Bacteriophage Shockage was isolated and characterized. Electron microscopy pictures were taken of the phage particles. The pictures show the structure of Shockage, which includes an icosahedral capsid and long, non-contractile tail.
Bacteriophage Zombage was isolated and characterized using electron microscopy. Pictures were taken of the phage using electron microscopy to view its structure and morphology at high magnification. The electron microscopy images provide detailed views of Zombage's capsid, tail fibers, and other viral structures.
1. This laboratory focused on practicing proper micropipetting techniques. Students mixed solutions of water and dyes to practice using micropipettes accurately and safely. This helped prepare them for upcoming labs requiring precise measurements.
2. Students learned different microscopy techniques, including fluorescence and bright field microscopy. They took photomicrographs using a camera attached to the microscope.
3. Over three days, students extracted their own DNA from mouth cells, ran PCR tests to determine if a patient sample had diabetes, and used gel electrophoresis to analyze protein biomarkers and diagnose a lysosomal storage disorder.
This document summarizes three research articles on the use of cannabis to treat Crohn's disease. The first article finds that 21 out of 30 Crohn's patients saw improved symptoms after treatment with cannabis. It also found reductions in drug usage and surgeries. The second article determines that cannabidiol selectively inhibits inflammatory hypermotility in mice when an inflammatory stimulus is present. The third article surveys Crohn's and ulcerative colitis patients and finds that cannabis helped relieve common symptoms like abdominal pain and diarrhea for most users.
14.anaeli and nicolle. mycobacteriophages paper.anaelishockey
Two mycobacteriophages were isolated from a soil sample collected in Gurabo, Puerto Rico. Following enrichment and plaque purification, two distinct phages (named Shockage and Zombage) were isolated based on differences in morphology and protein band patterns. Shockage had a distinct protein profile while Zombage and another initially isolated phage had nearly identical protein bands, indicating they were the same phage. Further DNA sequencing would help fully characterize these newly isolated phages and determine if they represent unique viruses. Overall, this experiment demonstrated a method for isolating new mycobacteriophages from environmental samples.
This document summarizes research on a two-component nanoparticle system that uses communication to amplify targeting of nanoparticles to tumors. The system consists of "signalling" nanoparticles that first target tumors and activate the coagulation cascade locally, and "receiving" nanoparticles that target areas of coagulation activation to deliver diagnostic or therapeutic agents. Two types of signalling nanoparticles are investigated - gold nanorods that activate coagulation when heated with near-infrared light, and engineered tissue factor proteins that activate coagulation upon binding to tumor receptors. Both are shown to induce localized fibrin deposition in tumors. Receiving nanoparticles containing imaging or drug payloads are then able to target the coagulated tumor sites for enhanced delivery.
This document describes the isolation of mycobacteriophages from soil samples in Puerto Rico. Two students isolated three unique phages and characterized them through plaque assays, enrichment techniques, and SDS-PAGE gel electrophoresis. Two distinct phages, named Shockage and Zombage, were identified based on their protein band patterns and plaque morphology. Further sequencing of the phage genomes was proposed to better characterize the newly discovered viruses.
This pilot study examined the combination of high-dose zidovudine and valganciclovir for the treatment of Kaposi sarcoma herpesvirus (KSHV)-associated multicentric Castleman disease (MCD) in 14 HIV-infected patients. The rationale was that these drugs target KSHV lytic genes ORF36 and ORF21, selectively killing KSHV-infected plasmablasts expressing these genes. A total of 86% of patients achieved a major clinical response and 50% a major biochemical response. Median progression-free survival was 6 months and overall survival at 43 months of follow-up was 86%. This virus-activated cytotoxic therapy showed activity in KSHV-
This document summarizes a case presentation of a patient with progressive neurological deficits and HIV. Over several weeks, the patient developed numbness that spread across his face and limbs, as well as other neurological symptoms. Imaging and spinal fluid testing did not reveal any abnormalities. A biopsy showed diffuse large B-cell lymphoma that was HHV8-positive but EBV-negative. This type of lymphoma is associated with Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV), which can cause various malignancies in HIV/AIDS patients such as multicentric Castleman's disease, primary effusion lymphoma, and diffuse large B-cell lymphoma.
