The document provides an overview of Italy's 2010 energy situation and proposes elements of an energy policy for the future. Key points include:
- Italy was one of the most energy efficient countries in 2010 but still relied heavily on fossil fuels, importing much of its energy.
- The proposed policy focuses on reducing fossil fuel dependency through increased energy efficiency, renewable energy, and innovation while also simplifying bureaucracy and developing infrastructure.
Economic, Political and Legal Environment of JapanSazedul Ekab
Japan has the third largest economy in the world. It suffered a recession in 2008-2009 due to a drop in global demand for exports. The government has implemented economic reforms known as "Abenomics" focused on monetary easing, fiscal stimulus, and structural reforms to boost growth. However, Japan still faces challenges such as a large public debt, dependence on energy imports, and low inflation. Key economic indicators for Japan include a GDP of $4.6 trillion in 2014, foreign exchange reserves of over $1.2 trillion, and a trade deficit in September 2015.
Japan has a highly developed market economy that is the 3rd largest in the world by GDP. It imports most of its energy and raw materials due to lack of natural resources. The economy is led by industries like engineering and R&D. Household consumption and government spending each make up over half of GDP, with services being the largest economic sector. While the economy experienced slow growth in recent decades, factors like technological adaptation and corporate loyalty helped fuel growth periods in the past.
The document analyzes the energy efficiency of electric vehicles compared to gasoline vehicles. It calculates the amount of energy required to drive each type of vehicle 100 km using a well-to-wheel approach. This considers the efficiencies of each step from fuel production to use. Preliminary results show the electric vehicle requires 16.15 kWh of energy from the plug, while the gasoline vehicle requires 57.67 kWh of energy from the pump to travel the same distance.
Italy has traditionally relied heavily on energy imports and has pursued energy innovation policies to improve energy security and reduce emissions. Key priorities include diversifying energy sources and suppliers. While Italy performs well in energy research publications, it lags in translating this output into patents and commercialization. The main public bodies financing energy innovation include the Ministry of Economic Development and research organizations like ENEA, but Italy spends a lower percentage of GDP on R&D than the EU average. There is a need to activate more energy innovation projects and researchers to achieve targets like reducing emissions 20% by 2020.
The economy of Japan is the third largest in the world. Japan has a highly skilled workforce and is a global leader in many industries such as automobiles, electronics, and manufacturing. The country has a well-developed transportation network including high-speed rail lines connecting major cities, over 100 domestic airports, and an extensive system of highways. Tokyo is the economic and financial center of Japan with the largest city GDP in Asia.
Corrado Santini - Infrastructures in Southern ItalyCorrado Santini
Presentation of the intervention of Corrado Santini, Senior Partner of F2i - Fondi Italiani per le Infrastrutture, on the infrastructure situation in Southern Italy and investments in the water, waste and photovoltaic areas
The document recommends developing a long-term vision and targets for a sustainable energy supply in the Netherlands by 2050, including firm interim targets for 2030 and 2040. It states that a lack of long-term political vision and inconsistent government policies have hindered progress on the energy transition. Establishing binding long-term targets would provide clarity and direction to help accelerate the transition.
Economic, Political and Legal Environment of JapanSazedul Ekab
Japan has the third largest economy in the world. It suffered a recession in 2008-2009 due to a drop in global demand for exports. The government has implemented economic reforms known as "Abenomics" focused on monetary easing, fiscal stimulus, and structural reforms to boost growth. However, Japan still faces challenges such as a large public debt, dependence on energy imports, and low inflation. Key economic indicators for Japan include a GDP of $4.6 trillion in 2014, foreign exchange reserves of over $1.2 trillion, and a trade deficit in September 2015.
Japan has a highly developed market economy that is the 3rd largest in the world by GDP. It imports most of its energy and raw materials due to lack of natural resources. The economy is led by industries like engineering and R&D. Household consumption and government spending each make up over half of GDP, with services being the largest economic sector. While the economy experienced slow growth in recent decades, factors like technological adaptation and corporate loyalty helped fuel growth periods in the past.
The document analyzes the energy efficiency of electric vehicles compared to gasoline vehicles. It calculates the amount of energy required to drive each type of vehicle 100 km using a well-to-wheel approach. This considers the efficiencies of each step from fuel production to use. Preliminary results show the electric vehicle requires 16.15 kWh of energy from the plug, while the gasoline vehicle requires 57.67 kWh of energy from the pump to travel the same distance.
