1) The document analyzes tactics used by the Israeli military to reduce civilian casualties during raids in Palestinian territories. It finds that attacks on vehicles result in far fewer civilian deaths than attacks on homes based on an analysis of 544 Palestinian deaths since Operation Cast Lead.
2) Further analysis shows that the choice of weapon also impacts civilian casualties. Attacks using rifle bullets had fewer civilian deaths than attacks using aircraft missiles or bombs. None of the bullet deaths in homes were civilians, while the index was 73 for missile attacks on homes.
3) The type of missile likely explains some differences. Helicopter-fired missiles designed for anti-tank use may cause less collateral damage than bombs dropped from fixed-wing aircraft intended
The document discusses the large amount of money, around $1 trillion over 30 years, that the US plans to spend maintaining and rebuilding its nuclear arsenal. It argues this level of spending is unnecessary given that the risk of nuclear war with Russia is now very low compared to the Cold War era. It proposes the US could safely scale back its plans and save tens of billions of dollars by pursuing further warhead reductions with Russia, reducing the number of new delivery systems like bombers and missiles, and scaling back plans to replace nuclear submarines from 12 to 8, saving $21 billion. This would lower costs without compromising US security, given the changed geopolitical situation since the end of the Cold War.
Forecast of Duration of Iraq War: Bennett and StamTawanda Kanhema
The document summarizes a previous study that developed a statistical model to predict the duration of wars based on various military, political, demographic, industrial, and geographic factors. In 2003, the authors applied this model to make predictions about the duration of the U.S.-Iraq war that began that year. They predicted the war could last 21 months under the most likely scenario, or up to a year if the U.S. was forced to rely solely on attrition. They also presented new predictions for hypothetical wars between the U.S. and other countries.
This document provides definitions and context around the concept of targeted killing. It begins by defining targeted killing as the intentional killing of a specifically identified individual who is taking part in an armed conflict or terrorism and is not in the physical custody of those targeting them. It discusses different definitions provided by scholars and analyses their strengths and weaknesses. It also explores targeted killing as a method of warfare, particularly its use by states like the US and Israel against terrorist organizations. The document examines the ethics surrounding targeted killing and its future use as militaries increasingly utilize drones and other technologies. Overall, the document offers an overview of debates and perspectives regarding the controversial practice of targeted killing.
This document provides background context for Project White Horse by outlining key issues, terminology, and target audiences. It discusses the nature of the ongoing writing project and relationship with readers. It then defines elements of the "long war" concept and notes the need to consider worst-case scenarios occurring within the US, including the response challenges faced by civilian first responders compared to the military. The target audience is identified as the military, civilian first responders, and "civil-military" teams, with a focus on the latter two groups.
Североатлантический альянс окажется в состоянии горячей фазы войны с Россией в течение года в случае, если не усилит своё присутствие в Прибалтике. Отставной британский генерал Ричард Ширрефф описал такой сценарий развития событий в книге «2017: Война с Россией», которая вызвала удивление из-за вероятности того, что «новая холодная война» так скоро может перерасти в «горячую войну».
В книге Ричарда Ширреффа прогнозируется вторжение российских войск в Латвию в мае 2017 года и одновременно эскалация конфликта в Украине для создания «сухопутного коридора» в оккупированный россиянами Крым.
Ричард Ширрефф был заместителем в ставке верховного главнокомандующего НАТО в Европе — с 2011 по 2014 г.г. Ранее Ширрефф служил в Северной Ирландии, на Балканах, в Ираке, был командующим британским танковым подразделением во время первой войны в Персидском заливе. Главная цель книги — «2017: Война с Россией» по словам автора, оценить важность сильного и эффективного противовеса для предотвращения такой маловероятной возможности».
This document is an essay by Abdelhamied El Rafie examining whether nuclear deterrence remains a stabilizing factor in the post-Cold War era. The essay discusses the impact of nuclear weapons, the current nuclear scenario, arguments about the significance of nuclear weapons, the post-Cold War geopolitical environment, and concludes that nuclear deterrence is not inherently stabilizing or destabilizing unless there are major shifts in global or regional balances of power.