Bacteriophage Zombage was isolated and characterized using electron microscopy. Pictures were taken of the phage using electron microscopy to view its structure and morphology at high magnification. The electron microscopy images provide detailed views of Zombage's capsid, tail fibers, and other viral structures.
1. This laboratory focused on practicing proper micropipetting techniques. Students mixed solutions of water and dyes to practice using micropipettes accurately and safely. This helped prepare them for upcoming labs requiring precise measurements.
2. Students learned different microscopy techniques, including fluorescence and bright field microscopy. They took photomicrographs using a camera attached to the microscope.
3. Over three days, students extracted their own DNA from mouth cells, ran PCR tests to determine if a patient sample had diabetes, and used gel electrophoresis to analyze protein biomarkers and diagnose a lysosomal storage disorder.
This document summarizes three research articles on the use of cannabis to treat Crohn's disease. The first article finds that 21 out of 30 Crohn's patients saw improved symptoms after treatment with cannabis. It also found reductions in drug usage and surgeries. The second article determines that cannabidiol selectively inhibits inflammatory hypermotility in mice when an inflammatory stimulus is present. The third article surveys Crohn's and ulcerative colitis patients and finds that cannabis helped relieve common symptoms like abdominal pain and diarrhea for most users.
14.anaeli and nicolle. mycobacteriophages paper.anaelishockey
Two mycobacteriophages were isolated from a soil sample collected in Gurabo, Puerto Rico. Following enrichment and plaque purification, two distinct phages (named Shockage and Zombage) were isolated based on differences in morphology and protein band patterns. Shockage had a distinct protein profile while Zombage and another initially isolated phage had nearly identical protein bands, indicating they were the same phage. Further DNA sequencing would help fully characterize these newly isolated phages and determine if they represent unique viruses. Overall, this experiment demonstrated a method for isolating new mycobacteriophages from environmental samples.
This document summarizes research on a two-component nanoparticle system that uses communication to amplify targeting of nanoparticles to tumors. The system consists of "signalling" nanoparticles that first target tumors and activate the coagulation cascade locally, and "receiving" nanoparticles that target areas of coagulation activation to deliver diagnostic or therapeutic agents. Two types of signalling nanoparticles are investigated - gold nanorods that activate coagulation when heated with near-infrared light, and engineered tissue factor proteins that activate coagulation upon binding to tumor receptors. Both are shown to induce localized fibrin deposition in tumors. Receiving nanoparticles containing imaging or drug payloads are then able to target the coagulated tumor sites for enhanced delivery.
This document describes the isolation of mycobacteriophages from soil samples in Puerto Rico. Two students isolated three unique phages and characterized them through plaque assays, enrichment techniques, and SDS-PAGE gel electrophoresis. Two distinct phages, named Shockage and Zombage, were identified based on their protein band patterns and plaque morphology. Further sequencing of the phage genomes was proposed to better characterize the newly discovered viruses.
This pilot study examined the combination of high-dose zidovudine and valganciclovir for the treatment of Kaposi sarcoma herpesvirus (KSHV)-associated multicentric Castleman disease (MCD) in 14 HIV-infected patients. The rationale was that these drugs target KSHV lytic genes ORF36 and ORF21, selectively killing KSHV-infected plasmablasts expressing these genes. A total of 86% of patients achieved a major clinical response and 50% a major biochemical response. Median progression-free survival was 6 months and overall survival at 43 months of follow-up was 86%. This virus-activated cytotoxic therapy showed activity in KSHV-
This document summarizes a case presentation of a patient with progressive neurological deficits and HIV. Over several weeks, the patient developed numbness that spread across his face and limbs, as well as other neurological symptoms. Imaging and spinal fluid testing did not reveal any abnormalities. A biopsy showed diffuse large B-cell lymphoma that was HHV8-positive but EBV-negative. This type of lymphoma is associated with Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV), which can cause various malignancies in HIV/AIDS patients such as multicentric Castleman's disease, primary effusion lymphoma, and diffuse large B-cell lymphoma.
The document discusses in silico drug discovery methods including identifying potential drug targets, generating pharmacophore models, screening compound databases, and analyzing top hits through molecular docking simulations. A drug discovery strategy is outlined involving primary and secondary screening to identify lead compounds. The work plan describes using AutoDock Vina to dock and rank compounds, selecting the top 14 hits, and analyzing their binding interactions with HIV proteases. Nilotinib, lopinavir, ergoloid, and zafirlukast were evaluated in more detail and found to have high binding affinity to the target proteins.
