Recommended
More Related Content
What's hot
What's hot (19)
Similar to Effect of Sports-Related TBI on Human Psychology
Similar to Effect of Sports-Related TBI on Human Psychology (20)
Recently uploaded
Recently uploaded (20)
Effect of Sports-Related TBI on Human Psychology
- 1. Effect of Sports-Related TBI on Human Psychology BY HAILEY WAGNER
- 2. Outline What a TBI is What a concussion is Mechanics of a concussion Symptoms Presence of TBI (mainly concussions) in organized sports Major effects on human psychology Controversy surrounding contact sports and concussions Benefits and rising need for sports psychologists and psychological resources for athletes Proposed plans for the future
- 3. What is a TBI? TBI stands for “Traumatic Brain Injury” common TBIs in athletics are concussions What is a concussion? “A traumatic injury to the brain as a result of a violent blow, shaking, or spinning. A brain concussion can cause immediate and usually temporary impairment of brain function such as of thinking, vision, equilibrium and consciousness.”
- 4. Mechanics of a Concussion picture courtesy of US Lacrosse Occurs as a result of a violent blow to the head Inertia Often a “Coup Contrecoup” impact In sports, several mechanisms of injury are possible and common: Head-to-head collisions Head-to-object collisions Head-to-floor collisions Whiplash Demonstration
- 5. General Symptoms Cognitive Memory impairment Slowed processing speed Impaired attention Confusion Appearing dazed Physical Headache Fatigue Dizziness Sensitivity to noise or light Postural instability Blurred vision Sleep disturbance Emotional Depression Nervousness or anxiety Irritability
- 6. Concussions in Organized Sports estimated 57 million people worldwide suffer from TBI (largely concussions) CDC estimates 1.6 million and 3.8 million treated and untreated sports-related concussions occur each year in the United States, respectively. ► Very common and serious injury in both male and female youth, high school, and collegiate sports ► Often goes undiagnosed and untreated ► Not taken as seriously among athletes and even coaches ► “Take it for the team” mentality ► Arguably inadequate and inaccurate prevention measures are utilized by institutions ► “Sand-bagging”
- 8. Effects on Human Psychology: CTE Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy Physical evidence of the disease discovered by Dr. Bennet Omalu Marked by the production of an abnormal protein in the brain called “tau” “tau” proteins tangle around blood vessels, prevent normal function and may even kill neurons Result of repeated brain trauma (concussions) often seen in contact sports
- 9. Effects on Human Psychology: CTE Symptoms arise on average at 42.8 years old Mood: depression, suicidality, irritability Behavior: exclusivity, violence, impulsivity Cognition: impaired memory, diminished concentration Motor: parkinsonism, dysarthria, gait changes, weakness Linked to association and disposition to Alzheimer’s disease Dementia Major Depression
- 10. Controversy Due to TBI in Sports Professional Sports 17% athletes with persisting neuropathological symptoms due to repeated head injuries will develop CTE. 95.6% of deceased NFL players tested positive for CTE Concussion Movie (add trailer) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Io6hPdC41RM Sheds light on the issues which sports-related head injuries can unknowingly cause later in life as well as how the NFL failed to recognize the seriousness of CTE. Youth contact sports What do you think?
