: African American Identity in Photography (The New Press, 1996).
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2) Marshall McLuhan's theory that the medium itself, not just the content, shapes societies and cultures. He coined the term "global village" to describe electronic media bringing people together.
3) Criticisms of technological determinism emerged, arguing that technology develops through social processes, not autonomously according to its own logic. Studies showed technologies can have flexible designs negotiated by social groups.
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ENGL293 - The Developing Database Culture
1. The Way We Were
• 40’s Bush and Weiner: From
analogue to digital, cybernetics
• 60’s McLuhan: The medium is the
message (mediated content)
• 90’s: Bolter & Grusin:
remediation and digitextuality
• 2000s Everett - symptoms of:
click theory
3. Overview
• Lev Manovich
The Database (2001)
• Eugene Thacker
Biocolonialism, Genomics, and the Databasing
of the Population (2005)
4. Lev Manovich
• Interested in new media art, history and
theory of digital culture
• Professor of Visual Arts, UCSD
• Background in fine art,
architecture, semiotics, computer
programming
• M.A. Experimental Psychology
Ph.D.Visual/Cultural Studies
• The Language of Media (MIT Press, 2001)
• excerpt from Database as a
Symbolic Form
5. Article in a nutshell
• The rise of computer culture has redistributed the weight between databases and
narratives as the lens for user experience and understanding of the world
• “Both have existed long before modern media...[and represent] two essential
responses to the world” (Nayar 60)
• Narrative becomes syntagm|virtual|dematerialized while database becomes
paradigm|privileged|material in new media
6. Key terms
• Database form can be defined as a
structured collection of data.
• Data has equal significance
• No end, no beginning (editable)
• Open and editable
7. Key Concepts
• Database form and data structure as a cultural mirror.
• Computer age succeeds modern age
• Rise of idea of world as unstructured and endless
collection of data
• Represents a new way to translate our experience of
ourselves and the world
8. Key terms
• Narrative form “… contents should be a
series of connected events caused or
experienced by actors”.
- Mieke Bal. literary scholar (Nayar 56)
• Linear, single trajectory
• Novels, cinema, comics, music
9. Why are database>narrative structure for
new media objects?
• New media objects do not tell
stories
• Traditional genres which already
have a database logic are
receptive to reinvention with
new media storage
• OED, Chapters, Flickr,
Wikipedia, Hotmail, CBC Radio
3
10. But what about new media objects experienced as
narratives...
Such as games?
11. Key terms
• Algorithm: “a final sequence of simplified operations that a
computer can execute to accomplish a given task.” (Nayar
53)
• “Hidden logic” a sequence of simple operation required to
complete a task
12. Manovich’s Issues
• “The computerization of culture” “[C]omputer programming encapsulates the world according to its
own logic. The world is reduced to two kinds of software objects which are
complementary to each other: data structures and algorithms.” (Nayar 53)
• “the digitizing craze” “storage mania”
• Data does not just exist - it has to be generated, collected and organized
• New cultural algorithm (database logic as logic of culture):
reality ->media->data->database
13. Re: Everett’s Issue
• “By distancing technology from the body,
we become less accountable to ourselves.”
• Issue of disconnecting information from the
body.
14. Thacker’s Issue
• When we displace data from the body, does
it gain additional significance? Is context
lost in the datafication? (Re: McLuhan)
15. Eugene Thacker
• Interested in new media theory, digital
arts, science fiction, bioscience and
ethics, body and technology
• Associate Professor of Media Studies &
film, The New School
• BA in English Literature
M.A. and Ph.D.: Comparative
Literature
• excerpt from The Global Genome
(MIT Press, 2005)
16.
17. Article in a nutshell
• The databasing of the population is problematic. The human population is reduced to three entities:
biological material in a test tube, as a sequence in a computer database, and as economically valuable
information in a patent.
• “… what techniques is bioinformatics reinterpreting and incorporating cultural
difference?” (Nayar 241)
• Datification is a process fraught with semiotic meaning in both input and output (de Saussure).
18. Key Terms
• Population Genomics: Genetic study of the
genomes of specific populations, through both
statistics and medicine, genetics and
technology(Nayar 223)
• Studies genetic elements that make human
populations distinct from all humans (ie. ethnic
groups.)
• Produces what population means in the
context of genetics-based medicine and health
care-paradigm.
• Omits nonbiological factors (environmental,
geography, political, social)
• Related: Biopower, Bioinformatics as
Biocapitalism
19. Key Terms
• Biopolitics: incorporating the life of a population into a set of
economic and political concerns.
• defines population as mathematical, informatic-based
statistics approach
• works by subdividing and creating internal differences in
population to regulate political and economic health.
• produces and collects knowledge of the population in
the form of manageable data, inserting that info back
through the social-biological body of the population
Michel Foucault, French philosopher
20. Key Terms
• Biocolonialism: the appropriation (through force or
coercion) of Third World biological bodies and
populations by First World science, practice and research
to feed into health care economies.
• Concept of race manifested within biosciences is
encoded by Western science.
• Population databases are “... like value-added export
products designed to circulate in a global rhetorical
economy” (Nayar, 225)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O8HDjU6URqw
21.
22. Key Issues
• Bioethical Concerns & the Database:
• privacy, ownership and access to data
• commodification of data by free market capitalism
• emphasis on marketable genes data over others
• genetic discrimination
• selected conservation of genetic difference.
• reinscribed data; variability of biological data
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Apjebtal8bQ&feature=player_profilepage
24. Disclaimer: All images used for illustrative purposes belong to their respective trademark owners. The images
used therein are for non-commercial use and do not imply artist or corporate endorsement. No copyright
infringement is intended. For image takedown notice, please contact strieudal@yahoo.ca