1. The major attraction for online distribution is its direct nature. To make a commercially
successful work, artists usually must enter their industry’s publishing chain. Publishers help
artists advertise, fund and distribute their work to retail outlets. In some industries, particularly
videogames, artists find themselves bound to publishers, and in many cases unable to make the
content they want; the publisher might not think it will profit well. This can quickly lead to the
standardization of the content and to the stifling of new, considerably risky ideas. not for
distribution.
By opting for online distribution, an artist can get their work into the public sphere of interest
easily with potentially not for distribution minimum business overheads. This often leads to
cheaper goods for the consumer and increased profits for the artists, as well as increased artistic
freedom.
Online distribution also opens the door to new business models (e.g., the Open Music Model).
For instance, a not for distribution artist could release one track from an album or one chapter
from a book at a time instead of waiting for them all to be completed. This either gives them a
cash boost to help continue or warns that their work is not financially viable before they not for
distribution have sunk excessive money and time into it. Videogames have increased flexibility
in this area, demonstrated by micropayment models such as the one in Gunbound. A clear result
of these new models is their accessibility to smaller artists or artist teams who do not have the
time, funds, or expertise to make a new product in one go.
An example of this can be found in the music industry. Indie artists are for the first time able to
access the same distribution channels as major record labels, with none of the restrictive
practices or inflated manufacturing costs; there is a growing collection of 'internet labels' that
offer distribution to unsigned or independent artists directly to online music stores, and in some
cases marketing and promotion services. Further, many bands are able to bypass this completely,
not for distribution and offer their music for sale via their own independently-controlled
websites; this gives even further advantage to the artist, as it completely cuts out a distributor—
and their cut of the profits.
Michael Gurevich conducted seminal work in his empirical study of the structure of social
networks in his 1961 Massachusetts Institute of Technology PhD dissertation under Ithiel de
Sola Pool.[4] Mathematician Manfred Kochen, an Austrian who had been involved in Statist
urban design, extrapolated these empirical results in a mathematical manuscript, Contacts and
Influences,[5] concluding that in a U.S.-sized population without social structure, "it is
practically certain that any two individuals can contact one another by means of at least two
intermediaries. In a [socially] structured population it is less likely but still seems probable. And
perhaps for the whole world's population, probably only one more bridging individual should be
needed." They subsequently constructed Monte Carlo simulations based on Gurevich's data,
which recognized that both weak and strong acquaintance links are needed to model social
structure. The simulations, carried out on the relatively limited computers of 1973, were
nonetheless able to predict that a more realistic three degrees of separation existed across the
U.S. population, foreshadowing the findings of American psychologist Stanley Milgram.
Milgram continued Gurevich's experiments in acquaintanceship networks at Harvard University
in Cambridge, U.S. Kochen and de Sola Pool's manuscript, Contacts and Influences,[6] was

2. conceived while both were working at the University of Paris in the early 1950s, during a time
when Milgram visited and collaborated in their research. Their unpublished manuscript
circulated among academics for over 20 years before publication in 1978. It formally articulated
the mechanics of social networks, and explored the mathematical consequences of these
(including the degree of connectedness). The manuscript left many significant questions about
networks unresolved, and one of these was the number of degrees of separation in actual social
networks. Milgram took up the challenge on his return from Paris, leading to the experiments
reported in The Small World Problem [7] in popular science journal Psychology Today, with a
more rigorous version of the paper appearing in Sociometry two years later.[8] The Psychology
Today article generated enormous publicity for the experiments, which are well known today,
long after much of the formative work has been forgotten.
Milgram's article made famous [7] his 1967 set of experiments to investigate de Sola Pool and
Kochen's "small world problem." Mathematician Benoit Mandelbrot, born in Warsaw, growing
up in Poland then France, was aware of the Statist rules of thumb, and was also a colleague of de
Sola Pool, Kochen and Milgram at the University of Paris during the early 1950s (Kochen
brought Mandelbrot to work at the Institute for Advanced Study and later IBM in the U.S.). This
circle of researchers was fascinated by the interconnectedness and "social capital" of human
networks. Milgram's study results showed that people in the United States seemed to be
connected by approximately three friendship links, on average, without speculating on global
linkages; he never actually used the term "six degrees of separation." Since the Psychology
Today article gave the experiments wide publicity, Milgram, Kochen, and Karinthy all had been
incorrectly attributed as the origin of the notion of six degrees; the most likely popularizer of the
term "six degrees of separation" would be John Guare, who attributed the value 'six' to Marconi.