- 11. Rising Need for Sport Psychologists Helping to manage mental illness and its symptoms as they develop Perhaps deaths like Owen Thomas’s could have been prevented if he had the resources and understanding to deal with his condition (although this may constitute hindsight bias) Helping to identify the signs of such illnesses so further help can be sought. Not just for managing effects of TBI, for all athletes in general Managing stress Identifying mental illness unrelated to TBI (i.e. depression, anxiety, etc.) Improve their mindset, improve their game
- 12. Proposed Plans for the Future Better concussion prevention Education on concussions for players, coaches, and general public More understanding of the risks of contact sports for lasting injuries More importance placed on mental/emotional healing, not just physical/biological Resources for athletes after their careers who understand the special predisposition to illness these professional careers may have and the identifying factors More research on CTE
- 13. References Boxer's Dementia. (n.d.). Retrieved April 3, 2016, from https://www.dementia.org/boxers- dementia Brain disease CTE hits athletes differently, brain and behaviour study suggests. (n.d.). Retrieved April 3, 2016, from http://www.thehockeynews.com/articles/53089-Brain-disease-CTE-hits-athletes-differently-brain-and-behaviour-study-suggests.html Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy. (2016, April 20). Retrieved April 27, 2016, from http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/chronic-traumatic-encephalopathy/basics/symptoms/con-20113581 Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy (CTE) | Symptoms & Diagnosis. (n.d.). Retrieved April 3, 2016, from http://www.alz.org/dementia/chronic-traumatic-encephalopathy-cte-symptoms.asp Collins, F. (2015, April 21). Brain Imaging: Tackling Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy. Retrieved April 27, 2016, from https://directorsblog.nih.gov/2015/04/21/brain-imaging-tackling- chronic-traumatic-encephalopathy/ Concussion. (n.d.). Retrieved April 3, 2016, from http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases- conditions/concussion/basics/symptoms/con-20019272 Concussion of the brain. (n.d.). Retrieved April 3, 2016, from http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=13166 Concussion Watch League of Denial: The NFL's Concussion Crisis. (2014, September 30). Retrieved April 3, 2016, from http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/frontline/article/76-of-79-deceased-nfl-players-found-to-have-brain-disease/ Coup Contrecoup Traumatic Brain Injury Explained. (n.d.). Retrieved April 3, 2016, from http://surgery.about.com/od/glossaryofsurgicalterms/g/CoupContrecoupBrainInjury.htm CTE: Brain Disease Found In 87 Deceased NFL Players. (2015, February 18). Retrieved April 3, 2016, from http://www.scienceworldreport.com/articles/30193/20150918/cte-brain-disease-found-87-deceased-nfl-players.htm Injury Prevention & Control: Traumatic Brain Injury & Concussion. (2016, January 22). Retrieved April 3, 2016, from http://www.cdc.gov/traumaticbraininjury/symptoms.html Former football players' suicides tied to concussions. (2014, December 1). Retrieved April 3, 2016, from http://www.ajc.com/news/news/kosta-karageorge-cte-football-suicide/njJf9/
- 14. References Gessel, L. M., Fields, S. K., Collins, C. L., Dick, R. W., & Comstock, R. D. (2007). Concussions Among United States High School and Collegiate Athletes. Journal of Athletic Training, 42(4), 495–503. Retrieved April 3, 2016. Junn, C. C., Bell, K. R., Shenouda, C., & Hoffman, J. M. (2015). Symptoms of Concussion and Comorbid Disorders. Current Pain and Headache Reports, 19(9), 46. doi:10.1007/s11916-015-0519-7 Latest studies: Brain disease from contact sports more common. (2016, March 16). Retrieved April 3, 2016, from http://espn.go.com/espn/otl/story/_/id/14982032/nfl-admission-football-lead-brain-disease-came-amid-new-science-suggesting-sports-related-trauma- becoming-more-common McCrea, H. J., Perrine, K., Niogi, S., & Härtl, R. (2013). Concussion in Sports. Sports Health, 5(2), 160-164. doi:10.1177/1941738112462203 Stein, T. D., Alvarez, V. E., & Mckee, A. C. (2015). Concussion in Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy. Current Pain and Headache Reports, 19(10). doi:10.1007/s11916-015-0522-z Study: 95.6 percent of deceased NFL players tested positive for CTE. (n.d.). Retrieved April 3, 2016, from http://www.cbssports.com/nfl/eye-on-football/25307746/study-956-percent-of-deceased-nfl-players-tested-positive-for-cte Top 20 Notorious Cases of CTE. (2014, October 16). Retrieved April 3, 2016, from http://www.thesportster.com/entertainment/top-20-notorious-cases-of-cte-head-injury/?view=all What Is CTE? (n.d.). Retrieved April 27, 2016, from http://www.protectthebrain.org/Brain- Injury-Research/What-is-CTE-.aspx What is CTE? » CTE Center | Boston University. (n.d.). Retrieved April 27, 2016, from http://www.bu.edu/cte/about/what-is-cte/ What We Know (and Don't Know) About Football and Brain Injury. (2012, May 4). Retrieved April 3, 2016, from http://secondlevelfootball.sportswar.com/2012/05/04/football-and-brain-injury/
