The document discusses dynamics of illegality, specifically mafia systems. It notes that mafia systems have flourished globally in terms of typology, frequency, and spread, despite efforts to fight them. Mafia systems behave as complex adaptive systems that contribute significantly to global wealth and GDP. The author argues for more research on mafia systems using agent-based modeling to better understand their dynamics within and between societies and evaluate policies for fighting them more effectively.
Freedom fron Fear October 2008 First Issue. Magazine published by UNICRI and MPIDaniel Dufourt
Freedom fron Fear October 2008 First Issue.
Magazine published by United Nations
Interregional Crime and Justice Research Institute
and MAX PLANCK INSTITUTE
for Foreign and International Criminal Law
Maguire & Haenline An Illusion of Complicity (RUSI Sep 2015)Thomas Maguire
The report examines claims that the terrorist group Al-Shabaab receives significant funding from East Africa's illegal ivory trade. Through interviews and research, the report finds little evidence that Al-Shabaab is directly involved in poaching or ivory trafficking. While the illegal ivory trade poses security threats, it is primarily driven by organized criminal groups, corrupt officials, and weak law enforcement rather than terrorist financing. Focusing excessive attention on the terrorist link risks distracting from effective responses like reducing demand, prosecuting traffickers, and increasing political will to counter corruption.
1) Nearly half of large corporate investment in developing countries is routed through tax havens, with a third routed through tax havens linked to G8 countries. This routing can result in billions of tax dollars lost by developing and developed countries through mechanisms like transfer pricing and offshore transactions.
2) New data shows that nearly all of the UK's largest companies have subsidiaries in tax havens, with over 38% of overseas subsidiaries located in tax havens. Certain sectors like real estate have over 80% of overseas subsidiaries in tax havens.
3) As chair of the G8, the UK cannot credibly address tax havens without addressing its own large network of tax havens, being
- EMIL-A is a cognitive norm-based agent architecture that aims to simulate how norms emerge and are internalized. It includes mental representations like N-beliefs and N-goals that allow norms to guide an agent's behavior.
- The architecture recognizes norms through N-beliefs, adopts norms as N-goals, and uses norm-guided decision making to produce conforming behavior. This allows norms to emerge through agents and become internalized.
- By simulating norm dynamics using EMIL-A, researchers can better understand how and why agents comply with norms, moving beyond just strategic reasoning to include internalization for its own sake
This document summarizes trends in social simulation. It outlines the growth of social simulation conferences and organizations in Europe and worldwide since the early 1990s. These include the SimSoc symposia, ICCS&SS conferences, ABS in Passau, ABSS at AgentLink, ESSA conferences, ZUMA summer school, and ESSA summer school in Europe. Worldwide, it mentions MABS, Agent Conference, ADS Symposium, and Santa Fe projects. It also notes growing membership in groups like ESSA and increasing citations and applications of social simulation over time, with gaps widening between disciplines. It raises questions about interpreting these trends and where to invest and form strategic alliances to take social
1) The document discusses how peer-to-peer (P2P) communication and mass broadcasting media interact to influence the spread of information and opinions among social networks.
2) Through simulations, it finds that P2P communication over scale-free networks can inhibit the effects of false information spread through mass broadcasting, as long as individuals' tolerance for differing opinions is reasonable.
3) P2P communication allows for self-confidence to act as a filter for information, slowing the invasion of "informational lemons" spread through mass broadcasting until it reaches about 40% of the audience.
Freedom fron Fear October 2008 First Issue. Magazine published by UNICRI and MPIDaniel Dufourt
Freedom fron Fear October 2008 First Issue.
Magazine published by United Nations
Interregional Crime and Justice Research Institute
and MAX PLANCK INSTITUTE
for Foreign and International Criminal Law
Maguire & Haenline An Illusion of Complicity (RUSI Sep 2015)Thomas Maguire
The report examines claims that the terrorist group Al-Shabaab receives significant funding from East Africa's illegal ivory trade. Through interviews and research, the report finds little evidence that Al-Shabaab is directly involved in poaching or ivory trafficking. While the illegal ivory trade poses security threats, it is primarily driven by organized criminal groups, corrupt officials, and weak law enforcement rather than terrorist financing. Focusing excessive attention on the terrorist link risks distracting from effective responses like reducing demand, prosecuting traffickers, and increasing political will to counter corruption.
1) Nearly half of large corporate investment in developing countries is routed through tax havens, with a third routed through tax havens linked to G8 countries. This routing can result in billions of tax dollars lost by developing and developed countries through mechanisms like transfer pricing and offshore transactions.
2) New data shows that nearly all of the UK's largest companies have subsidiaries in tax havens, with over 38% of overseas subsidiaries located in tax havens. Certain sectors like real estate have over 80% of overseas subsidiaries in tax havens.
3) As chair of the G8, the UK cannot credibly address tax havens without addressing its own large network of tax havens, being
- EMIL-A is a cognitive norm-based agent architecture that aims to simulate how norms emerge and are internalized. It includes mental representations like N-beliefs and N-goals that allow norms to guide an agent's behavior.
