1. NAME : Kshitija Harishchandra Dalvi
SUB: Embedded System
(Topics:Embedded System using Watch)
CLASS : SYBsc (IT)
SEAT NO: 13-6515

2. INDEX
Sr.No. TOPIC
1. History
2. First Clock watches
3. Movement
4. Mechanical movements
5. Electronic movements
6. Automatic watches
7. Analog and Digital wristwatches
8. Illuminated display
9. Functions
10. Scuba diving
11. Quartz watches
12. Valve watch

3. HISTORY
A watch is a timepiece, typically worn either around the wrist or
attached on a chain and carried in a pocket. Wristwatches are the most
common type of watch used today. Watches evolved in the 17th
century from spring powered clocks, which appeared in the 15th
century. The first watches were strictly mechanical. As technology
progressed, the mechanisms used to measure time have, in some
cases, been replaced by use of quartz vibrations or electronic
pulses. The first digital electronic watch was developed in 1970.
Before wristwatches became popular in the 1920s, most watches
were pocket watches, which often had covers and were carried in a
pocket and attached to a watch chain.
Clock-watches
The first timepieces to be worn, made in the 16th century in the
German cities of Nuremberg and Augsburg, were transitional in size
between clocks and watches. These 'clock-watches' were fastened to
clothing or worn on a chain around the neck. They were heavy drum
shaped cylindrical brass boxes several inches in diameter, engraved and
ornamented. They had only an hour hand. Many of the movements
included striking or alarm mechanisms. They usually had to be wound

4. twice a day. The shape later evolved into a rounded form; these were
later called Nuremberg eggs.
The accuracy of their verge and foliot movements was so poor, with
errors of perhaps several hours per day, that they were practically
useless. They were made as jewelry and novelties for the nobility,
valued for their fine ornamentation, unusual shape, or intriguing
mechanism, and accurate timekeeping was of very minor.
Most inexpensive and medium-priced watches used mainly for
timekeeping are electronic watches with quartz movements. In addition
to the time, modern watches often display the day, date, month and
year, and electronic watches may have many other functions. Watches
that provide additional time-related features such
as timers, chronographs and alarm functions are also common. Some
modern designs even go as far as using GPS technology or heart-rate
monitoring capabilities.
Movement
Different kinds of movements move the hands differently as shown in
this 2 second exposure. The left watch has a 24-hour analog dial with a
mechanical 1/6 s movement, the right one has a more common 12-
hour dial and a "1 s" quartz movement.

5. A Russian mechanical watch movement
A movement in watch making is the mechanism that measures the
passage of time and displays the current time (and possibly other
information including date, month and day). Movements may be
entirely mechanical, entirely electronic (potentially with no moving
parts), or they might be a blend of the two. Most watches intended
mainly for timekeeping today have electronic movements, with
mechanical hands on the watch face indicating the time.
Mechanical movements
Compared to electronic movements, mechanical watches are less
accurate, often with errors of seconds per day, and they are sensitive to
position, temperature and magnetism. They are also costly to produce,
require regular maintenance and adjustment, and are more prone to
failure. Nevertheless, the craftsmanship of mechanical watches still
attracts interest from part of the watch-buying public.
Electronic movements

6. Electronic movements have few or no moving parts, as they use
the piezoelectric effect in a tiny quartz crystal to provide a stable time
base for a mostly electronic movement. The crystal forms a quartz
oscillator which resonates at a specific and highly stable frequency, and
which can be used to accurately pace a timekeeping mechanism. For
this reason, electronic watches are often called quartz watches. Most
quartz movements are primarily electronic but are geared to drive
mechanical hands on the face of the watch in order to provide a
traditional analog display of the time, which is still preferred by most
consumers.
In 1959 Seiko gave an order to Epson (a daughter company of Seiko and
the actual brain behind the quartz revolution) to start developing a
quartz wristwatch. The project was codenamed 59A and by the 1964
Tokyo Summer Olympics, Seiko had a working prototype of a portable
quartz watch which took part in time measurements throughout the
event.