This document contains 4 images of the blue-green algae Nostoc viewed under a microscope using Bright Field techniques at magnifications of 200x and 400x. The images show Nostoc in its natural state as well as using a squash technique to better view its structure.
This article discusses a study that surveyed patients with inflammatory bowel diseases like Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis about their use of cannabis. The researchers hypothesized that cannabis works as an anti-inflammatory through receptors called endocannabinoids. The survey found that in most cases, patients reported cannabis helped relieve abdominal pain, diarrhea and reduced appetite. While cannabis has side effects, it improved quality of life for these patients and could be a viable treatment option.
This research paper studied whether cannabidiol inhibits inflammatory hypermotility in mice. Researchers induced intestinal inflammation in mice using croton oil, then tested the effects of different doses of cannabidiol. They found that cannabidiol effectively reduced hypermotility when inflammation was present, and higher doses produced greater inhibition. The study concluded that cannabidiol can help normalize intestinal motility during inflammation.
This article describes a study of 30 Crohn's disease patients who used cannabis as a treatment. Cannabis is known to have anti-inflammatory properties, and a symptom of Crohn's is bowel inflammation. The study found that 21 of the 30 patients experienced great improvement in their condition after using cannabis. The results show that cannabis treatment can reduce symptoms of Crohn's disease like bowel inflammation.
Galsulfase is a recombinant form of human N-acetylgalactosamine 4-sulfatase that was approved by the FDA in May 2005 for the treatment of mucopolysaccharidosis type VI (MPS-VI), a rare lysosomal storage disorder. MPS-VI is caused by a deficiency of N–acetylgalactosamine 4-sulfatase, which leads to the accumulation of dermatan sulfate. Clinical trials found that patients treated with galsulfase showed improvements in walking and stair-climbing ability compared to placebo. Galsulfase represents the first approved treatment for MPS-VI and provides an important new therapy for patients suffering from this rare disease.
The Biology Honor Society will provide refreshments from 10:30-10:40 in room 106 MMM on Thursday. Yadilette Rivera, an alumna from Univ. of Massachusetts Amherst, will then give a seminar from 10:40-11:20 in room 106 MMM about the challenges of protein crystallography and graduate school.
Yadilette's research focuses on treating lysosomal storage disorders, which cause bone abnormalities, through enzyme replacement therapy rather than bone marrow transplantation. Her treatment involves purifying proteins through crystallization and x-ray analysis to determine the replacement enzyme, then injecting patients weekly and monitoring their progress through tests, with some patients showing increased mobility based on walking and climbing tests. This research helps improve the lives of those suffering from these diseases and creates more awareness.
This document discusses incorporating unnatural amino acids into proteins to expand their functions. It describes how pyrrolysine is used as an orthogonal system to incorporate unnatural amino acids specified by an amber stop codon. Various unnatural amino acids containing alkene and norbornene functional groups were successfully incorporated into GFP and other proteins in E. coli and mammalian cells. These modified proteins could then be site-specifically labeled using bioorthogonal reactions like the thiol-ene and Diels-Alder reactions. This allows proteins to be labeled and studied in live cells with new functions.
This document describes a new method for site-specifically labeling proteins using genetically encoded norbornene and rapidly reactive tetrazine probes. Key points:
1) A norbornene-containing amino acid is genetically encoded in E. coli and mammalian cells using the pyrrolysyl tRNA synthetase system.
2) A series of tetrazine probes are developed that react rapidly and specifically with norbornene via an inverse electron demand Diels-Alder reaction.
3) The tetrazine-norbornene reaction is shown to be much faster than established bioorthogonal reactions, allowing specific labeling of proteins both in vitro and on mammalian cell surfaces.
Jessica Torres from North Carolina State University will give a seminar on incorporating unnatural amino acids into proteins. Unnatural amino acids allow the expression of proteins with new functions and enable a wide range of studies by using diverse functional groups beyond the 20 common amino acids. Examples include incorporating fluorescent and spectroscopic probes to study biological processes in live cells. The seminar will discuss how introducing unnatural amino acids into proteins, both in vitro and in vivo, is a promising technique that can provide insights into answering biomedical questions relevant to human health. Refreshments will be provided before the talk at 10:30am on Thursday September 20 in room MMM 106.