- The architecture recognizes norms through N-beliefs, adopts norms as N-goals, and uses norm-guided decision making to produce conforming behavior. This allows norms to emerge through agents and become internalized.
- By simulating norm dynamics using EMIL-A, researchers can better understand how and why agents comply with norms, moving beyond just strategic reasoning to include internalization for its own sake
This document summarizes trends in social simulation. It outlines the growth of social simulation conferences and organizations in Europe and worldwide since the early 1990s. These include the SimSoc symposia, ICCS&SS conferences, ABS in Passau, ABSS at AgentLink, ESSA conferences, ZUMA summer school, and ESSA summer school in Europe. Worldwide, it mentions MABS, Agent Conference, ADS Symposium, and Santa Fe projects. It also notes growing membership in groups like ESSA and increasing citations and applications of social simulation over time, with gaps widening between disciplines. It raises questions about interpreting these trends and where to invest and form strategic alliances to take social
1) The document discusses how peer-to-peer (P2P) communication and mass broadcasting media interact to influence the spread of information and opinions among social networks.
2) Through simulations, it finds that P2P communication over scale-free networks can inhibit the effects of false information spread through mass broadcasting, as long as individuals' tolerance for differing opinions is reasonable.
3) P2P communication allows for self-confidence to act as a filter for information, slowing the invasion of "informational lemons" spread through mass broadcasting until it reaches about 40% of the audience.
Globalization has led to increased interconnectedness between societies and opportunities for transnational crime. It has created a large global criminal economy worth over $1 trillion annually, which includes activities like arms trafficking, smuggling of people, drugs and other illegal goods, cybercrime, money laundering, and sex tourism that connect various countries. Globalization has also changed how crime is organized, with looser networks operating across borders yet still rooted locally. Some sociologists argue that globalization's spread of neoliberal capitalism and deregulation has exacerbated inequality and insecurity, fueling demand for illicit goods and new opportunities for large-scale criminal activities.
The document discusses international piracy, specifically focusing on piracy in Mexico. It notes that Mexico has become a major exporter of pirated movies dubbed in Spanish, causing estimated losses of $483 million to the industry in 2005. Piracy is seen as an informal economy employing 8 million people in Mexico and is difficult to curb due to legal and social challenges. Key industries affected by piracy include movies, music, software, books, and food and beverages.
1. Illicit markets in the European Union generate around 110 billion euro annually, approximately 1% of EU GDP. Illicit drugs remain the most profitable at 28 billion euro yearly, though fraud is becoming highly lucrative at 29 billion euro from MTIC VAT fraud alone.
2. Revenues are shared between a plurality of organised crime groups and criminal actors using business facilitators and legitimate companies to facilitate illicit trade. The poly-crime nature of groups expands economies of scale across markets.
3. Emerging trends include the rise of new synthetic drugs, home-grown cannabis, and highly profitable fraud. Social and economic costs to Europe are substantial but difficult to estimate fully. Authorities face challenges in monitoring shifting illicit
Africa S Growing Importance For World SocietyLuisa Polanco
1) The document discusses the rise of informality in the global economy since the 1970s as a result of deregulation and privatization policies. Informal economic activities now occur at every level, from small scale criminal networks to massive tax evasion by transnational corporations.
2) It provides examples of large-scale informal economic activities, such as criminal networks smuggling goods across Africa and Europe, political corruption in France, and massive corporate tax avoidance by tech and other companies.
3) The author reflects on first proposing the concept of the "informal economy" in the 1970s, and how its scope and impact has grown dramatically due to three decades of deregulation and the dominance of neoliberal policies globally
Globalization has led to the rise of civic society in developing countries as a counterbalance to unregulated markets. Civil societies now propose interventions to ease the negative impacts of globalization. However, most NGOs in developing countries lack proper legal frameworks and funding sources, limiting their effectiveness. The author analyzes the cases of Mexico and Romania to understand how to establish legal frameworks and global philanthropic standards that support civil society organizations and enable them to act as a balance to state power during periods of economic globalization.
Globalization has contributed to the rise of transnational organized crime by creating new opportunities and connections across borders. This is illustrated by the illegal drug trade between Colombia and the United States, where there is both a huge demand for drugs in the US and a ready supply from impoverished Colombian farmers and traffickers. The global criminal economy is now worth over $1 trillion annually through activities like the drug trade, human trafficking, and money laundering of criminal profits. Globalization has also led to new patterns of local criminal organization, as seen in studies of groups in the UK that connect to the global drug trade through local distribution networks.
250 words agree or disagreeWeek 5 ForumMaiwand Khyber(Jul .docxvickeryr87
250 words agree or disagree
Week 5 Forum
Maiwand Khyber(Jul 31, 2019 1:01 PM) - Read by: 1
Reply
Organized crime refers to the crime conducted by local, national, or international groupings. These groups are highly centralized enterprises and are run by criminals who are engaged in illegal conduct for profit intention. They have an organized hierarchy, non-ideological motives, and are governed by rules and codes (Jones and Bartlett Learning, n.d.).