This document discusses applying game theory to analyze nuclear proliferation. During the Cold War, the US and Soviet Union were in a prisoner's dilemma, where the dominant strategy for each was to acquire more nuclear weapons. However, stockpiles decreased after peaking in the 1960s. This is because in the long run it became a sequential game, where continuing to increase weapons was not beneficial once an opponent stopped. The equilibrium reached was a Nash equilibrium, where no country could gain by changing strategy as long as others' strategies remained unchanged.
Tapan Dutta is seeking a position as a Shift Engineer or In-Charge in production with a reputable steel, automobile, or heavy fabrication company preferably in Kolkata. He has 4 years of experience in production and process enhancement. Currently he works as a Production Supervisor for Indicon Westfalia Ltd., a manufacturer of shipping containers and other fabricated products. He is responsible for managing a team of 50, maintaining production schedules, and ensuring quality standards are met. Dutta holds a diploma in mechanical engineering and has skills in welding, Microsoft Office, AutoCAD, and maintaining ERP systems.
The document discusses the large amount of money, around $1 trillion over 30 years, that the US plans to spend maintaining and rebuilding its nuclear arsenal. It argues this level of spending is unnecessary given that the risk of nuclear war with Russia is now very low compared to the Cold War era. It proposes the US could safely scale back its plans and save tens of billions of dollars by pursuing further warhead reductions with Russia, reducing the number of new delivery systems like bombers and missiles, and scaling back plans to replace nuclear submarines from 12 to 8, saving $21 billion. This would lower costs without compromising US security, given the changed geopolitical situation since the end of the Cold War.
Forecast of Duration of Iraq War: Bennett and StamTawanda Kanhema
The document summarizes a previous study that developed a statistical model to predict the duration of wars based on various military, political, demographic, industrial, and geographic factors. In 2003, the authors applied this model to make predictions about the duration of the U.S.-Iraq war that began that year. They predicted the war could last 21 months under the most likely scenario, or up to a year if the U.S. was forced to rely solely on attrition. They also presented new predictions for hypothetical wars between the U.S. and other countries.
This document provides definitions and context around the concept of targeted killing. It begins by defining targeted killing as the intentional killing of a specifically identified individual who is taking part in an armed conflict or terrorism and is not in the physical custody of those targeting them. It discusses different definitions provided by scholars and analyses their strengths and weaknesses. It also explores targeted killing as a method of warfare, particularly its use by states like the US and Israel against terrorist organizations. The document examines the ethics surrounding targeted killing and its future use as militaries increasingly utilize drones and other technologies. Overall, the document offers an overview of debates and perspectives regarding the controversial practice of targeted killing.
This document provides background context for Project White Horse by outlining key issues, terminology, and target audiences. It discusses the nature of the ongoing writing project and relationship with readers. It then defines elements of the "long war" concept and notes the need to consider worst-case scenarios occurring within the US, including the response challenges faced by civilian first responders compared to the military. The target audience is identified as the military, civilian first responders, and "civil-military" teams, with a focus on the latter two groups.
Североатлантический альянс окажется в состоянии горячей фазы войны с Россией в течение года в случае, если не усилит своё присутствие в Прибалтике. Отставной британский генерал Ричард Ширрефф описал такой сценарий развития событий в книге «2017: Война с Россией», которая вызвала удивление из-за вероятности того, что «новая холодная война» так скоро может перерасти в «горячую войну».
В книге Ричарда Ширреффа прогнозируется вторжение российских войск в Латвию в мае 2017 года и одновременно эскалация конфликта в Украине для создания «сухопутного коридора» в оккупированный россиянами Крым.
Ричард Ширрефф был заместителем в ставке верховного главнокомандующего НАТО в Европе — с 2011 по 2014 г.г. Ранее Ширрефф служил в Северной Ирландии, на Балканах, в Ираке, был командующим британским танковым подразделением во время первой войны в Персидском заливе. Главная цель книги — «2017: Война с Россией» по словам автора, оценить важность сильного и эффективного противовеса для предотвращения такой маловероятной возможности».
