The Role of Drainage Depth and Intensity on Hydrology and Nutrient ...

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Designing Subsurface Drainage Systems
to Meet Both Profitability &
Environmental Goals
Gary R. Sands
Professor & Extension...

Drainage pipes
or “tile”
Flow to main
or ditch

Hypoxia & WQ Flooding & Hydrology
Habitat Loss & Alteration

Golden Rule of Drainage
Drain only what is necessary for good soil conditions and
crop growth – and not a drop more
Produc...

Benefits
Capital Cost
Net Return
Annual Nitrate Loss or
Drainage Volume

Drainage Depth is Important

Drainage Design Support Tool
• Illustrate effects of
drainage design
choices
• Facilitate compromise
between profitability...

Simulation Approach
• DRAINMOD 6.0
• 100-yr Simulations
• “Benchmark” soils
• Multiple locations (S and NW Mn)
• Use outpu...

Drainage Design Matrix
(every soil x location)
Drain Spacing (cm)
Drain
Depth
(cm)
4500 4050 3450 2850 2250
90
6.3
mm/day
...

DRAINMOD Outputs
148 133 113 94 74
90 12.4 12.7 13.2 13.8 14.1
105 12.9 13.2 13.6 14.1 14.6
120 13.5 13.7 14.0 14.3 14.8
1...

Undrained 148 133 113 94 74
90 42.6 83.2 86.1 89.7 93.1 95.9
105 42.6 89.8 92.0 94.5 96.5 97.9
120 42.6 93.4 94.9 96.6 97....

Design Objectives
• Maximize profitability (P)
• Minimize environmental (E)
response (e.g., drained vol, runoff
vol, N-los...

Spreadsheet Design Tool
Location 3
Soil 6
Installation cost per acre ($) $650
Acres Drained 160
Yield Potential (well drai...

Standardized Model Outputs
(Profitability)

Standardized Model Outputs
(Drainage Volume—or Nitrate)

Standardized Model Outputs
(Surface Runoff)

Drainage Design Indices
• Index 1 =
P∗
D∗ • Index 2 =
P∗
D∗× R∗

Index 1 =
P∗
D∗

Index 2=
P∗
D∗× R∗

HYDRO EFFECTS
Other DRAINMOD Approaches

Mean Daily Runoff w/90% CL – No Drainage
0.00
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
0.30
0.35
0.40
1 31 61 91 121 151 181 211 241 271 3...

Mean Daily Drainage at 0.5 in/day w/90% CL
0.00
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
0.30
0.35
0.40
1 31 61 91 121 151 181 211 241 271...

0.00
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
0.30
0.35
0.40
1 31 61 91 121 151 181 211 241 271 301 331 361
MeanDailyDrainedRunoffVol(cm)
...

Mean Daily Drainage & Post-drainage Runoff
0.00
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
0.30
0.35
0.40
1 31 61 91 121 151 181 211 241 271...

Mean Daily Water Yield: Pre- and Post-Drainage
0.00
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
0.30
0.35
0.40
1 31 61 91 121 151 181 211 241...

0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
1 31 61 91 121 151 181 211 241 271 301 331 361
CumDailyWaterYield&Runoff(UD)(cm)
P...

Mean Daily Water Yield: Pre- and Post-Drainage
0.00
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
0.30
0.35
0.40
1 31 61 91 121 151 181 211 241...

Post-Drainage Water Yield (D + RO)
Fargo Soil – Fergus Falls (99 yr)
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
1 31 61...

OUTPUTS ON A WEEKLY BASIS

Bearden Soil – Crookston (99 yr)

Bearden Soil – Crookston (99 yr)

Bearden Soil – Crookston (99 yr)

0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 33 35 37 39 41 43 45 47 49 51
WeeklyDrainage&Ru...

Fargo Soil – Fergus Falls (99 yr)
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 33 35 37 39 4...

In Summary …
• Investments in agricultural drainage will
likely continue.
• Opportunities likely exist to balance
profitab...

Thank You!
Gary R. Sands
grsands@umn.edu
www.DrainageOutlet.umn.edu

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