Three major types of organized crime include gang criminality, racketeering, and syndicate crime. Gang criminals are usually engaged in local offense like robbery, vehicle theft, kidnapping, ransom, and murder. They are hardened criminals who are dangerous to society. Racketeering is an activity in which the criminal gang is involved in extorting money from legitimate as well as illegitimate businesses by the use of intimidation. It consists in selling adulterated commodities, deceiving people, selling spurious drugs, and so forth. Racketeers usually don’t take away all profits and share it with the owners of businesses. In return, they want fixed money from the owners of illegal activities and allow prostitution, liquor selling, and gambling to continue unabated. Syndicate crime refers to the furnishing of unlawful goods and services by organized criminal groups, often known as mafia. Illegal products include liquor and drugs, while illicit services involve trafficking of girls, gambling, and so forth.
Several groups as The Cosa Nostra, The Russian mafia, The Mexican drug cartels, and The Asian Organized Crime Groups have been considered as criminal groups involved in the organized crime at national and transnational levels. International criminal groups operate under various structures with stable hierarchies and network. They try to influence government policies by using corrupt as well as legitimate methods (The United States Department of Justice, 2015).
With changing industrial contours, organized crime has also shifted from traditional ways to tech-savvy crimes (example: cybercrime). It has exploited technological advancements and communication strategies to expand cross-border. This high-tech realm has made many crimes an international threat rather than a local danger. Today, these crimes are conducted by nimble and loosely structured groups that have a global reach. Refined telephone networks have fostered rapid communication, thereby revolutionizing the illicit commerce (Bjelopera & Finklea, 2012).
While technology has facilitated the growth of organized crime, challenges posed by technological advancements in tracking and investigating organized crime need special mention. Investigation of cases has become difficult because of the sophisticated screening options as firewalls. In a drug investigation case that was carried out jointly by the United States and Colombian authorities, it was found that the presence of the firewall made it intricate for authorities to reach them.
This is a presentation including everything about the Globalisation of crime in A2 sociology course; Crime and Deviance as well as some extra notes on state crime/human rights violations. This is used to teach students along side worksheet.
Moving "value" through commodities is often more important than moving money. Law enforcement focuses on combating money laundering, generating data in such volumes that is not usable. Fighting terrorist financing depends on good intelligence, not mere report generation.
Terrorists extensively use information technology to aid in their attacks. Satellite phones allow terrorists to communicate across borders without SIM cards. GPS enables terrorists to pinpoint locations accurately, as was seen in the Mumbai attack. The internet and technologies like Google Earth provide satellite images of sensitive locations that terrorists can misuse for planning. While information technology provides many benefits, terrorists unfortunately exploit it for their violent and illegal operations.
Trends in Trade in Counterfeit & Pirated Goods - OECD EUIPO report.OECD Governance
This study examines the value, scope and trends of trade in counterfeit and pirated goods. First, it presents the overall scale of this trade and discusses which parts of the economy are particularly at risk. Next, it looks at the main economies of origin of fakes in global trade. Finally, it analyses recent trends in terms of changing modes of shipment and the evolution of trade flows.
See: oe.cd/global-fake-trade
This document discusses the key components and characteristics of globalization. It identifies six major components that drive globalization: 1) technology, 2) information, 3) culture, 4) environment and health, 5) crime and terrorism, and 6) population changes. Globalization is accelerated by advances in communication technologies and transportation infrastructure that allow for near-instant dissemination of information, cultural spread, and global threats like disease and environmental issues. However, globalization is also criticized for potentially threatening local cultures and being equated primarily with Westernization. No single entity manages or regulates the globalization process between countries.
Here is another quick powerpoint support for my presentation for university, on the Sicilian Mafia "Cosa Nostra", on how it works, how it is linked to politics, etc...
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
14 april transparency londa esadze [compatibility mode]Olga Kozhaeva
The document discusses several key aspects of corruption and transparency based on the United Nations Convention Against Corruption (UNCAC). It summarizes the damage caused by corruption globally in terms of costs. It also discusses transparency measures and systems in the public sector that are mandatory and optional requirements under key articles of UNCAC, such as codes of conduct for public officials, public procurement processes, and declarations of conflicts of interest. Civil society participation in preventing and fighting corruption is also highlighted as a mandatory requirement of UNCAC.
Bortoletti, Davigo, Brassiolo: Expert views, why is there so much corruption ...Maurizio Bortoletti
Al di là delle consuete categorizzazioni, l'idea del volume "Corruzione" per Rubbettino è quella di sviluppare un'analisi integrata e complessiva del fenomeno della corruzione, superando letture parziali o unicamente settoriali che pure, generalmente, prevalgono a livello di riflessione scientifica. Le domande sono quelle ricorrenti della sociologia della devianza dinanzi ad ogni fenomeno illecito: chi è il deviante, come e perché si diventa devianti, come la società reagisce alla devianza. Tre diversi livelli di analisi, fortemente intrecciati tra loro: nel quadro di questa comune visione, l'obiettivo è stato quello di tentare di ricostruire nel suo complesso, anche in un'ottica comparata, i principi e il quadro normativo di una pluralità di figure che danno forma a quella che volgarmente viene spesso etichettata come "corruzione", distinguendosene nettamente, invero, in moltissimi casi. Muovendo da una serie di figure già oggetto di approfondite riflessioni mira a darne una rilettura unitaria, che, nella prospettiva di una informazione chiara sulla fenomenologia, porrà a disposizione del lettore alcune, singolari e vieppiù inattese, "verità nascoste".