This document is an essay by Abdelhamied El Rafie examining whether nuclear deterrence remains a stabilizing factor in the post-Cold War era. The essay discusses the impact of nuclear weapons, the current nuclear scenario, arguments about the significance of nuclear weapons, the post-Cold War geopolitical environment, and concludes that nuclear deterrence is not inherently stabilizing or destabilizing unless there are major shifts in global or regional balances of power.
This document discusses applying game theory to analyze nuclear proliferation. During the Cold War, the US and Soviet Union were in a prisoner's dilemma, where the dominant strategy for each was to acquire more nuclear weapons. However, stockpiles decreased after peaking in the 1960s. This is because in the long run it became a sequential game, where continuing to increase weapons was not beneficial once an opponent stopped. The equilibrium reached was a Nash equilibrium, where no country could gain by changing strategy as long as others' strategies remained unchanged.
Tapan Dutta is seeking a position as a Shift Engineer or In-Charge in production with a reputable steel, automobile, or heavy fabrication company preferably in Kolkata. He has 4 years of experience in production and process enhancement. Currently he works as a Production Supervisor for Indicon Westfalia Ltd., a manufacturer of shipping containers and other fabricated products. He is responsible for managing a team of 50, maintaining production schedules, and ensuring quality standards are met. Dutta holds a diploma in mechanical engineering and has skills in welding, Microsoft Office, AutoCAD, and maintaining ERP systems.
This document provides a summary of Jared Akins' professional background and experience as Chief Deputy of the Bulloch County Sheriff's Office. It outlines his educational and training credentials, past roles within the agency including as a patrol deputy, drug investigator, and criminal investigator. As Chief Deputy, it describes his responsibilities and many accomplishments in areas such as organizational reforms, intergovernmental relations, technology improvements, financial management, morale issues, community relations, and initiatives within the jail and investigations division.
El documento habla sobre la lucha de Pamela Troya y Gabriela Correa para casarse a través del Matrimonio Civil Igualitario en Ecuador. El 5 de agosto de 2013, la pareja acudió al Registro Civil para solicitar un turno para casarse, pero se les negó debido a que la ley ecuatoriana define el matrimonio como la unión entre un hombre y una mujer. La campaña busca que la Constitución ecuatoriana se aplique de manera integral para reconocer los derechos de todas las personas, sin embargo, modificarla es un
This study examines the impact of outcome uncertainty on attendance at Major League Soccer games. Previous research on other sports leagues has produced mixed results regarding the uncertainty-of-outcome hypothesis, which states that more uncertain outcomes will attract more spectators. The study uses regression analysis to test whether games between more competitively balanced teams or games with higher playoff implications draw larger crowds than other games, while controlling for factors like weather, rivalries, star players, and playoff uncertainty. This is the first study to analyze outcome uncertainty and attendance at MLS games. The results found no evidence that greater outcome uncertainty increases attendance at MLS matches.
Maryjean Soriano is seeking a registered nurse position where she can continue practicing nursing and improving her skills while providing quality healthcare. She has over 20 years of experience as a registered nurse and midwife in the US, Singapore, and the Philippines. Her most recent positions include registered nurse at Marina Bay Skilled Nursing Facility and nursing assistant at Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital.
The document is a thesis that investigates rational points on elliptic curves and computing their rank. It begins with introductions to algebraic geometry concepts like affine and projective spaces. It defines elliptic curves and discusses their group structure. It explores points of finite order on elliptic curves and relates them to the curve's discriminant. Later sections analyze the group of rational points using Mordell's theorem and descent methods. It also examines specific problems like congruent numbers and constructing elliptic curves with high rank. The thesis provides mathematical foundations and examples to study rational points and ranks of elliptic curves.