7. The first prototypes of an electronic quartz wristwatch (not
just portable quartz watches as the Seiko timekeeping devices at the
Tokyo Olympics in 1964) were made by the CEH research laboratory in
Neuchâtel, Switzerland. From 1965 through 1967 pioneering
development work was done on a miniaturized 8192 Hz quartz
oscillator, a thermo-compensation module and an in house-made,
dedicated integrated circuit (unlike the hybrid circuits used in the later
Seiko Astron wristwatch). As a result, the BETA 1 prototype set new
timekeeping performance records at the International Chronometric
Competition held at the Observatory of Neuchâtel in 1967. Solar
powered watches are powered by light. A photovoltaic cell on the face
(dial) of the watch converts light to electricity, which in turn is used to
charge a rechargeable battery or capacitor. The movement of the
watch draws its power from the rechargeable battery or capacitor. As
long as the watch is regularly exposed to fairly strong light (such as
sunlight), it never needs battery replacement, and some models need
only a few minutes of sunlight to provide weeks of energy.

8. Automatic watches
Automatic watch: An eccentric weight, called a rotor, swings with the
movement of the wearer's body and winds the spring. A self-
winding or automatic watch is one that rewinds the mainspring of a
mechanical movement by the natural motions of the wearer's body.
The first self-winding mechanism was invented for pocket watches in
1770 but the first "self-winding", or "automatic", wristwatch was the
invention of a British watch repairer in 1923. This type of watch allows
for constant winding without special action from the wearer; it works
by an eccentric weight, called a winding rotor, which rotates with the
movement of the wearer's wrist.
Analog
Traditionally, watches have displayed the time in analog form, with a
numbered dial upon which are mounted at least a rotating hour hand
and a longer, rotating minute hand. Many watches also incorporate a

9. third hand that shows the current second of the current minute.
Watches powered by quartz usually have a second hand that snaps
every second to the next marker.
Digital
The first digital mechanical pocket watches appeared in late 19th
century. In the 1920s, the first digital mechanical wristwatches
appeared.
Digital LED watches were very expensive and out of reach to the
common consumer until 1975, when Texas Instruments started to
mass-produce LED watches inside a plastic case. An early LED watch
that was rather problematic was The Black Watch made and sold by
British company Sinclair Research in 1975. This was only sold for a few
years, as production problems and returned (faulty) product forced the
company to cease production.

10. A digital watch displaying the time, seconds, and date
Watches with LED displays were popular for a few years, but soon the
LED displays were superseded by liquid crystal displays (LCDs), which
used less battery power and were much more convenient in use, with
the display always visible and no need to push a button before seeing
the time. Only in darkness you had to press a button to light the display
with a tiny light bulb, later illuminating LEDs.
From the 1980s onward, digital watch technology vastly improved. In
1982 Seiko produced a watch with a small television screen built in, and
Casio produced a digital watch with a thermometer as well as another
that could translate 1,500 Japanese words into English. In 1985, Casio
produced the CFX-400 scientific calculator watch. In 1987 Casio
produced a watch that could dial your telephone number and Citizen
revealed one that would react to your voice. In 1995 Timex released a
watch which allowed the wearer to download and store data from a
computer to their wrist. Some watches, such as the Timex Data link
USB, feature dot matrix displays. Since their apex during the late 1980s
to mid-1990s high technology fad, digital watches have mostly become
simpler, less expensive time pieces with little variety between models.

11. Illuminated display
Many watches have displays that are illuminated, so they can be used
in darkness. Various methods have been used to achieve this.
Mechanical watches often have luminous paint on their hands and hour
marks. In the mid-20th Century, radioactive material was often
incorporated in the paint, so it would continue to glow without any
exposure to light. Radium was often used, but produced small amounts
of radiation outside the watch which might have been
hazardous. Tritium was used as a replacement , since the radiation it
produces has such low energy that it cannot penetrate a watch glass
Watches that incorporate batteries often have electric illumination of
their displays. However, lights consume far more power than electronic
watch movements. In order to conserve the battery, the light is
activated only when the user presses a button.
In some early digital watches, LED displays were used, which could be
read as easily in darkness as in daylight. However, the user had to press
a button to light up the LEDs, which meant that the watch could not be
read at all without the button being pressed, even in full daylight.