Money laundering is a global problem that threatens national economies. Criminals exploit differences in anti-money laundering laws across jurisdictions to move illicit funds. Estimates suggest $1-2 trillion is laundered annually, though only 1% is seized. Casinos are vulnerable to money laundering due to their large cash transactions and financial services. The gaming industry has shifted focus to Asia, particularly Macau and Latin America is also a growing market. International organizations like FATF issue guidance on combating money laundering, including for casinos. A risk-based approach assesses the inherent and residual risks of money laundering threats based on a casino's activities, geography, clients, and products.
Globalization has led to increased interconnectedness between societies and opportunities for transnational crime. It has created a large global criminal economy worth over $1 trillion annually, which includes activities like arms trafficking, smuggling of people, drugs and other illegal goods, cybercrime, money laundering, and sex tourism that connect various countries. Globalization has also changed how crime is organized, with looser networks operating across borders yet still rooted locally. Some sociologists argue that globalization's spread of neoliberal capitalism and deregulation has exacerbated inequality and insecurity, fueling demand for illicit goods and new opportunities for large-scale criminal activities.
The document discusses international piracy, specifically focusing on piracy in Mexico. It notes that Mexico has become a major exporter of pirated movies dubbed in Spanish, causing estimated losses of $483 million to the industry in 2005. Piracy is seen as an informal economy employing 8 million people in Mexico and is difficult to curb due to legal and social challenges. Key industries affected by piracy include movies, music, software, books, and food and beverages.
1. Illicit markets in the European Union generate around 110 billion euro annually, approximately 1% of EU GDP. Illicit drugs remain the most profitable at 28 billion euro yearly, though fraud is becoming highly lucrative at 29 billion euro from MTIC VAT fraud alone.
2. Revenues are shared between a plurality of organised crime groups and criminal actors using business facilitators and legitimate companies to facilitate illicit trade. The poly-crime nature of groups expands economies of scale across markets.
3. Emerging trends include the rise of new synthetic drugs, home-grown cannabis, and highly profitable fraud. Social and economic costs to Europe are substantial but difficult to estimate fully. Authorities face challenges in monitoring shifting illicit
Africa S Growing Importance For World SocietyLuisa Polanco
1) The document discusses the rise of informality in the global economy since the 1970s as a result of deregulation and privatization policies. Informal economic activities now occur at every level, from small scale criminal networks to massive tax evasion by transnational corporations.
2) It provides examples of large-scale informal economic activities, such as criminal networks smuggling goods across Africa and Europe, political corruption in France, and massive corporate tax avoidance by tech and other companies.
3) The author reflects on first proposing the concept of the "informal economy" in the 1970s, and how its scope and impact has grown dramatically due to three decades of deregulation and the dominance of neoliberal policies globally
Globalization has led to the rise of civic society in developing countries as a counterbalance to unregulated markets. Civil societies now propose interventions to ease the negative impacts of globalization. However, most NGOs in developing countries lack proper legal frameworks and funding sources, limiting their effectiveness. The author analyzes the cases of Mexico and Romania to understand how to establish legal frameworks and global philanthropic standards that support civil society organizations and enable them to act as a balance to state power during periods of economic globalization.
Globalization has contributed to the rise of transnational organized crime by creating new opportunities and connections across borders. This is illustrated by the illegal drug trade between Colombia and the United States, where there is both a huge demand for drugs in the US and a ready supply from impoverished Colombian farmers and traffickers. The global criminal economy is now worth over $1 trillion annually through activities like the drug trade, human trafficking, and money laundering of criminal profits. Globalization has also led to new patterns of local criminal organization, as seen in studies of groups in the UK that connect to the global drug trade through local distribution networks.
250 words agree or disagreeWeek 5 ForumMaiwand Khyber(Jul .docxvickeryr87
250 words agree or disagree
Week 5 Forum
Maiwand Khyber(Jul 31, 2019 1:01 PM) - Read by: 1
Reply
Organized crime refers to the crime conducted by local, national, or international groupings. These groups are highly centralized enterprises and are run by criminals who are engaged in illegal conduct for profit intention. They have an organized hierarchy, non-ideological motives, and are governed by rules and codes (Jones and Bartlett Learning, n.d.).
Three major types of organized crime include gang criminality, racketeering, and syndicate crime. Gang criminals are usually engaged in local offense like robbery, vehicle theft, kidnapping, ransom, and murder. They are hardened criminals who are dangerous to society. Racketeering is an activity in which the criminal gang is involved in extorting money from legitimate as well as illegitimate businesses by the use of intimidation. It consists in selling adulterated commodities, deceiving people, selling spurious drugs, and so forth. Racketeers usually don’t take away all profits and share it with the owners of businesses. In return, they want fixed money from the owners of illegal activities and allow prostitution, liquor selling, and gambling to continue unabated. Syndicate crime refers to the furnishing of unlawful goods and services by organized criminal groups, often known as mafia. Illegal products include liquor and drugs, while illicit services involve trafficking of girls, gambling, and so forth.
