1. Educational technology has evolved significantly over time, starting with simple aids like charts and pictures during medieval times and advancing to include technologies like the printing press, radio, television, and computers. 2. Major developments included the introduction of audiovisual education in 1873, the development of the first general purpose computer by Charles Babbage in 1883, and the beginning of instructional television broadcasts in Germany in 1929. 3. Educational technology has progressed through five stages, starting with the use of basic aids and models and advancing to incorporate sophisticated electronics and digital technologies that are ubiquitous in modern classrooms.

1. Educational Technology
During Medieval and
Modern Period

2. Paper and pulp papermaking process was carried to
the middle east and was spread to the
Mediterranean by the Muslim conquest. The
discovery of spinning wheel increased the
productivity of thread making process to a great
extent when Lynn White added the spinning wheel
with increasing supply of rags, this led too the
production of cheap paper, which was a prime factor
in the development of printing technology.

3. Johannes Gutenberg, a German inventor, invented
the printing press in approximately 1450 AD. During
the pre-industrial phases, when industry was at the
handwork or artisan level, the instructional
processes utilized gadgets like the slate, the horn
book, the blackboard, and chalk. During this time,
only textbook was used with a few illustrations.
Educational technology was associated with simple
aids like charts and pictures.

4. In 1873, educational technology paved its way to be
known as audio-visual education when international
exhibition held in Vienna showcased the winning
American exhibition of maps, charts, textbooks and
other equipment. Maria Montessori (1870-1952)-
introduced the Montessori method, which
developed graded designed activities to provide for
the proper sequencing of subject matter for each
individual learner.

5. Charles Babbage- designed a general purpose
computing device that laid foundation of the modern
computer 1883.

6. The art of teaching recommended for the application
of knowledge derived from behavioral psychology to
classroom procedures along with the use of
automated teaching devices. In 1929, the first
practical use of regular television broadcast was
done in Germany. The Olympic games in 1963 were
shown on television in Berlin. Then, open circuit
television began to broadcast entertainment in 1950.
In 1960, television was used in education.

7. British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) had
maintained rapid pace in making sound contribution
to formal education since 1920. In the USA by 1952,
20 states had the provision for educational
broadcasting . In the united kingdom, 98% of the
schools were equipped with radios and there were
regular daily programs. In 1966, Dr. Omar Khayyam
Moore (O.K. Moore) developed a talking type tutorial
Computer Assisted Instruction (CAI). Since 1974,
computers are interestingly used in schools, colleges,
and universities.

8. In 1956, Benjamin Bloom from USA introduced the
taxonomy of educational objectives through his
publication, “The Taxonomy of Educational
Objectives, The Classification of Educational Goals,
Handbook I: Cognitive Domain”. Educational
Technology begun in 1960 from America and Russia,
now it has reached England, Europe and India. In
1961, micro teaching technique was first adopted by
Dwight W. Allen and his co-workers at Stanford
University in USA.

9. Electronics is the main technology being developed
in the beginning of the 21st century. Broadband
internet access became popular and occupied almost
all the important offices and educational places and
even in common places in developed countries with
the advantage of connecting home computers with
music libraries and mobile phones.

10. Today, Modern classroom is like a technology lab.

11. Educational Technology is a multifaceted and
integrated process which are applied and used by
people, procedure, ideas, devices, and organization.
It utilized varied technologies derived from different
fields of science. The technology use is based on
specific needs and requirement of education to
address education-related problems to facilitate the
implementation and evaluation of programs about
human learning .

12. Educational Technology development
went through five stages:
• Stage 1- use of aids like charts, maps, symbols,
models, specimens, and concrete materials (Audio-
visual aids).
• Stage 2- introduction of electronics through the
sophisticated hardware and software. Gadgets like
projector, tape recorder, radio and television were
used for effective presentations in lectures and
lessons.