Dynamic programming is a method for solving complex problems by breaking them down into simpler subproblems, solving each subproblem once, and storing the solutions for future use. This document discusses how dynamic programming concepts are applied in Salesforce, including dynamic approval processes, reporting, and visualforce components. It provides an example of using an apex:dynamicComponent tag to dynamically display opportunities in different tables based on their stage value. Limitations of dynamic apex representation for certain visualforce components are also outlined.