Several groups as The Cosa Nostra, The Russian mafia, The Mexican drug cartels, and The Asian Organized Crime Groups have been considered as criminal groups involved in the organized crime at national and transnational levels. International criminal groups operate under various structures with stable hierarchies and network. They try to influence government policies by using corrupt as well as legitimate methods (The United States Department of Justice, 2015).
With changing industrial contours, organized crime has also shifted from traditional ways to tech-savvy crimes (example: cybercrime). It has exploited technological advancements and communication strategies to expand cross-border. This high-tech realm has made many crimes an international threat rather than a local danger. Today, these crimes are conducted by nimble and loosely structured groups that have a global reach. Refined telephone networks have fostered rapid communication, thereby revolutionizing the illicit commerce (Bjelopera & Finklea, 2012).
While technology has facilitated the growth of organized crime, challenges posed by technological advancements in tracking and investigating organized crime need special mention. Investigation of cases has become difficult because of the sophisticated screening options as firewalls. In a drug investigation case that was carried out jointly by the United States and Colombian authorities, it was found that the presence of the firewall made it intricate for authorities to reach them.
This is a presentation including everything about the Globalisation of crime in A2 sociology course; Crime and Deviance as well as some extra notes on state crime/human rights violations. This is used to teach students along side worksheet.
Moving "value" through commodities is often more important than moving money. Law enforcement focuses on combating money laundering, generating data in such volumes that is not usable. Fighting terrorist financing depends on good intelligence, not mere report generation.
Terrorists extensively use information technology to aid in their attacks. Satellite phones allow terrorists to communicate across borders without SIM cards. GPS enables terrorists to pinpoint locations accurately, as was seen in the Mumbai attack. The internet and technologies like Google Earth provide satellite images of sensitive locations that terrorists can misuse for planning. While information technology provides many benefits, terrorists unfortunately exploit it for their violent and illegal operations.
Trends in Trade in Counterfeit & Pirated Goods - OECD EUIPO report.OECD Governance
This study examines the value, scope and trends of trade in counterfeit and pirated goods. First, it presents the overall scale of this trade and discusses which parts of the economy are particularly at risk. Next, it looks at the main economies of origin of fakes in global trade. Finally, it analyses recent trends in terms of changing modes of shipment and the evolution of trade flows.
See: oe.cd/global-fake-trade
This document discusses the key components and characteristics of globalization. It identifies six major components that drive globalization: 1) technology, 2) information, 3) culture, 4) environment and health, 5) crime and terrorism, and 6) population changes. Globalization is accelerated by advances in communication technologies and transportation infrastructure that allow for near-instant dissemination of information, cultural spread, and global threats like disease and environmental issues. However, globalization is also criticized for potentially threatening local cultures and being equated primarily with Westernization. No single entity manages or regulates the globalization process between countries.
Here is another quick powerpoint support for my presentation for university, on the Sicilian Mafia "Cosa Nostra", on how it works, how it is linked to politics, etc...
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
14 april transparency londa esadze [compatibility mode]Olga Kozhaeva
The document discusses several key aspects of corruption and transparency based on the United Nations Convention Against Corruption (UNCAC). It summarizes the damage caused by corruption globally in terms of costs. It also discusses transparency measures and systems in the public sector that are mandatory and optional requirements under key articles of UNCAC, such as codes of conduct for public officials, public procurement processes, and declarations of conflicts of interest. Civil society participation in preventing and fighting corruption is also highlighted as a mandatory requirement of UNCAC.
Bortoletti, Davigo, Brassiolo: Expert views, why is there so much corruption ...Maurizio Bortoletti
Al di là delle consuete categorizzazioni, l'idea del volume "Corruzione" per Rubbettino è quella di sviluppare un'analisi integrata e complessiva del fenomeno della corruzione, superando letture parziali o unicamente settoriali che pure, generalmente, prevalgono a livello di riflessione scientifica. Le domande sono quelle ricorrenti della sociologia della devianza dinanzi ad ogni fenomeno illecito: chi è il deviante, come e perché si diventa devianti, come la società reagisce alla devianza. Tre diversi livelli di analisi, fortemente intrecciati tra loro: nel quadro di questa comune visione, l'obiettivo è stato quello di tentare di ricostruire nel suo complesso, anche in un'ottica comparata, i principi e il quadro normativo di una pluralità di figure che danno forma a quella che volgarmente viene spesso etichettata come "corruzione", distinguendosene nettamente, invero, in moltissimi casi. Muovendo da una serie di figure già oggetto di approfondite riflessioni mira a darne una rilettura unitaria, che, nella prospettiva di una informazione chiara sulla fenomenologia, porrà a disposizione del lettore alcune, singolari e vieppiù inattese, "verità nascoste".