An improved method of protein labeling uses unnatural amino acids inserted during protein synthesis, which do not interfere with the organism's natural systems. The unnatural amino acids are chosen for their similarity to natural amino acids but are distinct enough to avoid incorporation elsewhere. By adding a stop codon to the unnatural amino acid and inserting it into tRNA, only the desired protein will be labeled without affecting other proteins.
Rta is a key transcriptional activator that is required for reactivation of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) from latency. Rta stimulates DNA binding of the transcription factor RBP-Jk to KSHV promoter regions containing RBP-Jk binding sites. The interaction between Rta and RBP-Jk leads to recruitment of additional factors and transactivation of immediate early and delayed early genes, establishing the lytic replication cycle. Precise cis-elements including CANT repeats and [A/T]3 motifs that flank the RBP-Jk site contribute to the strength of Rta/RBP-Jk mediated transactivation. Understanding this molecular mechanism of
Ms. Olga González presented on the Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV). KSHV has two stages - the lytic cycle where infection occurs, and the lysogenic cycle where the virus establishes latency. It infects people through saliva, blood or sexual contact, and only causes harm in those with weak immune systems, allowing the virus to reactivate, switch cycles, and reproduce to create cancerous tumors. Her research aims to find and stop the molecular trigger of reactivation, which could help other scientists attack the virus at its source without killing healthy cells, as well as create awareness for those susceptible to infection.
14.anaeli.review paper.final draft.the use of cannabis sativa as an antianaelishockey
This document summarizes research on using Cannabis sativa (marijuana) to treat Crohn's disease. Crohn's is a chronic inflammatory bowel disease. The author reviews studies showing that cannabinoids in cannabis reduce bowel inflammation in mice with induced colitis. Surveys of human patients also found cannabis relieved abdominal pain and diarrhea from Crohn's. While legal issues surround cannabis, synthetic cannabinoids are being developed that may have similar medical benefits. The document concludes that cannabis appears to be an effective treatment for reducing intestinal inflammation in Crohn's disease patients.
This document discusses the use of Cannabis sativa as an anti-inflammatory for Crohn's Disease. It first provides background on Crohn's Disease, describing its symptoms and current treatments. It then discusses the composition of Cannabis sativa, including cannabinoids such as THC and CBD. Studies in mice and humans are summarized that show Cannabis reduces inflammation and symptoms of Crohn's such as abdominal pain and diarrhea. The document concludes that cannabinoids may provide protection against gut inflammation for Crohn's patients.
The first seminar attended as part of the RISE Fall program 2012 discussed the Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV). The presenter explained that KSHV is one of eight known herpes viruses that infects people through saliva, blood or sexual contact. However, it only causes illness in those with weak immune systems, as it reproduces and creates cancerous tumors. The presenter effectively communicated details about how KSHV works and the importance of further research on the virus.
Herpesviruses like KSHV have the ability to establish lifelong latent infections and periodically reactivate. During reactivation, the viruses undergo full gene expression and produce new virus particles. Reactivation is a key step in disease development for many herpesviruses, including KSHV which is associated with Kaposi's sarcoma cancer. The researcher's lab focuses on understanding the molecular mechanisms that drive KSHV reactivation in order to develop new therapies and diagnostics for KSHV infection.
The document discusses Anaeli Shockey's experience in the RISE (Research Initiative Science Experience) summer program between high school and university. The six-week program involved taking a general biology course and lab, which helped Shockey realize her strong interest in science and learn key lab skills and safety procedures. She also learned how to develop a research proposal by choosing a topic, researching problems, and proposing hypotheses. This educational experience helped Shockey grow as a young scientist by gaining fundamental knowledge and skills in several important areas.
The document compares two forests in Puerto Rico: Bosque Seco de Guánica and El Yunque National Forest. It discusses differences between the forests in areas, canopy layers and height, flora, fauna, buffer zones, and problems faced. The key information provided includes descriptions of the different forest types in each area based on rainfall levels, canopy structure variations, distinctive plant and animal species present, and environmental challenges affecting the forests.
