This document discusses different ways to add emphasis in writing, including using certain intensifying words, cleft sentences with "it" clauses to focus on a specific part of the sentence, and cleft sentences with "what" clauses to emphasize a subject or object. Single intensifying words mentioned are own, very, indeed, utterly, actually, by no means, and even. Cleft sentences with "it" clauses move the emphasized word or phrase to the beginning and use "who," "which," or "that." Cleft sentences with "what" clauses emphasize either the subject or object by moving it to the front with "what" and using "is" to connect to the rest.

1. EMPHASIS

2. Single words We can add emphasis by including certain words and expressions, such as: - own : it’s his own mistake - very/indeed : it was a very interesting play indeed - in the least bit/at all : he wasn’t surprised in the least bit - utterly : it was utterly pointless me talking to the boss - actually/by no/any means/even : -he didn’t even call to ask -I’m not calling him by any means

3. Cleft sentences 1) It clauses It+be+emphasised word+who/which/that It is Sheila who asked me to come to the party It is in the garden that she’s planting flowers It was the dog barking that woke me up

4. Cleft sentences 2) What clauses What+be + emphasised subject/object a) emphasis of subject What keeps me in shape is jogging What makes me smile is playing with my children b) emphasis of object What I need is a holiday What I want is a cup of coffee