Money laundering is a global problem that threatens national economies. Criminals exploit differences in anti-money laundering laws across jurisdictions to move illicit funds. Estimates suggest $1-2 trillion is laundered annually, though only 1% is seized. Casinos are vulnerable to money laundering due to their large cash transactions and financial services. The gaming industry has shifted focus to Asia, particularly Macau and Latin America is also a growing market. International organizations like FATF issue guidance on combating money laundering, including for casinos. A risk-based approach assesses the inherent and residual risks of money laundering threats based on a casino's activities, geography, clients, and products.
Slides FATF Webinar COVID-19 and the The Changing Money Laundering and Terror...
ECCS10 - Lisbon
1. Dynamics of Illegality.
The case of Mafia systems
Rosaria Conte1
Federico Cecconi1
Barbara Sonzogni2
1 LABSS (Laboratory of Agent Based
Social Simulation), Roma, ISTC-CNR
2 RISMES, Roma, Univ. Sapienza
2. Features of Complex Systems
Far-reaching and accelerated diffusion
Multiple levels with multidirectional connections
Heterogeneous interfering networks
ICT-driven innovation
Fuzzy confines
Competitive evolutionary processes (economic
growth ≠ demographic growth)
3. One major problem
With globalization and liberalization
Increasing spread and prosperity of illegality
Illegal systems contribute to national and
worldwide wealth!
4. In this paper
Call attention to dynamics of Mafia systems, a
serious social pathology insufficiently perceived at
the international level, also by research funding
agencies
Pizza, computer and finance: Discuss the new
character of Mafia systems
Why bother with Mafia in complexity?
Simulation potential for the study of this
phenomenon
Potential application to theory-driven policy modeling
5. Dynamics of
(Il)legallity
Ilegal systems
flourish in typologies,
frequency,
spreading, and
related costs
Corruption
Organized crime
Extortion racketeering
Terrorism
6. A myopic and
hypocritical view
EU Cooperation research funding agency lists
terrorism and corruption as the highest priorities
in crime fight and prevention (both SSH and
Security)
A submitted project on extortion racketeering (in
particular, Mafia) was rejected under the main
consideration that “Mafia is mainly an Italian
problem”
False assumption and wrong order of priority!
7. Terrorism
Financial costs and casualties are lower when compared with the
costs of other forms of illegality (source: the World Bank, 2008:
http://www.cambridge.org/us/catalogue/catalogue.asp?isbn=97805218
87588&ss=exc )
Victims:
• 2001 shows terrorismʼs highest peak (3250 victims, from Frey et al. 2004)
• against organized crime 16,000 murders per yr in the last decade:
• 6 times the number of people who died on 9/11
• more than a 1000 times greater than the number of Americans who died in terrorist
incidents in a typical year prior to 2001
Ecomomic costs:
• Enders and Sandler estimate of the economic costs of terrorism to the U.S.
economy = $90 billion of lost output),
• Anderson (1999) estimated the cost of organized crime in the United States
to be more than $1 trillion annually.
8. Corruption
Costs dear to public administration (its costs are evaluated around 4% of
GDP in high-corruption countries like Italy or Greece)
Generally, corruption entails a severe loss of competitiveness (see data from
the World Economic Forum
http://www.forbes.com/forbes/2007/0416/062a.html
But is strongly path-dependent: it tends to increase in countries which score
high on TI cross-national comparison (see Conte, 2010; see also Svensson,
2005; Della Porta, 2009; and TI data at http://www.transparency.org/ )
No matter how fast it increases and spreads in those areas, traditionally low-
corruption countries - like Northern European ones - tend to have corruption
as a marginal phenomenon, usually kept under control.
And if they see some increase, this is mainly due to other forms of illegality
taking root (like for example, Mafia or ʻNdrangheta organizations; cf.
Forgione, 2010; Gratteri, 2009))
9. Mafia
Many territorial systems
Cosa Nostra
ʻNdrangheta
Camorra
Sacra Corona Unita
Stidda
Basilischi
Which migrated to regions characterized by
richer markets!
Lets hear Paolo Borsellino (Italian
magistrate who played a major role in Anti
Mafia investigations) on 26 January 1989, 3
ys before being killed by Cosa Nostra.
10. In 21 ys from Borsellinoʼs lecture,
the Mafia export made progress…
In2010
Forgione,
former
President of
Antimafia
Commission,
published the
geo-criminal
maps of mafia
export
Data from
sentences
and trials
Legal
documents
and judiciary
activity
reports.
11. As a present to our hosts :-)…
Geo-criminal
map of
Camorra in
Spain and
Portugal
At the
international
level
Camorra
conquered
all the
markets of
falsification
12. Unlike
corruption…
Mafia systems prosper
even in Northern
European countries
ʻNdrangheta became
the major international
broker of cocaine (see
also Gratteri, 2009)
‘Ndrangheta in Germany
13. In the US
Obviously,
Mafia
export is
particularly
evident,
thanks to
first wave
migration
of Cosa
Nostra in
the 30s.
14. How about fight
against Mafia
systems?