The document discusses in silico drug discovery methods including identifying potential drug targets, generating pharmacophore models, screening compound databases, and analyzing top hits through molecular docking simulations. A drug discovery strategy is outlined involving primary and secondary screening to identify lead compounds. The work plan describes using AutoDock Vina to dock and rank compounds, selecting the top 14 hits, and analyzing their binding interactions with HIV proteases. Nilotinib, lopinavir, ergoloid, and zafirlukast were evaluated in more detail and found to have high binding affinity to the target proteins.
This document contains 4 images of the blue-green algae Nostoc viewed under a microscope using Bright Field techniques at magnifications of 200x and 400x. The images show Nostoc in its natural state as well as using a squash technique to better view its structure.
This article discusses a study that surveyed patients with inflammatory bowel diseases like Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis about their use of cannabis. The researchers hypothesized that cannabis works as an anti-inflammatory through receptors called endocannabinoids. The survey found that in most cases, patients reported cannabis helped relieve abdominal pain, diarrhea and reduced appetite. While cannabis has side effects, it improved quality of life for these patients and could be a viable treatment option.
This research paper studied whether cannabidiol inhibits inflammatory hypermotility in mice. Researchers induced intestinal inflammation in mice using croton oil, then tested the effects of different doses of cannabidiol. They found that cannabidiol effectively reduced hypermotility when inflammation was present, and higher doses produced greater inhibition. The study concluded that cannabidiol can help normalize intestinal motility during inflammation.
This article describes a study of 30 Crohn's disease patients who used cannabis as a treatment. Cannabis is known to have anti-inflammatory properties, and a symptom of Crohn's is bowel inflammation. The study found that 21 of the 30 patients experienced great improvement in their condition after using cannabis. The results show that cannabis treatment can reduce symptoms of Crohn's disease like bowel inflammation.
Galsulfase is a recombinant form of human N-acetylgalactosamine 4-sulfatase that was approved by the FDA in May 2005 for the treatment of mucopolysaccharidosis type VI (MPS-VI), a rare lysosomal storage disorder. MPS-VI is caused by a deficiency of N–acetylgalactosamine 4-sulfatase, which leads to the accumulation of dermatan sulfate. Clinical trials found that patients treated with galsulfase showed improvements in walking and stair-climbing ability compared to placebo. Galsulfase represents the first approved treatment for MPS-VI and provides an important new therapy for patients suffering from this rare disease.
The Biology Honor Society will provide refreshments from 10:30-10:40 in room 106 MMM on Thursday. Yadilette Rivera, an alumna from Univ. of Massachusetts Amherst, will then give a seminar from 10:40-11:20 in room 106 MMM about the challenges of protein crystallography and graduate school.
Yadilette's research focuses on treating lysosomal storage disorders, which cause bone abnormalities, through enzyme replacement therapy rather than bone marrow transplantation. Her treatment involves purifying proteins through crystallization and x-ray analysis to determine the replacement enzyme, then injecting patients weekly and monitoring their progress through tests, with some patients showing increased mobility based on walking and climbing tests. This research helps improve the lives of those suffering from these diseases and creates more awareness.
This document discusses incorporating unnatural amino acids into proteins to expand their functions. It describes how pyrrolysine is used as an orthogonal system to incorporate unnatural amino acids specified by an amber stop codon. Various unnatural amino acids containing alkene and norbornene functional groups were successfully incorporated into GFP and other proteins in E. coli and mammalian cells. These modified proteins could then be site-specifically labeled using bioorthogonal reactions like the thiol-ene and Diels-Alder reactions. This allows proteins to be labeled and studied in live cells with new functions.
This document describes a new method for site-specifically labeling proteins using genetically encoded norbornene and rapidly reactive tetrazine probes. Key points:
1) A norbornene-containing amino acid is genetically encoded in E. coli and mammalian cells using the pyrrolysyl tRNA synthetase system.
2) A series of tetrazine probes are developed that react rapidly and specifically with norbornene via an inverse electron demand Diels-Alder reaction.
3) The tetrazine-norbornene reaction is shown to be much faster than established bioorthogonal reactions, allowing specific labeling of proteins both in vitro and on mammalian cell surfaces.
Jessica Torres from North Carolina State University will give a seminar on incorporating unnatural amino acids into proteins. Unnatural amino acids allow the expression of proteins with new functions and enable a wide range of studies by using diverse functional groups beyond the 20 common amino acids. Examples include incorporating fluorescent and spectroscopic probes to study biological processes in live cells. The seminar will discuss how introducing unnatural amino acids into proteins, both in vitro and in vivo, is a promising technique that can provide insights into answering biomedical questions relevant to human health. Refreshments will be provided before the talk at 10:30am on Thursday September 20 in room MMM 106.