Italy has traditionally relied heavily on energy imports and has pursued energy innovation policies to improve energy security and reduce emissions. Key priorities include diversifying energy sources and suppliers. While Italy performs well in energy research publications, it lags in translating this output into patents and commercialization. The main public bodies financing energy innovation include the Ministry of Economic Development and research organizations like ENEA, but Italy spends a lower percentage of GDP on R&D than the EU average. There is a need to activate more energy innovation projects and researchers to achieve targets like reducing emissions 20% by 2020.
The economy of Japan is the third largest in the world. Japan has a highly skilled workforce and is a global leader in many industries such as automobiles, electronics, and manufacturing. The country has a well-developed transportation network including high-speed rail lines connecting major cities, over 100 domestic airports, and an extensive system of highways. Tokyo is the economic and financial center of Japan with the largest city GDP in Asia.
Corrado Santini - Infrastructures in Southern ItalyCorrado Santini
Presentation of the intervention of Corrado Santini, Senior Partner of F2i - Fondi Italiani per le Infrastrutture, on the infrastructure situation in Southern Italy and investments in the water, waste and photovoltaic areas
The document recommends developing a long-term vision and targets for a sustainable energy supply in the Netherlands by 2050, including firm interim targets for 2030 and 2040. It states that a lack of long-term political vision and inconsistent government policies have hindered progress on the energy transition. Establishing binding long-term targets would provide clarity and direction to help accelerate the transition.
Italy, shifting focus from renewables’ towards energy efficiencyLeonardo ENERGY
Italy has already achieved most of its energy objectives for 2020, mainly due to the decreased energy consumption related to the economic crisis. Thus, the challenge remains to keep achieving these targets as the economy escapes recession. To do so, it has already committed to an even greater market penetration of renewables and more stringent energy efficiency measures. As part of the incentives, the public cost of energy per MWh is more than 20 times lower than the public cost to support renewables.
This document provides an introduction to energy efficiency. It discusses rising global energy consumption and temperature trends. Various sectors contribute to energy usage, including industry, transportation, residential, and commercial. Developing countries' energy usage is growing rapidly. The International Partnership for Energy Efficiency Cooperation (IPEEC) is presented as a forum that facilitates cooperation and information sharing around energy efficiency best practices between countries. Key opportunities for improving energy efficiency are highlighted in sectors like industry, buildings, transportation, and power. Specific policies and programs from countries like the US, Japan, and China that have successfully increased energy efficiency through standards, labels, incentives are outlined. Benefits of greater energy efficiency include reduced emissions and costs, improved energy security, access,
This document discusses energy efficiency in buildings and the role of the International Partnership for Energy Efficiency Cooperation (IPEEC). IPEEC brings together major economies to promote energy efficiency worldwide. The document notes that energy consumption and carbon emissions are rising rapidly globally due to increasing demand from developing nations. Buildings account for 40% of greenhouse gas emissions, so improving energy efficiency in buildings through measures like insulation, appliance standards, and efficient HVAC systems can significantly reduce energy use and emissions. The Middle East in particular has high potential for building energy efficiency improvements given its growing population and urbanization.
The presentation summarized the history and key aspects of the Kyoto Protocol, an international agreement linked to the UNFCCC aimed at fighting global warming. It discussed how the protocol was adopted in 1997 and entered into force in 2005, committing industrialized countries to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. The presentation outlined the emission reduction targets and trading programs established by the protocol, as well as future meetings planned to regulate violators. It concluded by stating the protocol was an important first step, but further negotiations are needed to deliver stronger emission reductions to address climate change.
The document summarizes an inaugural summit held in New York City on February 11, 2013 called "Italy Meets the United States of America". It includes welcoming letters from Mayor Bloomberg and the US Ambassador to Italy. It then provides an overview of the current economic situation in Italy, highlighting strengths such as low household debt and high private savings despite high public debt, as well as opportunities for investment in infrastructure, privatization projects, and growing sectors.
The document summarizes the current state of energy poverty policy and research in Italy. It notes that Italy currently lacks an official definition and measure of energy poverty. Existing policy instruments aimed at energy poverty include the "Bonus gas" and "Bonus elettrico" discounts for low-income households, as well as tax expenditures like exemptions on electricity taxes. Recent developments include proposals to establish an Italian energy poverty observatory and include energy poverty measures in the new National Energy Strategy. The document also presents research estimating energy poverty in Italy using a modified Low Income High Costs indicator, finding energy poverty affected around 8% of households on average from 2005-2015.