Editor's Notes
- Inertia: the tendency of an object to resist a change in motion Brain is a very soft, delicate organ Cranium is hard and unforgiving COUP: the initial impact of the brain on the front of the skull CONTRECOUP: secondary impact on the back of the skull Rudimentary Demonstration -bottle represents cranium -water represents the cerebral spinal fluid medium the brain “floats” in -egg represents brain
- Symptoms are generally divided into three categories: physical, cognitive, and emotional
- Table from an observational study (find out name of study) looks at the rate of concussions among a variety of different sports (from football to volleyball to boys and girls soccer to wrestling) at both the high school and collegiate level. This table compares the rate of concussion injuries per 1000 AEs (which stands for athlete exposures which is any time an athlete suits up and is presented with the opportunity to be exposed to injury (practice, game, scrimmage)). Biggest: collegiate football, boys and girls soccer We’ve had coaches who tell us to sacrifice our body for the team so this mentality is very real. (JOB) Impact test
- Junior Seau- one of the greatest linebackers of all time, committed suicide at just 43 years old. Mike Webster- regarded as one of the best centers in history, also committed suicide at age 50 after experiencing depression, dementia, and staggering pain Jovan Belcher- shot his girlfriend before taking his own life. He was just 25 years old. Andre Waters- committed suicide approximately 10 years after his retirement from the NFL at age 44. Dave Duerson- a safety in the NFL for 11 years who committed suicide at 50. Just prior to his death, he texted his family to tell them he wanted his brain to be donated to science and used to research CTE and concussion trauma. Ryan Freel- took his own life after a 9 year career in the MLB and multiple serious head injuries and concussions. Chris Benoit- Canadian wrestler who murdered his wife and son before committing suicide at the age of 40. Upon autopsy of his brain, he was found to have the “brain of an 80 year old” and had “sustained lasting damage to every section of his brain.” Owen Thomas- UPenn lineman who took his own life in his college apartment after a mental breakdown that many who knew him considered “uncharacteristic”. He was just 21 years old. FLG So what’s the connection between all these athletes who have completed such horrible and unfortunate acts? The answer is CTE caused by sports-related TBI.
- -Progressive neurodegenerative disease of the brain -First described nearly a century ago in boxers, and the disease was originally known as “punch drunk” or “Boxer’s Dementia” Left to right, brain PET scans of healthy control; former NFL player with suspected chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE); and person with Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Areas with highest levels of abnormal tau protein appear red/yellow; medium, green; and lowest, blue. Can only be posthumously diagnosed upon autopsy
- Boston University’s Center for the Study of Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy -Symptoms usually arise around 8 years after retirement Parkinsonism: tremors, bradykinesia (slowness of movements and reflexes) dysarthria: motor speech disorder -NFL players over 50 years old are 5 times more likely to develop dementia due to the trauma their brain incur
- Research done by the VA and Bostin University’s Center for the Study of CTE by Dr. Ann McKee LEFT: 65 year old control subject showing no tau protein deposition MIDDLE: John Grimsley (NFL linebacker) showing abundant tau protein deposition (evidence of CTE) RIGHT: 73 year old world champion boxer with severe dementia and CTE many studies focus on NFL players due to the extreme violence of their game, but CTE is evident in boxing, hockey, lacrosse, baseball, wrestling, and other contact sports where repeated head trauma is common. YOUTH CONTACT SPORTS: many people are against exposing children to contact sports due to the risk of repeated head trauma in a crucial time in their brain’s development. Others argue the hits aren’t hard enough
- 650 student athletes on campus (over 10% of student population) yet we still don’t have sports psychologist.