CHAPTER 2

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OUTCOMES:
Explain constants and variables
Describe data types
Identify operators in programming
Explain different betw...

VARIABLES
a meaningful name of data storage location in
computer
memory
Variable’s characteristics:
• has a name
• h...

CONSTANTS
are values that do not change during program
execution
Types of constants:
• Integer constant
• Floating po...

RULES OF DECLARING VARIABLE & CONSTANT
• Variable names can be short as a single letter or
as long as 31 character
• Na...

EXAMPLE:
Valid Invalid Comment
c “c” Illegal character
Totalx2 2totalx Illegal first
character
Monthly_rate Monthly-r...

DECLARE CONSTANT & VARIABLES
Variables hold different types of data:
• Numeric (integer, floating point, double floating...

DECLARATION FORM:
Type
variable_list
Data types Variable;
Example:
int no1,no2; int mark;
char name[20]; float amoun...

#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
int a, b;
int result;
a=5;
b=2;
a=a+1;
result=a-b;
printf("nntt%d",result);
retu...

Variables may be initialized by assigning
constants to
them either at the time of their declaration or at a
later
tiSm...

Example:
int m, n =10;
char response = ‘n’;
char color [6] = ‘green’;
float rate, total = 0.0;
11

#include <stdio.h>
main()
{
char name[50], matrix[10];
int date, month, year, age;
int yearnow=2013;
printf("What is...

IDENTIFY THE SCOPE OF CONSTANT & VARIABLES
Integer constant
are the whole numbers that do not contain decimal
point
Ex...

Floating point constant
a decimal number that contains the decimal point (.)
Example;
float number =
0.7564;
-12.0, 6...

String constant
• always enclosed in double quotation marks (“ and “)
• a single space, a word, or a group of words betw...

Character constant
• should be enclosed within single quotation marks (‘
and ‘)
• all the alphabetic, numeric and speci...

KEYWORDS IN C PROGRAMME
• every word in C language is a keyword or an
identifier
• keyword cannot be used as a variable...

DATA TYPES
Basic data types in C:
• Integer
• Character
• Floating point
• Double floating point
18

INTEGER
hold whole numbers
Keyword : int
Syntax: int variable_name;
Example:
int number;
int a, b, c;
19

CHARACTER
hold only a single character
Keyword : char
Syntax: char variable_name;
Example:
char name[30];
char huruf...

FLOATING POINT
contain decimal points
Keyword : float
Syntax: float variable_name;
Example:
float value;
Float gross...

DOUBLE FLOATING POINT
will ensure a maximum accuracy in decimal point
Keyword : double
Syntax: double variable_name;
E...

UNDERSTAND OPERATORS & EXPRESSION
• C math operators are symbols for multiplying,
dividing,
• adding and subtracting an...

Arithmetic Operator
Most C programs perform arithmetic
calculations.
OPERATO
R
ACTION ALGEBRAIC
EXPRESSION
C
EXPRE...

Typical operator results. With a=7 and b=2,
the expression on the values on the right
EXPRESSION VALUE
a – b 5
a + b 9...

Parentheses are used to group terms in C
expressions in much the same manner as
in algebraic expressions.
For example, ...

Example:
ALGEBRA C
m= (a+b+c+d+e)/5;
y=(m*x) + b;
a b c d e
5
m
   

y  mx  b
27

Relational Operators
Operators for data comparisons are
available
It’s called relational operators, and the task
is to...

Standard
algebraic equality
operator or
relational operator
C equality
or relational
operator
Example of
C conditi...

Example:
if a = 7 and b = 5,
then a < b yields 0 and a != b yields 1.
30

Logical operators
There may be times when you need to
test more than one set of variables.
You can combine more than on...

OPERATO
R
MEANING
&& AND
|| OR
! NOT
32

The first two logical operators, && and ||,
never appear by themselves.
They typically go between two or more
relationa...

a b
a | | b
either a or b
must be true
a&&b
Both a and b
Must be true
! a
Produces the
opposite
relation
0 0 0 ...

Example:
The true and false on each side of the
operators
represent a relational if test.
The following statements, fo...

if ((a<b) && (c>d))
{
printf(“Results are invalid”);
}
If a is less than b, and c is greater than d,
print results ar...

if ((sales > 5000) || (hrsWorked > 81))
{
bonus = 500;
}
The sales must be more than 5000, or the
hrsWorked must
be ...

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