The document discusses elliptic curves and rational points on elliptic curves. It begins by defining an elliptic curve and providing the Weierstrass equation used to represent elliptic curves. It then discusses properties of elliptic curves including their discriminant and j-invariant. The document outlines the group law that can be defined on rational points of an elliptic curve, making them into an abelian group. It also discusses the torsion subgroup of rational points and algorithms for computing it. Finally, it states the Mordell-Weil theorem, which establishes that the group of rational points on an elliptic curve defined over the rational numbers is a finitely generated abelian group.
The document provides specifications and performance calculations for a BMW 740li vehicle. It includes:
1) Engine specifications such as displacement, power, torque, and transmission gear ratios.
2) Chassis dimensions for the vehicle such as wheelbase, track, length, width, height, and weight.
3) Calculations of forces, resistance, acceleration, velocity, and brake power at different engine speeds and gear ratios.
4) Graphs showing the relationships between acceleration vs velocity, force vs velocity, torque vs engine speed, and brake power vs engine speed.
5) The performance of the vehicle is analyzed based on the graphs, concluding it can reach 100km/hr in 6-
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive function. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
Paul S. Wrighton is a registered environmental health specialist with over 20 years of experience in permitting, regulating, monitoring, and ensuring compliance with environmental regulations. He currently works as a senior environmental health specialist and program lead for solid waste enforcement with Merced County Public Health, where he oversees permitting and inspections of landfills, composting facilities, and waste processing operations. He has extensive knowledge of California and federal environmental quality laws as well as emergency response procedures.
This document provides information on advance tax requirements in India. It defines advance tax, when it is due, and the applicable payment deadlines and percentages for companies and non-companies. Advance tax is due in four installments by September 15, December 15, March 15, and March 31. Interest is charged for late or deficient advance tax payments under sections 234B and 234C. The document also addresses provisions for casual income and capital gains, and situations where the assessing officer can issue an advance tax order.
Este documento presenta un proyecto de investigación sobre el matrimonio y el divorcio en la Constitución ecuatoriana de 2008. Explora cómo estas instituciones han cambiado a la luz de las reformas constitucionales, especialmente en términos del reconocimiento de diversos tipos de familias y la posibilidad del divorcio. El autor argumenta que estos cambios tienen implicaciones significativas para el propósito y naturaleza del matrimonio y el divorcio que deben analizarse cuidadosamente.
Уровень протестных настроений. Реакция на протест дальнобойщиков в социальной сети Вконтакте. Какие новости получали наибольшую популярность в соц.сети. Портрет интересующегося протестами дальнобойщиков пользователей Вконтакте.
This document discusses the rise of ad-blocking and its impact on online publishers. It notes that the number of people using ad-blocking software has risen dramatically in recent years, with nearly 200 million people globally blocking ads in 2015. This is causing major financial problems for many websites that rely on advertising revenue. While some publishers have tried strategies like whitelisting or asking for donations, the conflict between users' desire to avoid ads and publishers' need for ad revenue remains an ongoing challenge in the digital media industry.
This document provides a summary of Jared Akins' professional background and experience as Chief Deputy of the Bulloch County Sheriff's Office. It outlines his educational and training credentials, past roles within the agency including as a patrol deputy, drug investigator, and criminal investigator. As Chief Deputy, it describes his responsibilities and many accomplishments in areas such as organizational reforms, intergovernmental relations, technology improvements, financial management, morale issues, community relations, and initiatives within the jail and investigations division.
El documento habla sobre la lucha de Pamela Troya y Gabriela Correa para casarse a través del Matrimonio Civil Igualitario en Ecuador. El 5 de agosto de 2013, la pareja acudió al Registro Civil para solicitar un turno para casarse, pero se les negó debido a que la ley ecuatoriana define el matrimonio como la unión entre un hombre y una mujer. La campaña busca que la Constitución ecuatoriana se aplique de manera integral para reconocer los derechos de todas las personas, sin embargo, modificarla es un
This study examines the impact of outcome uncertainty on attendance at Major League Soccer games. Previous research on other sports leagues has produced mixed results regarding the uncertainty-of-outcome hypothesis, which states that more uncertain outcomes will attract more spectators. The study uses regression analysis to test whether games between more competitively balanced teams or games with higher playoff implications draw larger crowds than other games, while controlling for factors like weather, rivalries, star players, and playoff uncertainty. This is the first study to analyze outcome uncertainty and attendance at MLS games. The results found no evidence that greater outcome uncertainty increases attendance at MLS matches.