Michael Gurevich conducted seminal work in his empirical study of the structure of social
networks in his 1961 Massachusetts Institute of Technology PhD dissertation under Ithiel de
Sola Pool.[4] Mathematician Manfred Kochen, an Austrian who had been involved in Statist
urban design, extrapolated these empirical results in a mathematical manuscript, Contacts and
Influences,[5] concluding that in a U.S.-sized population without social structure, "it is
practically certain that any two individuals can contact one another by means of at least two
intermediaries. In a [socially] structured population it is less likely but still seems probable. And
perhaps for the whole world's population, probably only one more bridging individual should be
needed." They subsequently constructed Monte Carlo simulations based on Gurevich's data,
which recognized that both weak and strong acquaintance links are needed to model social
structure. The simulations, carried out on the relatively limited computers of 1973, were
nonetheless able to predict that a more realistic three degrees of separation existed across the
U.S. population, foreshadowing the findings of American psychologist Stanley Milgram.
Milgram continued Gurevich's experiments in acquaintanceship networks at Harvard University
in Cambridge, U.S. Kochen and de Sola Pool's manuscript, Contacts and Influences,[6] was
conceived while both were working at the University of Paris in the early 1950s, during a time
when Milgram visited and collaborated in their research. Their unpublished manuscript
circulated among academics for over 20 years before publication in 1978. It formally articulated
the mechanics of social networks, and explored the mathematical consequences of these
(including the degree of connectedness). The manuscript left many significant questions about
networks unresolved, and one of these was the number of degrees of separation in actual social

3. networks. Milgram took up the challenge on his return from Paris, leading to the experiments
reported in The Small World Problem [7] in popular science journal Psychology Today, with a
more rigorous version of the paper appearing in Sociometry two years later.[8] The Psychology
Today article generated enormous publicity for the experiments, which are well known today,
long after much of the formative work has been forgotten.
Milgram's article made famous [7] his 1967 set of experiments to investigate de Sola Pool and
Kochen's "small world problem." Mathematician Benoit Mandelbrot, born in Warsaw, growing
up in Poland then France, was aware of the Statist rules of thumb, and was also a colleague of de
Sola Pool, Kochen and Milgram at the University of Paris during the early 1950s (Kochen
brought Mandelbrot to work at the Institute for Advanced Study and later IBM in the U.S.). This
circle of researchers was fascinated by the interconnectedness and "social capital" of human
networks. Milgram's study results showed that people in the United States seemed to be
connected by approximately three friendship links, on average, without speculating on global
linkages; he never actually used the term "six degrees of separation." Since the Psychology
Today article gave the experiments wide publicity, Milgram, Kochen, and Karinthy all had been
incorrectly attributed as the origin of the notion of six degrees; the most likely popularizer of the
term "six degrees of separation" would be John Guare, who attributed the value 'six' to Marconi.
Michael Gurevich conducted seminal work in his empirical study of the structure of social
networks in his 1961 Massachusetts Institute of Technology PhD dissertation under Ithiel de
Sola Pool.[4] Mathematician Manfred Kochen, an Austrian who had been involved in Statist
urban design, extrapolated these empirical results in a mathematical manuscript, Contacts and
Influences,[5] concluding that in a U.S.-sized population without social structure, "it is
practically certain that any two individuals can contact one another by means of at least two
intermediaries. In a [socially] structured population it is less likely but still seems probable. And
perhaps for the whole world's population, probably only one more bridging individual should be
needed." They subsequently constructed Monte Carlo simulations based on Gurevich's data,
which recognized that both weak and strong acquaintance links are needed to model social
structure. The simulations, carried out on the relatively limited computers of 1973, were
nonetheless able to predict that a more realistic three degrees of separation existed across the
U.S. population, foreshadowing the findings of American psychologist Stanley Milgram.