1) Energy efficiency is critical for transitioning to a sustainable energy system and decoupling economic growth from greenhouse gas emissions. It provides the largest emissions savings potential in the IEA's scenarios.
2) Between 2011-2050, 38% of emissions reductions come from end-use fuel and electricity efficiency improvements according to the IEA.
3) Energy efficiency investments since 1990 in IEA countries have provided significant cost savings, reduced the need for fuel imports, and lowered emissions below 1996 levels.
1) Energy efficiency is critical for transitioning to a sustainable energy system and decoupling economic growth from greenhouse gas emissions. It provides the largest emissions savings potential in the IEA's scenarios.
2) Between 2011-2050, 38% of emissions reductions come from end-use fuel and electricity efficiency improvements according to the IEA.
3) Energy efficiency investments since 1990 in IEA countries have provided substantial cost savings, reduced the need for fuel imports, and lowered emissions below 1996 levels.
The document discusses the importance of energy efficiency in transitioning to a sustainable energy system. It notes that energy efficiency provides the largest share of emissions reductions in IEA scenarios to 2050, accounting for 38% of savings. Investments in energy efficiency measures over the past decades have resulted in significant energy savings and avoided costs, comparable to the energy use of China and the EU combined in 2012. The document advocates treating energy efficiency as an energy resource and changing the conversation to emphasize the real infrastructure and policy needed to realize its potential to decarbonize energy systems.
The document summarizes Italy's bioenergy sector and forecasts for meeting the country's renewable energy targets. It finds that Italy will rely significantly on bioenergy imports to reach its goals, estimating a need for around 4 million tons of oil equivalent from abroad, including 2.9 million from imported biofuels or those produced from imported biomass in Italy, and 1.1 million from other foreign contributions like electricity imports. Currently, Italy imports substantial amounts of biomass, biofuels, and their feedstocks to supplement domestic resources.
This document discusses trends in global poverty, inequality, demographics, debt, and the environment. It notes that while poverty has declined significantly in China and India, inequality remains high worldwide. Population is aging in developed nations. Debt levels are rising in southern Europe and selected advanced economies. Energy needs will increase substantially by 2035 due to growth in China, India, and the Middle East. Carbon emissions must be reduced to prevent global warming of over 2 degrees Celsius. Opportunities exist in renewable energy, energy efficiency, sustainable agriculture, recycling, and climate change adaptation and insurance.
Vito Gamberale - A Structural Reform for the Waste Management SystemVito Gamberale
Presentation of the speaking held by Vito Gamberale, CEO of F2i - Fondi Italiani per le Infrastrutture, on the conference Italia Decide, 4 April 2014, Turin.
The document discusses energy efficiency in Europe, outlining the EU's goals and policies around increasing energy efficiency. Specifically:
1) The EU aims to achieve a 20% reduction in carbon dioxide emissions, generate 20% of its energy from renewable sources, and improve energy efficiency by 20% by 2020.
2) Measures to achieve these goals include increasing efficiency in appliances, buildings, transport, and power generation.
3) Improving energy efficiency could save over 100 billion euros per year by 2020 and reduce CO2 emissions by 780 million tonnes annually.
The document discusses energy efficiency in Europe, outlining the EU's goals and policies around increasing energy efficiency. Specifically:
1) The EU aims to achieve a 20% reduction in carbon dioxide emissions, generate 20% of its energy from renewable sources, and improve energy efficiency by 20% by 2020.
2) Measures to achieve these goals include increasing efficiency in appliances, buildings, transport, and power generation.
3) Improving energy efficiency could save over 100 billion euros per year by 2020 and reduce CO2 emissions by 780 million tonnes annually.
The document discusses energy efficiency in Europe, outlining the EU's goals and policies around increasing energy efficiency. Specifically:
1) The EU aims to achieve a 20% reduction in carbon dioxide emissions, generate 20% of its energy from renewable sources, and improve energy efficiency by 20% by 2020.
2) Measures to achieve these goals include increasing efficiency in appliances, buildings, transport, and power generation.
3) Improving energy efficiency could save over 100 billion euros per year by 2020 and reduce CO2 emissions by 780 million tonnes annually.
Global environmental tendencies and energy sustainabilitypvsinbloom
The document summarizes the global and European renewable energy picture and the EU's 2020 strategy for promoting renewable energy and energy efficiency. It discusses how renewable energy accounted for an estimated 16% of global energy consumption in 2010 and how the EU aims to source 20% of its energy from renewables by 2020. It also outlines the opportunities for promoting the EU 2020 strategy in Central and Eastern European countries through increasing their use of renewable energy and improving energy efficiency, especially in buildings.