Maryjean Soriano is seeking a registered nurse position where she can continue practicing nursing and improving her skills while providing quality healthcare. She has over 20 years of experience as a registered nurse and midwife in the US, Singapore, and the Philippines. Her most recent positions include registered nurse at Marina Bay Skilled Nursing Facility and nursing assistant at Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital.
The document is a thesis that investigates rational points on elliptic curves and computing their rank. It begins with introductions to algebraic geometry concepts like affine and projective spaces. It defines elliptic curves and discusses their group structure. It explores points of finite order on elliptic curves and relates them to the curve's discriminant. Later sections analyze the group of rational points using Mordell's theorem and descent methods. It also examines specific problems like congruent numbers and constructing elliptic curves with high rank. The thesis provides mathematical foundations and examples to study rational points and ranks of elliptic curves.
The document discusses elliptic curves and rational points on elliptic curves. It begins by defining an elliptic curve and providing the Weierstrass equation used to represent elliptic curves. It then discusses properties of elliptic curves including their discriminant and j-invariant. The document outlines the group law that can be defined on rational points of an elliptic curve, making them into an abelian group. It also discusses the torsion subgroup of rational points and algorithms for computing it. Finally, it states the Mordell-Weil theorem, which establishes that the group of rational points on an elliptic curve defined over the rational numbers is a finitely generated abelian group.
The document provides specifications and performance calculations for a BMW 740li vehicle. It includes:
1) Engine specifications such as displacement, power, torque, and transmission gear ratios.
2) Chassis dimensions for the vehicle such as wheelbase, track, length, width, height, and weight.
3) Calculations of forces, resistance, acceleration, velocity, and brake power at different engine speeds and gear ratios.
4) Graphs showing the relationships between acceleration vs velocity, force vs velocity, torque vs engine speed, and brake power vs engine speed.
5) The performance of the vehicle is analyzed based on the graphs, concluding it can reach 100km/hr in 6-
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive function. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
Paul S. Wrighton is a registered environmental health specialist with over 20 years of experience in permitting, regulating, monitoring, and ensuring compliance with environmental regulations. He currently works as a senior environmental health specialist and program lead for solid waste enforcement with Merced County Public Health, where he oversees permitting and inspections of landfills, composting facilities, and waste processing operations. He has extensive knowledge of California and federal environmental quality laws as well as emergency response procedures.
This document provides information on advance tax requirements in India. It defines advance tax, when it is due, and the applicable payment deadlines and percentages for companies and non-companies. Advance tax is due in four installments by September 15, December 15, March 15, and March 31. Interest is charged for late or deficient advance tax payments under sections 234B and 234C. The document also addresses provisions for casual income and capital gains, and situations where the assessing officer can issue an advance tax order.
Este documento presenta un proyecto de investigación sobre el matrimonio y el divorcio en la Constitución ecuatoriana de 2008. Explora cómo estas instituciones han cambiado a la luz de las reformas constitucionales, especialmente en términos del reconocimiento de diversos tipos de familias y la posibilidad del divorcio. El autor argumenta que estos cambios tienen implicaciones significativas para el propósito y naturaleza del matrimonio y el divorcio que deben analizarse cuidadosamente.
Уровень протестных настроений. Реакция на протест дальнобойщиков в социальной сети Вконтакте. Какие новости получали наибольшую популярность в соц.сети. Портрет интересующегося протестами дальнобойщиков пользователей Вконтакте.
This document discusses the rise of ad-blocking and its impact on online publishers. It notes that the number of people using ad-blocking software has risen dramatically in recent years, with nearly 200 million people globally blocking ads in 2015. This is causing major financial problems for many websites that rely on advertising revenue. While some publishers have tried strategies like whitelisting or asking for donations, the conflict between users' desire to avoid ads and publishers' need for ad revenue remains an ongoing challenge in the digital media industry.