An improved method of protein labeling uses unnatural amino acids inserted during protein synthesis, which do not interfere with the organism's natural systems. The unnatural amino acids are chosen for their similarity to natural amino acids but are distinct enough to avoid incorporation elsewhere. By adding a stop codon to the unnatural amino acid and inserting it into tRNA, only the desired protein will be labeled without affecting other proteins.
Rta is a key transcriptional activator that is required for reactivation of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) from latency. Rta stimulates DNA binding of the transcription factor RBP-Jk to KSHV promoter regions containing RBP-Jk binding sites. The interaction between Rta and RBP-Jk leads to recruitment of additional factors and transactivation of immediate early and delayed early genes, establishing the lytic replication cycle. Precise cis-elements including CANT repeats and [A/T]3 motifs that flank the RBP-Jk site contribute to the strength of Rta/RBP-Jk mediated transactivation. Understanding this molecular mechanism of
Ms. Olga González presented on the Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV). KSHV has two stages - the lytic cycle where infection occurs, and the lysogenic cycle where the virus establishes latency. It infects people through saliva, blood or sexual contact, and only causes harm in those with weak immune systems, allowing the virus to reactivate, switch cycles, and reproduce to create cancerous tumors. Her research aims to find and stop the molecular trigger of reactivation, which could help other scientists attack the virus at its source without killing healthy cells, as well as create awareness for those susceptible to infection.
14.anaeli.review paper.final draft.the use of cannabis sativa as an antianaelishockey
This document summarizes research on using Cannabis sativa (marijuana) to treat Crohn's disease. Crohn's is a chronic inflammatory bowel disease. The author reviews studies showing that cannabinoids in cannabis reduce bowel inflammation in mice with induced colitis. Surveys of human patients also found cannabis relieved abdominal pain and diarrhea from Crohn's. While legal issues surround cannabis, synthetic cannabinoids are being developed that may have similar medical benefits. The document concludes that cannabis appears to be an effective treatment for reducing intestinal inflammation in Crohn's disease patients.
This document discusses the use of Cannabis sativa as an anti-inflammatory for Crohn's Disease. It first provides background on Crohn's Disease, describing its symptoms and current treatments. It then discusses the composition of Cannabis sativa, including cannabinoids such as THC and CBD. Studies in mice and humans are summarized that show Cannabis reduces inflammation and symptoms of Crohn's such as abdominal pain and diarrhea. The document concludes that cannabinoids may provide protection against gut inflammation for Crohn's patients.
The first seminar attended as part of the RISE Fall program 2012 discussed the Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV). The presenter explained that KSHV is one of eight known herpes viruses that infects people through saliva, blood or sexual contact. However, it only causes illness in those with weak immune systems, as it reproduces and creates cancerous tumors. The presenter effectively communicated details about how KSHV works and the importance of further research on the virus.
Herpesviruses like KSHV have the ability to establish lifelong latent infections and periodically reactivate. During reactivation, the viruses undergo full gene expression and produce new virus particles. Reactivation is a key step in disease development for many herpesviruses, including KSHV which is associated with Kaposi's sarcoma cancer. The researcher's lab focuses on understanding the molecular mechanisms that drive KSHV reactivation in order to develop new therapies and diagnostics for KSHV infection.
The document discusses Anaeli Shockey's experience in the RISE (Research Initiative Science Experience) summer program between high school and university. The six-week program involved taking a general biology course and lab, which helped Shockey realize her strong interest in science and learn key lab skills and safety procedures. She also learned how to develop a research proposal by choosing a topic, researching problems, and proposing hypotheses. This educational experience helped Shockey grow as a young scientist by gaining fundamental knowledge and skills in several important areas.
The document compares two forests in Puerto Rico: Bosque Seco de Guánica and El Yunque National Forest. It discusses differences between the forests in areas, canopy layers and height, flora, fauna, buffer zones, and problems faced. The key information provided includes descriptions of the different forest types in each area based on rainfall levels, canopy structure variations, distinctive plant and animal species present, and environmental challenges affecting the forests.