Milgram continued Gurevich's experiments in acquaintanceship networks at Harvard University
in Cambridge, U.S. Kochen and de Sola Pool's manuscript, Contacts and Influences,[6] was
conceived while both were working at the University of Paris in the early 1950s, during a time
when Milgram visited and collaborated in their research. Their unpublished manuscript
circulated among academics for over 20 years before publication in 1978. It formally articulated
the mechanics of social networks, and explored the mathematical consequences of these
(including the degree of connectedness). The manuscript left many significant questions about
networks unresolved, and one of these was the number of degrees of separation in actual social
networks. Milgram took up the challenge on his return from Paris, leading to the experiments
reported in The Small World Problem [7] in popular science journal Psychology Today, with a
more rigorous version of the paper appearing in Sociometry two years later.[8] The Psychology
Today article generated enormous publicity for the experiments, which are well known today,
long after much of the formative work has been forgotten.

4. Milgram's article made famous [7] his 1967 set of experiments to investigate de Sola Pool and
Kochen's "small world problem." Mathematician Benoit Mandelbrot, born in Warsaw, growing
up in Poland then France, was aware of the Statist rules of thumb, and was also a colleague of de
Sola Pool, Kochen and Milgram at the University of Paris during the early 1950s (Kochen
brought Mandelbrot to work at the Institute for Advanced Study and later IBM in the U.S.). This
circle of researchers was fascinated by the interconnectedness and "social capital" of human
networks. Milgram's study results showed that people in the United States seemed to be
connected by approximately three friendship links, on average, without speculating on global
linkages; he never actually used the term "six degrees of separation." Since the Psychology
Today article gave the experiments wide publicity, Milgram, Kochen, and Karinthy all had been
incorrectly attributed as the origin of the notion of six degrees; the most likely popularizer of the
term "six degrees of separation" would be John Guare, who attributed the value 'six' to Marconi.
Michael Gurevich conducted seminal work in his empirical study of the structure of social
networks in his 1961 Massachusetts Institute of Technology PhD dissertation under Ithiel de
Sola Pool.[4] Mathematician Manfred Kochen, an Austrian who had been involved in Statist
urban design, extrapolated these empirical results in a mathematical manuscript, Contacts and
Influences,[5] concluding that in a U.S.-sized population without social structure, "it is
practically certain that any two individuals can contact one another by means of at least two
intermediaries. In a [socially] structured population it is less likely but still seems probable. And
perhaps for the whole world's population, probably only one more bridging individual should be
needed." They subsequently constructed Monte Carlo simulations based on Gurevich's data,
which recognized that both weak and strong acquaintance links are needed to model social
structure. The simulations, carried out on the relatively limited computers of 1973, were
nonetheless able to predict that a more realistic three degrees of separation existed across the
U.S. population, foreshadowing the findings of American psychologist Stanley Milgram.
Milgram continued Gurevich's experiments in acquaintanceship networks at Harvard University
in Cambridge, U.S. Kochen and de Sola Pool's manuscript, Contacts and Influences,[6] was
conceived while both were working at the University of Paris in the early 1950s, during a time
when Milgram visited and collaborated in their research. Their unpublished manuscript
circulated among academics for over 20 years before publication in 1978. It formally articulated
the mechanics of social networks, and explored the mathematical consequences of these
(including the degree of connectedness). The manuscript left many significant questions about
networks unresolved, and one of these was the number of degrees of separation in actual social
networks. Milgram took up the challenge on his return from Paris, leading to the experiments
reported in The Small World Problem [7] in popular science journal Psychology Today, with a
more rigorous version of the paper appearing in Sociometry two years later.[8] The Psychology
Today article generated enormous publicity for the experiments, which are well known today,
long after much of the formative work has been forgotten.
Milgram's article made famous [7] his 1967 set of experiments to investigate de Sola Pool and
Kochen's "small world problem." Mathematician Benoit Mandelbrot, born in Warsaw, growing
up in Poland then France, was aware of the Statist rules of thumb, and was also a colleague of de
Sola Pool, Kochen and Milgram at the University of Paris during the early 1950s (Kochen
brought Mandelbrot to work at the Institute for Advanced Study and later IBM in the U.S.). This
circle of researchers was fascinated by the interconnectedness and "social capital" of human

5. networks. Milgram's study results showed that people in the United States seemed to be
connected by approximately three friendship links, on average, without speculating on global
linkages; he never actually used the term "six degrees of separation." Since the Psychology
Today article gave the experiments wide publicity, Milgram, Kochen, and Karinthy all had been
incorrectly attributed as the origin of the notion of six degrees; the most likely popularizer of the
term "six degrees of separation" would be John Guare, who attributed the value 'six' to Marconi.