12. Functions
All watches provide the time of day, giving at least the hour and
minute, and usually the second. Most also provide the current date,
and often the day of the week as well. However, many watches also
provide a great deal of information beyond the basics of time and date.
Some watches include alarms. Other elaborate and more expensive
watches, both pocket and wrist models, also incorporate striking
mechanisms or repeater functions, so that the wearer could learn the
time by the sound emanating from the watch. This announcement or
striking feature is an essential characteristic of true clocks and
distinguishes such watches from ordinary timepieces. This feature is
available on most digital watches.
A complicated watch has one or more functions beyond the basic
function of displaying the time and the date; such a functionality is
called a complication. Two popular complications are the
chronograph complication, which is the ability of the watch movement
to function as a stopwatch, and the moon phase complication, which is
a display of the lunar phase

13. Many computerized wristwatches have been
developed, but none have had long-term sales success, because they
have awkward user interfaces due to the tiny screens and buttons, and
a short battery life.
Scuba diving
Seiko 7002-7020 Diver's 200 m on a 4-ring NATO style strap
Watches may be crafted to become water resistant. These watches are
sometimes called diving watches when they are suitable for scuba
diving or saturation diving. The International Organization for
Standardization issued a standard for water resistant watches which
also prohibits the term "waterproof" to be used with watches, which
many countries have adopted.
Watches are classified by their degree of water resistance, which
roughly translates to the following (1 metre = 3.281 feet)

14. Quartz watches
The first Swiss quartz clock, made after WW II
The introduction of the quartz watch in 1969 was a revolutionary
improvement in watch technology. In place of a balance wheel which
oscillated at 5 beats per second, it used aquartz crystal resonator which
vibrated at 8,192 Hz, driven by a battery powered oscillator circuit. In
place of a wheel train to add up the beats into seconds, minutes, and
hours, it used digital counters. The higher Qfactor of the resonator,
along with quartz's low temperature coefficient, resulted in better
accuracy than the best mechanical watches, while the elimination of all
moving parts made the watch more shock-resistant and eliminated the
need for periodic cleaning.
Accuracy increased with the frequency of the crystal used, but so did
power consumption. By the 1980s, quartz watches had taken over most
of the watch market from the mechanical watch industry.

15. ValveWatch® is a condition monitoring system for critical valves that
delivers proven results. ValveWatch utilizes advanced technology to
remotely monitor valves and actuators, detecting problems before they
impact production
The ValveWatch system incorporates sensors
attached to or near the valve and actuator assembly to routinely
monitor and record their performance. Strain sensors and actuator
pressure sensors monitor valve & actuator performance during
operation, while dynamic pressure sensors and acoustic sensors
monitor the valve for internal seat leaks. Together, these sensors
provide operators an automated checkup on the condition of the valve
and actuator package. The strain sensor and actuator pressure sensor
provide valuable diagnostic data each time the valve strokes.
ValveWatch collects data from the dynamic pressure sensors on a
scheduled interval or when the valve strokes, while data from the other
sensors is recorded only when the valve strokes.
For valve stroke tests, data taken from each sensor is compiled into a
signature and compared against a baseline signature taken under
“normal” conditions. Irregularities in valve signatures are identified and
analyzed to determine the source of the valve or actuator problem.

16. VALVEWATCH MONITORS PERFORMANCE 24/7
Blocked Solenoid Exhaust
Partially blocked exhaust ports can significantly increase valve closing
time. With ValveWatch, measurements taken from the actuator
pressure sensor during a valve stroke can identify this problem. This
example shows a signature from a valve with a blocked exhaust port
compared to several signatures from a normal valve. The blocked
exhaust caused an increase in stroke time of 500% for this valve. Left
undetected, this problem can compromise the performance of critical
systems such as ESD systems.
• Mini Stepping Motors used in clocks, watches and electric
meters are a kind of mechanical-electrical converters,
transforming electrical energy to mechanical energy. Mini motors
used in different ways are machined by applying different
techniques and materials. At present, our enterprise produces the
following serial mini stepping motors:
• 1.Kinds of steeping motors used in pointer type quartz watches;
• 2.Kinds of steeping motors used in pointer type quartz clocks;
• 3.Kinds of steeping motors used in electronic type electric meters.
Moreover, our enterprise also takes over the machining business of
the stators and coils used in the above various stepping motors as

17. long our receiving the materials, samples and drawings, meanwhile,
our enterprise is capable of taking over the machining business of
mini coils used in mobile phones and beepers.