1. Jacob Levine
A Tactical Choice: Reducing Civilian Deaths in Israeli Raids
Without question, the Israeli military operates in the Palestinian territories outside explicit
operations. These actions are low key but remain controversial for both their reasons and the damage
the military raids do. This paper is not here to discuss reasons and accepts that Israelis do operate in the
territories as a military force. Instead it asks what tactics are needed to reduce civilian damage in these
combats. To answer this though, it must first be asked what causes Israel to start action. According to
B'Tselem, regulations allow soldiers to assassinate targets who were hostile to Israel.1
In addition,
Israelis conduct arrest raids in the territories to remove particular persons. These are not the only events
where Israelis fire, but they are both events where officers have the ability to plan how, where and
when to strike. With that luxury, officers can take into consideration how to limit collateral damage; it
allows for complete premeditation in location and method so long as the habits of the target are known.
Then the question can be what methods bring about the least collateral damage. That is a question that
statistics can be found for.
Two choices will be looked at, when and how. The possible locations are divided into two possibilities,
home and vehicle. When a death is at or near home in B'Tseem notes, it is given a 1 for the home
variable. Likewise when the notes mention a vehicle, the vehicle variable takes a 1. These are mutually
exclusive and an event may not be included in either. Dirty war indexes can then be made. Since
Operation Cast lead, 91 deaths at home and 82 in vehicles have happened out of 544 total deaths2
. The
dirty war index for home deaths and vehicle deaths are 68 and 15 respectively. The simple comparison
suggests that attacks at homes cause far more collateral damage than those on vehicles. A case can
easily be made to explain this as you are far more likely to find a wanted man's civilian family at home
while in a car he is more likely to be with militant associates if anyone.
Table 1
A humanitarian minded officer might think to stop hitting homes completely and wait for
targets to take wheels. That suggestion takes away weapon choice as a factor, something military has
wide choice over. The most common weapons used against both selected targets are rifle bullets and
aircraft missiles. The dirty war index can be further narrowed by adding binary variables for weapons.
When an attack involved bullets the bullet variable takes a 1 value and when it involves aircraft or
missiles a different variable takes one. Again the variables are mutually exclusive and an event may
have zero for both, tank shells are the most common weapon excluded by this. Interaction terms then
allow more narrow Dirty War indexes to be made. The Israeli military seems to massively prefer
1 “Open-fire Regulations and Rules of International Humanitarian Law .” B'Tselem. 1 Jan 2011. Web. 12 Jan 2014
2 “Palestinians killed by Israeli security forces in the Occupied Territories, after operation Cast Lead.” B'Tselem. Web. 12
Jan 2014
Palestinian Deaths Since Operation Cast Lead, Gaza and West Bank
Killed on/in Vehicle Killed in Home
Civilian Casualties 12 62
Total Causalities 82 91
DWI 15 68
2. Jacob Levine
aircraft. This is perhaps due to the lower risk to soldiers, though it may also be because aircraft attacks
are far more likely to be fatal. In homes 71 of deaths are from aircraft and only 9 are from bullets. With
vehicles 69 were hit by aircraft and 11 by bullets. The small number of bullet deaths may be
problematic statistically and as much may not make a difference.
Notionally though, it might be thought bullets cause less collateral damage than bombs as a
soldier has much more trigger discipline than a 1000kg payload. That thought may also explain why
there are fewer bullet deaths overall if it is assumed Israeli soldiers are trying to limit causalities. The
dirty war index supports this. Remarkably, none killed by bullets in their home were civilians while the
index is 73 for missiles hitting homes. Though higher than the full total, the index is not that much
higher due to nearly all attacks being done by missile. Similar logic holds true with vehicles as an
index of 16 for missile and 9 for bullets.