Michael Gurevich conducted seminal work in his empirical study of the structure of social
networks in his 1961 Massachusetts Institute of Technology PhD dissertation under Ithiel de
Sola Pool.[4] Mathematician Manfred Kochen, an Austrian who had been involved in Statist
urban design, extrapolated these empirical results in a mathematical manuscript, Contacts and
Influences,[5] concluding that in a U.S.-sized population without social structure, "it is
practically certain that any two individuals can contact one another by means of at least two
intermediaries. In a [socially] structured population it is less likely but still seems probable. And
perhaps for the whole world's population, probably only one more bridging individual should be
needed." They subsequently constructed Monte Carlo simulations based on Gurevich's data,
which recognized that both weak and strong acquaintance links are needed to model social
structure. The simulations, carried out on the relatively limited computers of 1973, were
nonetheless able to predict that a more realistic three degrees of separation existed across the
U.S. population, foreshadowing the findings of American psychologist Stanley Milgram.
Milgram continued Gurevich's experiments in acquaintanceship networks at Harvard University
in Cambridge, U.S. Kochen and de Sola Pool's manuscript, Contacts and Influences,[6] was
conceived while both were working at the University of Paris in the early 1950s, during a time
when Milgram visited and collaborated in their research. Their unpublished manuscript
circulated among academics for over 20 years before publication in 1978. It formally articulated
the mechanics of social networks, and explored the mathematical consequences of these
(including the degree of connectedness). The manuscript left many significant questions about
networks unresolved, and one of these was the number of degrees of separation in actual social
networks. Milgram took up the challenge on his return from Paris, leading to the experiments
reported in The Small World Problem [7] in popular science journal Psychology Today, with a
more rigorous version of the paper appearing in Sociometry two years later.[8] The Psychology
Today article generated enormous publicity for the experiments, which are well known today,
long after much of the formative work has been forgotten.
Milgram's article made famous [7] his 1967 set of experiments to investigate de Sola Pool and
Kochen's "small world problem." Mathematician Benoit Mandelbrot, born in Warsaw, growing
up in Poland then France, was aware of the Statist rules of thumb, and was also a colleague of de
Sola Pool, Kochen and Milgram at the University of Paris during the early 1950s (Kochen
brought Mandelbrot to work at the Institute for Advanced Study and later IBM in the U.S.). This
circle of researchers was fascinated by the interconnectedness and "social capital" of human
networks. Milgram's study results showed that people in the United States seemed to be
connected by approximately three friendship links, on average, without speculating on global
linkages; he never actually used the term "six degrees of separation." Since the Psychology
Today article gave the experiments wide publicity, Milgram, Kochen, and Karinthy all had been
incorrectly attributed as the origin of the notion of six degrees; the most likely popularizer of the
term "six degrees of separation" would be John Guare, who attributed the value 'six' to Marconi.

6. Michael Gurevich conducted seminal work in his empirical study of the structure of social
networks in his 1961 Massachusetts Institute of Technology PhD dissertation under Ithiel de
Sola Pool.[4] Mathematician Manfred Kochen, an Austrian who had been involved in Statist
urban design, extrapolated these empirical results in a mathematical manuscript, Contacts and
Influences,[5] concluding that in a U.S.-sized population without social structure, "it is
practically certain that any two individuals can contact one another by means of at least two
intermediaries. In a [socially] structured population it is less likely but still seems probable. And
perhaps for the whole world's population, probably only one more bridging individual should be
needed." They subsequently constructed Monte Carlo simulations based on Gurevich's data,
which recognized that both weak and strong acquaintance links are needed to model social
structure. The simulations, carried out on the relatively limited computers of 1973, were
nonetheless able to predict that a more realistic three degrees of separation existed across the
U.S. population, foreshadowing the findings of American psychologist Stanley Milgram.