181 round-ups executed
Arrested 50 fugitive bosses
(included Giuseppe Nirta, the
responsible for the Duisburg
slaughter, 6th August 2007)
Arrested 104 dangerous
criminals and 2.080 affiliates
to Mafia systems
confiscated a value equal to 4
billion Eur
15. National fight insufficient
However, Mafia systems are endowed with an
extraordinary reproductive power, mostly due to their
penetration in the rest of the world
Mafia bosses invest out of Italy
In the processes of liberalization that prevailed in Western
societies in the last ys, the Mafia systems have become
dynamic factors of globalization, not only criminal but also
economic-entrepreunurial.
ʻNdrangheta got ahold of narco-traffic monopoly once it
acquired an international dimension
Once capitals are so large, Mafia systems can but land at
wealthy countries,
Hence Mafia systems easily expanded
16. Mafia enterprise
Mafia systems are exported not
only in the criminal dimension
but also in its economic-
financial dimension
Mafia systems are no more only
criminal systems but also large
holdings: globalization
represented a very good
opportunity, determining a great
expansion for the Mafia
systems with respective
specializations:
17. Some figures
in Italy
Mafia in Italy is the 1st
enterprise (source:
Eurispes and Sos-
Impresa)
yearly sales = 120-180
billions (5-7% of GDP), Only 40-50% of such gains is
reinvested in traditional criminal activity
net income of 70-80 billions
Affiliatesʼ salaries
give work to 10% of active
pop. in Southern Italy Assistence to affiliates in prison and
their families
Economic costs Purchase of drugs and weapons
250 millions p.d. from legal
to illegal economy The remaining is legalised
equivalent loss of fiscal They contribute to the world GDP with
entries economic strength of small countries
18. In the world
Mafia systems share of world GDP 3-5% - simulations about potential
gains from all illegal businesses: Drugs, weapons, counterfeited goods,
trade of humans, prostitution, trade of organs
Global amount > global sales of world-wide trade of iron and steel
No surprise if one considers the amount of wealth produced p.y. by the
cycle of cocaine:
From producers, 1 k of cocaine costs about 1300-1500 eur.
Same quantity wholesale goes up to 40,000 eur
According to UN 994 tons were produced in 2008
994 times 4,5 (from pure to cut cocaine)= 4473 tons introduced into the
global market
Retail price goes up to 70 eur p.g.
Proceeds = 313,110 billions eur.
If we consider of trade passages and some fixed costs of intermediation,
we can conclude that in one year the market of cocaine produces about
354,661 billions eur.
19. Mafia Vs other forms of ilegality
All are fast spreading
Network-based (this is true also for Mafia
systems that were originally territorial)
Unlike corruption and terrorism, Mafia systems
are culture-insensitive
although originally the culture of honor mattered in
Mafia systems
current recruitment is indifferent to cultural,
ideological, religious affiliation
20. Mafia as institutional systems
Mafia systems combine local hierarchies and global
networks
At the global level, network-based enterprises
At the local level institutional systems
• Social order (Pax mafiosa: see the Rosarno event) around a
• Respected authorities based on
• Terror, culture of honor and social capital (trust networks)
• Normatve code
• Centralised and distributed control
• Satisfaction of individual needs
• Etc.
The fundamental role of trust (see Borsellino, 2008;
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ChgP2YbBR5s&fe
ature=related )
21. Evolving systems?
Can we say that Mafia systems are
evolving systems in a social evolutionary
sense?
Ever since it made its first appearance in
Spain in the 16th century, it started to migrate
soon to other regions and penetrate deeply
into them
22. Still about
European hypocrisy 1/2
After Duisburg, Petra Reski writes the story
of Mafia penetration in Germany.
Mafia. Of Gofathers, pizzashops and false
priests - the German Gomorra - appears in
German bookshops in 2008
A few days from publication, the book is
censored with a double sentence by
Duisburgʼs and Munichʼs Courts: magistrates
protect the reputation of people who,
according to both Italian authorities and BKA,
are associated to ʻNdrangheta.
Why this sentence? Those people have a
clean record in Germany because in this
country there is not (yet) a law against
“associazione a delinquere di stampo
mafioso” (association in Mafia system)
23. European hypocrisy 2/2
We should get rid of the hypocrisy, to use
Forgioneʼs words, to say that “mafia does not
exist until streets are not blood-stained”
Indeed, we should search for mafia criminals
before streets are stained with blood! We
should not wait Duisburg slaughter to
understand that ʻNdrangheta makes business
and investment in Germany since at least 20
ys.
24. Efficient fighting
policies are not
obvious
There is a growing Arrests amount to not
need to endow much: the systems
governments and regenerate
intelligences of Even
different countries counterproductive:
with common costs of legal
instruments both assistence for
for investigation affiliates in prison
for penal and judiciary embitter racketeering
activity and protection-money
25. What is going to happen where
and how?