This document summarizes the oil industry in India, including production and consumption trends. It outlines key topics like the global oil scenario, OPEC countries, India's oil production and imports, impact on the economy, government initiatives, and major players. Tables provide data on the top oil consumers and importers worldwide in 2008, as well as India's oil production and growth rates between 2001-2009. The document was prepared by 4 students and cites annual reports and international organizations.
This document summarizes the oil industry in India, including production and consumption trends. It outlines key topics like the global oil scenario, OPEC countries, India's oil production and imports, impact on the economy, government initiatives, and major players. Tables provide data on the top oil consumers and importers worldwide in 2008, as well as India's oil production and growth rates between 2001-2009. The document was prepared by 4 students and cites annual reports and international energy organizations.
The document discusses indicators of equitable and sustainable well-being in Italy. It notes that Italy has a good base of documentation on these indicators and international attention on alternatives to GDP. However, there is still no significant use or impact of these indicators in Italy and no single aggregated indicator, though one could be constructed. It also analyzes differences between northern and southern Italy, rising inequalities, and the long decline in both GDP and a monetary well-being index in Italy from 1960-2013.
Italy, shifting focus from renewables’ towards energy efficiencyLeonardo ENERGY
Italy has already achieved most of its energy objectives for 2020, mainly due to the decreased energy consumption related to the economic crisis. Thus, the challenge remains to keep achieving these targets as the economy escapes recession. To do so, it has already committed to an even greater market penetration of renewables and more stringent energy efficiency measures. As part of the incentives, the public cost of energy per MWh is more than 20 times lower than the public cost to support renewables.
This document provides an introduction to energy efficiency. It discusses rising global energy consumption and temperature trends. Various sectors contribute to energy usage, including industry, transportation, residential, and commercial. Developing countries' energy usage is growing rapidly. The International Partnership for Energy Efficiency Cooperation (IPEEC) is presented as a forum that facilitates cooperation and information sharing around energy efficiency best practices between countries. Key opportunities for improving energy efficiency are highlighted in sectors like industry, buildings, transportation, and power. Specific policies and programs from countries like the US, Japan, and China that have successfully increased energy efficiency through standards, labels, incentives are outlined. Benefits of greater energy efficiency include reduced emissions and costs, improved energy security, access,
This document discusses energy efficiency in buildings and the role of the International Partnership for Energy Efficiency Cooperation (IPEEC). IPEEC brings together major economies to promote energy efficiency worldwide. The document notes that energy consumption and carbon emissions are rising rapidly globally due to increasing demand from developing nations. Buildings account for 40% of greenhouse gas emissions, so improving energy efficiency in buildings through measures like insulation, appliance standards, and efficient HVAC systems can significantly reduce energy use and emissions. The Middle East in particular has high potential for building energy efficiency improvements given its growing population and urbanization.
The presentation summarized the history and key aspects of the Kyoto Protocol, an international agreement linked to the UNFCCC aimed at fighting global warming. It discussed how the protocol was adopted in 1997 and entered into force in 2005, committing industrialized countries to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. The presentation outlined the emission reduction targets and trading programs established by the protocol, as well as future meetings planned to regulate violators. It concluded by stating the protocol was an important first step, but further negotiations are needed to deliver stronger emission reductions to address climate change.
The document summarizes an inaugural summit held in New York City on February 11, 2013 called "Italy Meets the United States of America". It includes welcoming letters from Mayor Bloomberg and the US Ambassador to Italy. It then provides an overview of the current economic situation in Italy, highlighting strengths such as low household debt and high private savings despite high public debt, as well as opportunities for investment in infrastructure, privatization projects, and growing sectors.
The document summarizes the current state of energy poverty policy and research in Italy. It notes that Italy currently lacks an official definition and measure of energy poverty. Existing policy instruments aimed at energy poverty include the "Bonus gas" and "Bonus elettrico" discounts for low-income households, as well as tax expenditures like exemptions on electricity taxes. Recent developments include proposals to establish an Italian energy poverty observatory and include energy poverty measures in the new National Energy Strategy. The document also presents research estimating energy poverty in Italy using a modified Low Income High Costs indicator, finding energy poverty affected around 8% of households on average from 2005-2015.
1) Energy efficiency is critical for transitioning to a sustainable energy system and decoupling economic growth from greenhouse gas emissions. It provides the largest emissions savings potential in the IEA's scenarios.