Table 2: Palestinian Deaths by bullets since Operation Cast Lead, Gaza and West Bank
Table 3: Palestinian Deaths by missiles and aircraft since Operation Cast Lead, Gaza and West Bank
The first interpretation that might be taken from this is using infantry brings far less collateral
damage than aircraft. The small number of bullet cases might attest to this, but it also calls into
question how reliable that claim might be. Using infantry brings in new risks of soldier death and failed
operations which would factor in. Of the 7 Israeli security force deaths occurring since operation cast
lead, 3 were caused by bullets in fire exchanges and another 1 by a sniper bullet.3
This may suggest
reluctance to use infantry forces, but even in operation cast lead only 3 Israeli military deaths were
caused by gunfire exchanges in an operation using division sized forces. Large operations include
extensive engineer and armor use which may not be appropriate for day to day needs, however4
.
Whatever reasoning Israeli commanders use, it is clear they have a preference for air responses over
3 “Israeli security force personnel killed by Palestinians in the Occupied Territories, after operation Cast Lead. B'Tselem.
Web. 9 Feb 2014.
4 Aaron J. Klein “Israel Enters Gaza: Negotiating with Extreme Prejudice.” Time. Jan. 04, 2009. Web. 11 Feb 2014.
Killed on/in Vehicle Killed in Home
Civilian Casualties 0 1
Total Causalities 11 9
DWI 0 11
Palestinian Deaths Since Operation Cast Lead, Gaza and West Bank
Killed in Home Killed in Vehicle
Civilian Casualties 52 11
Total Causalities 69 71
DWI 75 15
3. Jacob Levine
infantry, especially in the Gaza strip. The construction of the dirty war indices here also excludes
reactive bullet attacks, notably those civilians shoot for straying to close to border fences.
What is far more interesting is the huge difference between the index for cars and the index for
homes. Using the original reasoning of bombs being less discriminating, this makes little sense. After
all, a bomb does not have a smaller blast radius aimed at a car than it does at a house. To explain this
large variation, a few guesses can be made and another look at the details are needed. One potential
explanation is how car deaths are defined. A house is far larger than a moped so the blast radius of a
bomb would include more people in the house. When a vehicle is hit though, bystanders who were on
the street may be killed without being targeted and count as a dirty death while not being on foot. A
look at the details given in the deaths notes shows little in the way of collateral damage from car
attacks; incidents on the same day do not seem to be linked unless explicitly noted as they tend to be in
completely different location. Injuries are not included but it is reasonable to narrow the focus to
fatalities.
Notes may also suggest attacks on vehicles are more reactive than planned. Deaths on mopeds
frequently note that one to four men were killed while either armed or after firing rockets at Israel.
Reactive attacks would have a different nature than the planned attacks made anywhere. Reactive
attacks might bring different risk though, and that still does not settle why missiles are dirtier hitting
houses than when hitting vehicles. A solution may be that not all missiles are created equally. B'Tseem
does not further define missile or aircraft when the Israeli military has a wide range of weapons. One
such is the Apache which fires a hellfire Air to Surface missile, an anti tank weapon designed for
penetration rather than blast radius.5
Fixed wing aircraft meanwhile fire fragmentation warheads which
aim for a large radius6
. These weapons also cause the sort of structural damage that would collapse a
ceiling or cause other structural damage. Even with the best targeting and appropriate systems such as
the Joint Attack Direct munition, structural damage complete with falling debris would be more prone
to cause collateral damage than a direct hit on a small target like a car. This in addition to the closer
range of helicopters means that weapons fired from Apaches would be less prone to cause collateral
damage as opposed to fixed wing craft. Further classification of the weapons systems would be needed
to quantitatively verify this though. Even with all potential explanations, quantitative data shows that
hitting vehicles is a less damaging strategy than hitting homes regardless of ammunition used.
5 Arie Egozi “Israel Seeks more Apache Attack Helicopters.” Flight Global. 27 Feb 2009. Web. 13 Jan 2014
6 “Large Caliber Ammunition - Types of Warhead.” Federation of American Scientists. 6 Feb 2000. Web. 13 Jan 2014