Milgram continued Gurevich's experiments in acquaintanceship networks at Harvard University
in Cambridge, U.S. Kochen and de Sola Pool's manuscript, Contacts and Influences,[6] was
conceived while both were working at the University of Paris in the early 1950s, during a time
when Milgram visited and collaborated in their research. Their unpublished manuscript
circulated among academics for over 20 years before publication in 1978. It formally articulated
the mechanics of social networks, and explored the mathematical consequences of these
(including the degree of connectedness). The manuscript left many significant questions about
networks unresolved, and one of these was the number of degrees of separation in actual social
networks. Milgram took up the challenge on his return from Paris, leading to the experiments
reported in The Small World Problem [7] in popular science journal Psychology Today, with a
more rigorous version of the paper appearing in Sociometry two years later.[8] The Psychology
Today article generated enormous publicity for the experiments, which are well known today,
long after much of the formative work has been forgotten.
Milgram's article made famous [7] his 1967 set of experiments to investigate de Sola Pool and
Kochen's "small world problem." Mathematician Benoit Mandelbrot, born in Warsaw, growing
up in Poland then France, was aware of the Statist rules of thumb, and was also a colleague of de
Sola Pool, Kochen and Milgram at the University of Paris during the early 1950s (Kochen
brought Mandelbrot to work at the Institute for Advanced Study and later IBM in the U.S.). This
circle of researchers was fascinated by the interconnectedness and "social capital" of human
networks. Milgram's study results showed that people in the United States seemed to be
connected by approximately three friendship links, on average, without speculating on global
linkages; he never actually used the term "six degrees of separation." Since the Psychology
Today article gave the experiments wide publicity, Milgram, Kochen, and Karinthy all had been
incorrectly attributed as the origin of the notion of six degrees; the most likely popularizer of the
term "six degrees of separation" would be John Guare, who attributed the value 'six' to Marconi.

7. Michael Gurevich conducted seminal work in his empirical study of the structure of social
networks in his 1961 Massachusetts Institute of Technology PhD dissertation under Ithiel de
Sola Pool.[4] Mathematician Manfred Kochen, an Austrian who had been involved in Statist
urban design, extrapolated these empirical results in a mathematical manuscript, Contacts and
Influences,[5] concluding that in a U.S.-sized population without social structure, "it is
practically certain that any two individuals can contact one another by means of at least two
intermediaries. In a [socially] structured population it is less likely but still seems probable. And
perhaps for the whole world's population, probably only one more bridging individual should be
needed." They subsequently constructed Monte Carlo simulations based on Gurevich's data,
which recognized that both weak and strong acquaintance links are needed to model social
structure. The simulations, carried out on the relatively limited computers of 1973, were
nonetheless able to predict that a more realistic three degrees of separation existed across the
U.S. population, foreshadowing the findings of American psychologist Stanley Milgram.
Milgram continued Gurevich's experiments in acquaintanceship networks at Harvard University
in Cambridge, U.S. Kochen and de Sola Pool's manuscript, Contacts and Influences,[6] was
conceived while both were working at the University of Paris in the early 1950s, during a time
when Milgram visited and collaborated in their research. Their unpublished manuscript
circulated among academics for over 20 years before publication in 1978. It formally articulated
the mechanics of social networks, and explored the mathematical consequences of these
(including the degree of connectedness). The manuscript left many significant questions about
networks unresolved, and one of these was the number of degrees of separation in actual social
networks. Milgram took up the challenge on his return from Paris, leading to the experiments
reported in The Small World Problem [7] in popular science journal Psychology Today, with a
more rigorous version of the paper appearing in Sociometry two years later.[8] The Psychology
Today article generated enormous publicity for the experiments, which are well known today,
long after much of the formative work has been forgotten.
Milgram's article made famous [7] his 1967 set of experiments to investigate de Sola Pool and
Kochen's "small world problem." Mathematician Benoit Mandelbrot, born in Warsaw, growing
up in Poland then France, was aware of the Statist rules of thumb, and was also a colleague of de
Sola Pool, Kochen and Milgram at the University of Paris during the early 1950s (Kochen
brought Mandelbrot to work at the Institute for Advanced Study and later IBM in the U.S.). This
circle of researchers was fascinated by the interconnectedness and "social capital" of human
networks. Milgram's study results showed that people in the United States seemed to be
connected by approximately three friendship links, on average, without speculating on global
linkages; he never actually used the term "six degrees of separation." Since the Psychology
Today article gave the experiments wide publicity, Milgram, Kochen, and Karinthy all had been
incorrectly attributed as the origin of the notion of six degrees; the most likely popularizer of the
term "six degrees of separation" would be John Guare, who attributed the value 'six' to Marconi.