2) Between 2011-2050, 38% of emissions reductions come from end-use fuel and electricity efficiency improvements according to the IEA.
3) Energy efficiency investments since 1990 in IEA countries have provided significant cost savings, reduced the need for fuel imports, and lowered emissions below 1996 levels.
1) Energy efficiency is critical for transitioning to a sustainable energy system and decoupling economic growth from greenhouse gas emissions. It provides the largest emissions savings potential in the IEA's scenarios.
2) Between 2011-2050, 38% of emissions reductions come from end-use fuel and electricity efficiency improvements according to the IEA.
3) Energy efficiency investments since 1990 in IEA countries have provided substantial cost savings, reduced the need for fuel imports, and lowered emissions below 1996 levels.
The document discusses the importance of energy efficiency in transitioning to a sustainable energy system. It notes that energy efficiency provides the largest share of emissions reductions in IEA scenarios to 2050, accounting for 38% of savings. Investments in energy efficiency measures over the past decades have resulted in significant energy savings and avoided costs, comparable to the energy use of China and the EU combined in 2012. The document advocates treating energy efficiency as an energy resource and changing the conversation to emphasize the real infrastructure and policy needed to realize its potential to decarbonize energy systems.
The document summarizes Italy's bioenergy sector and forecasts for meeting the country's renewable energy targets. It finds that Italy will rely significantly on bioenergy imports to reach its goals, estimating a need for around 4 million tons of oil equivalent from abroad, including 2.9 million from imported biofuels or those produced from imported biomass in Italy, and 1.1 million from other foreign contributions like electricity imports. Currently, Italy imports substantial amounts of biomass, biofuels, and their feedstocks to supplement domestic resources.
This document discusses trends in global poverty, inequality, demographics, debt, and the environment. It notes that while poverty has declined significantly in China and India, inequality remains high worldwide. Population is aging in developed nations. Debt levels are rising in southern Europe and selected advanced economies. Energy needs will increase substantially by 2035 due to growth in China, India, and the Middle East. Carbon emissions must be reduced to prevent global warming of over 2 degrees Celsius. Opportunities exist in renewable energy, energy efficiency, sustainable agriculture, recycling, and climate change adaptation and insurance.
Vito Gamberale - A Structural Reform for the Waste Management SystemVito Gamberale
Presentation of the speaking held by Vito Gamberale, CEO of F2i - Fondi Italiani per le Infrastrutture, on the conference Italia Decide, 4 April 2014, Turin.
The document discusses energy efficiency in Europe, outlining the EU's goals and policies around increasing energy efficiency. Specifically:
1) The EU aims to achieve a 20% reduction in carbon dioxide emissions, generate 20% of its energy from renewable sources, and improve energy efficiency by 20% by 2020.
2) Measures to achieve these goals include increasing efficiency in appliances, buildings, transport, and power generation.
3) Improving energy efficiency could save over 100 billion euros per year by 2020 and reduce CO2 emissions by 780 million tonnes annually.
The document discusses energy efficiency in Europe, outlining the EU's goals and policies around increasing energy efficiency. Specifically:
1) The EU aims to achieve a 20% reduction in carbon dioxide emissions, generate 20% of its energy from renewable sources, and improve energy efficiency by 20% by 2020.
2) Measures to achieve these goals include increasing efficiency in appliances, buildings, transport, and power generation.
3) Improving energy efficiency could save over 100 billion euros per year by 2020 and reduce CO2 emissions by 780 million tonnes annually.
The document discusses energy efficiency in Europe, outlining the EU's goals and policies around increasing energy efficiency. Specifically:
1) The EU aims to achieve a 20% reduction in carbon dioxide emissions, generate 20% of its energy from renewable sources, and improve energy efficiency by 20% by 2020.
2) Measures to achieve these goals include increasing efficiency in appliances, buildings, transport, and power generation.
3) Improving energy efficiency could save over 100 billion euros per year by 2020 and reduce CO2 emissions by 780 million tonnes annually.
Global environmental tendencies and energy sustainabilitypvsinbloom
The document summarizes the global and European renewable energy picture and the EU's 2020 strategy for promoting renewable energy and energy efficiency. It discusses how renewable energy accounted for an estimated 16% of global energy consumption in 2010 and how the EU aims to source 20% of its energy from renewables by 2020. It also outlines the opportunities for promoting the EU 2020 strategy in Central and Eastern European countries through increasing their use of renewable energy and improving energy efficiency, especially in buildings.
