In 2016-2017, steps were taken to establish the Unified Patent Court (UPC), including ratification of the UPCA by at least 13 member states including France, UK and Germany. The Preparatory Committee worked to resolve financial and organizational issues and the UPC Administrative Committee took over. Ratification by the UK was completed before a Brexit referendum, and the UPC came into effect on February 1, 2017 with Germany's ratification in September 2016.