So far no investigation of the dynamics of
Mafia systems
Under what economic, institutional, social,
cultural conditions do they succeed in taking
roots in one society
When do they migrate
Where are they most likely to move to
Which policies are most efficient
26. Need for innovative scientific
instruments
At the theoretical
Methodological
Technical level
Simulation techniques and platforms are
needed
To investigate dynamics
Within society: beside economic conditions, which
social-cognitive factors favor the penetration of
Mafia systems
Between societies
27. Not any simulation model
In particular, agent based models are needed
Where complex aspects of autonomy agency
can be implemented
Generate own beliefs and goals
Recognize norms and authorities
Adopt norms (see EMIL-A, Conte et al., 2011; EMIL-
S from Troitzsch and Gulyas, 2011)
28. DyLEG-1: A preliminary model of the intra-societal
dynamics of Extortion Racket Systems (ERSs)
1. how does a settlement with ERS behave over time?
2. equilibrium or dynamic trends?
3. Which one does better? ERS or PP and POs?
4. Under what conditions ERS withdraw or grow up?
5. which policies work better?
n Prosecute ERS affiliates, comparing entity of sanction, certainty of
sanctions, frequency of arrest, time elapsed between arrest and
sanction
n Prosecute victims yielding to extortion
n More licence and infrastructures
n Reduced probability to be punished
n Better salaries to PO (to discourage bribery)
n Reduce taxation, and favor firms' survival
n Run protection programs for collaborating ERS affiliates etc.
29. The model
World = One settlement (town or village) ie., one set
of agents. No topological representation
It includes a public pool (revenues from tax payers
plus possible extraordinary resources) and a certain
number of firms. Taxes and racket are
parameterised. If the public pool is above a
threshold, public officials (fighters and
administrators) and infrastructures for investments
are available. If it is below, no policy can be made.
30. Parameters
Number of agents per type (see below)
Number of firms
PP threshold
Demand
Discount factor
Capital multiplier
Salaries (for employees and POs)
Tax (amount)
Bribe (amount)
Racket (amount)
Punishment (amount and probability)
Sanction (amount and probability)
31. Events
At each tournament agents accomplish one simple action (part
of a complex action).
When firms give no revenues, they exit the settlement. The main
behavior for firms is: to hire/to fire
Revenues depend on
• Demand
• Infrastructures, automatically set up as a share of public pool (PP). PP acts
as a multiplier of the firms' product if it exceeds the threshold. In the
opposite case, it acts as discount factor.
• Racketeering
• Taxes. These are automatically and regularly issued.
Bribes inflate the capital needed for investment. Large firms survive,
small firms extinguish
Increased PP lead to more infrastructures and PO units.
32. Measures
Revenue computation. Each
firm has a demand for his production. InvD = a – Demand
GrossRevenue = ln (InvD · NEmpoloyees) · K
If demand increase, then firms tend Taxable = InvD · NEmpoloyees
to take on workers, otherwise tend to
fire them. Costs = c · NEmpoloyees + b ·Taxable
FirmRevenue=GrossRevenue-
Cost-RacketPaid
Public Pool = ∑ Taxable i - ((c · NPos) + Bribes + Infrastructure Costs)
for each firm i
ERS Revenue = ∑ RacketPaid i - (Punishment + Sanction )
for each firm i
33. Agent typologies
ERS affiliates
PO: Public officials (policemen,
magistrates)
A: administrators
V: victims
firm employers,
employees,
may intersect with PO
B: bribes (subset of PO)
34. Goals Propensities
AG: make money Survive > freedom > parsimony
MG1: survive Freedom > survival > parsimony
MG2: don't go to jail Freedom > parsimony > survival
Survival > parsimony > freedom
MG3: don't lose money
Parsimony > freedom > survival
MG4: don't waste time
Parsimony > survival > freedom
MGs are here arranged in a
decreasing order of
importance. Order can
change according to
individual propensities (see
below).
35. Very preliminary but…
Already useful to investigate effects of racketeering on firmsʼ
revenues
The critical level of resources (PP and PO) for containing
expansion of ERSs
Short-term upates, DyLEG-2
the role of infrastructures
bribery in administration
Mid-term updates, DyLEG-3
External settlements and migration: will ERSs migrate? Where will
they move to and when?
Compare different ERSs based on real database from Univ. of
Palermo and Fondazione Rocco Chinnici
36. Conclusions 1/2
Mafia = organized crime at world level!
Although its costs > other form of criminality, media and
governments seem to pay more attention to the latter
And yet, we cannot afford wait further! Only coordination at
international level will achieve efficient fight, if not
prevention
Mafia is NOT a consequence of poverty. Mafia prospers in
wealthy societies
Mafia systems are evolving systems
Large pool grants selection
A subset of systems replicates and grows
Needs new markets to conquer and hybridates
37. Conclusions 2/2
What makes some ERSs outcompete other (legal)
systems?
Santi Romano (1947) spoke about a “parainstitutional”
system. What did he mean? Operational translation!
Simulation can provide one.
Long-term update (DyLEG-4):
• Implement model on EMIL-S
• Under what conditions mafia-antagonist norms
emerge and spread?
• Compare “institutional” and “para-institutional”
systems and check conditions under which one is
more efficient than the other
• Check efficacy of more complex policies