This document summarizes the oil industry in India, including production and consumption trends. It outlines key topics like the global oil scenario, OPEC countries, India's oil production and imports, impact on the economy, government initiatives, and major players. Tables provide data on the top oil consumers and importers worldwide in 2008, as well as India's oil production and growth rates between 2001-2009. The document was prepared by 4 students and cites annual reports and international organizations.
This document summarizes the oil industry in India, including production and consumption trends. It outlines key topics like the global oil scenario, OPEC countries, India's oil production and imports, impact on the economy, government initiatives, and major players. Tables provide data on the top oil consumers and importers worldwide in 2008, as well as India's oil production and growth rates between 2001-2009. The document was prepared by 4 students and cites annual reports and international energy organizations.
The document discusses indicators of equitable and sustainable well-being in Italy. It notes that Italy has a good base of documentation on these indicators and international attention on alternatives to GDP. However, there is still no significant use or impact of these indicators in Italy and no single aggregated indicator, though one could be constructed. It also analyzes differences between northern and southern Italy, rising inequalities, and the long decline in both GDP and a monetary well-being index in Italy from 1960-2013.
2. In the specific the next table shows the production from renewable resources (International Energy Agency,
2015) (Gestore Servizi Energetici, 2011).
Resource Output
(TWh)
Share
(%)
Biomass (waste + solid + liquid) 7.4 9.6
Biogas 2.1 2.7
Geothermal 5.4 7.0
Hydro 51.1 66.4
PV 1.9 2.5
Wind 9.1 11.8
TOTAL 76.9 1.0
These data are slightly different from source to source, but generally the range of difference is less than
few TWh.
Most of the future scenarios expect an increasing in the energy consumption to sustain the economic
growth, but at the moment the Italian government is strongly active to achieve the European 2020
objectives and the Roadmap 2050 for a low‐carbon Europe (Italian Government, 2013), therefore it is very
likely a strong change in the future energy mix and foreseen consumptions.
2 Report aims & brief summary
The report aim is to give an overview of the key elements of an energy policy for Italy and the related
problems. Therefore, every chapter will consider a singular issue and its implication. Obviously to
contemplate every single aspect of a country policy is very complex and difficult also for the institutions
concerned, thus this report could be considered as a list of general suggestions without certainty in the real
possibility of implementation and cost covering.
The policy proposed would be based on reducing fossil fuels dependency with a strong effort in energy
efficiency, renewable energy, and innovation. The bullet points are:
Simplify bureaucracy.
Improve gas distribution system and infrastructures, aiming for exports.
Convert the refining industry to bio‐fuels.
Develop the electric grid.
Improve energy efficiency.
Exploit all the available renewable resources, with attention to geothermal heating, solar thermal
electricity and heating, and photovoltaic.
Consider seriously the possibility of nuclear.
Export the know‐how in Italian traditional technology such as smart‐grids, geothermal, hydro and
concentrated solar power.
6. Electric vehicles could have a strong impact to reduce fossil fuels dependency and improve general
efficiency in a policy based on renewable energy, therefore it should be placed more importance in
informing people on real costs, a simple cost coverage calculation is shown in the next table:
£ difference with gasoline engine 10,000 (Carpages, 2015)
£/l 1.12 (prezzi benzina, 2015)
km/l 6.1 (Smart, 2015) Covering results
£/km 0.184 54464.3 km
average km/year 12000.0 (al Volante, 2010) 4.5 years
kwh/km 0.16 (Smart, 2015) 1014.3 £ for electricity
euro/kWh 0.16 (Autorità energia, 2015) 11014.3 TOT £ to cover
£/kWh 0.116 59988.6 km
£/km 0.019 5.0 years
The effort in promoting electric vehicles is paid only if the electricity is produced in an efficient way,
therefore it could be interesting to incentive buying a renewable home plant with the electric car.
In the construction sector interesting implementations could be tightening of primary energy requirements,
energy certifications and rewards to promote the upgrade of buildings to a higher energy‐efficiency class,
encouragement of high‐performance installations and incentives for the integration of renewable through
tax deductions, installation of new high‐efficiency cogeneration system, integration with centralised town
heating and renovation of existing plants (Italian Government, 2013). Similar investments could be done in
the Industrial and Service sector.
In the Italy’s National Energy Strategy (Italian Government, 2013) more specific and legal information on
the incentives could be found.
Figure 4: “Expected savings by end‐use sectors” (Italian Government, 2013).