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DIFFICULT AIRWAY
        ASSESSMENT AND
         MANAGEMENT
  Prof. Nabil H. Mohyeddin
       Anesthesiologist& Intensivist
Board certified Rostock University/ Germany1987G
              nhm1955@hotmail.com
DEFFINATION                                   ‫التعريف‬
       American society of             1- ‫تهوية غير كافية بواسطة القناع‬
       Anesthesiologist (ASA)          2- ‫أو نسبة تشبع الكسجين في الدم‬
    suggested that when sign of                        90 ‫,%ل تزيد عن‬
    inadequate ventilation could       3- ‫أو أكثر من 3 محاول ت لخدخال‬
       not be reversed by mask           ‫النبوب الرغامي من طبيب تخدير‬
         ventilation or oxygen                                       ‫,خبير‬
        saturation could not be
      maintained above 90% or
                                       4- ‫أو مرور أكثر من 01 خدقائق في‬
                                                  ‫.محاولة التنبيب الرغامي‬
 if a trained Anaesthetist usinig
   conventional larangoscope and
  take’s more than 3 attempts or
more than 10 minute are required
  to complete tracheal intubation
Anatomy of naso-oropharynex and
            larynx
PREVALENCE ‫نسبة الحدوث‬
incidence of extreme       ‫نسبة حال ت التنبيب‬
       difficult or        ‫الصعب في الجراحة‬
        abandons          1:2000 ‫العامة هي‬
     intubation in
                         ‫العرض الساسي فيها‬
    general surgery
  patients are 1:2000         ‫هو نقص الكسجة‬
  and of course most
   critical incidence
       is Hypoxia
BASIC AIRWAY EVALUATION           ‫التقييم المبدئي للطرق التنفسية‬


•   Previous anaesthetic         ,‫مشاكل في تخدير سابق‬
    problems and general        ‫و المظهر العام للمريض‬
    appearance of the               ‫العنق, الوجه, الفكين‬
    patient.
•   Neck, face, maxilla         ‫العلوي و السفلي مع حركة‬
    and mandible with jaw                ‫.المفاصل بينهما‬
    movements.                 ,‫فرط بسط الرأس, السنان‬
•   Head extension and           ‫الحلق و النسج الرخوة في‬
    movements, teeth,                              ‫.العنق‬
    oropharanx and soft
    tissue of the neck .
CAUSES OF
DIFFICULT INTUBATION ‫أسباب صعوبة التنبيب الرغامي‬

        Anaesthetist            
                                           ‫طبيب التخدير‬
•   Inadequate preoperative
    assessment.
                                 ‫تقييم غير كاف قبل التخدير‬
                                 ‫عدم توفر الخدوا ت اللمزمة‬
•   Inadequate equipments.
•   Experience not enough.                      ‫قلة الخبرة‬
•   Poor technique.                            ‫أخدوا ت سيئة‬
•   Malfunctioning of                  ‫مساعد قليل الخبرة‬
    equipment.
•   Inexperience assistant           
                                                     ‫المريض‬
           Patient                                    ‫أسباب خلقية‬
•   Congenital causes                               ‫أسباب مكتسبة‬
•   Acquired causes
Anatomical factors affecting Larangoscope
    ‫عوامل تشريحية مؤثرة على استخدام المنظار الحنجري‬
      Short Neck.
                                                  ‫رقبة قصيرة‬
•
                                               
•     Protruding incisor teeth.
•     Long high arched palate.          ‫بروز النسنان العلوية‬
      Poor mobility of neck.
                                                       ‫المامية‬
•

•     Increase in either anterior
      depth or Posterior depth       ‫قبة الحنك عالية و طويلة‬
      of the mandible decrease
      in Atlanto Occipital                 ‫تحدد حركة العنق‬
      distance that's why role of
      Radiology has increased              ‫بروز الفك السفلي‬
      in our specialty
ASSESSMENT OF AIRWAY ‫تقييم الطرق التنفسية‬

Mallampati classification with
     larangoscopic view.         Patil’s Test
MANAGEMENT PLAN OF ANTICIPATED DIFFICULT
      AIRWAY ‫خطة تدبير التنبيب الرغامي الصعب المتوقع‬

•    Discussion with                  ‫مناقشة الحالة مع الزملء‬
     colleagues in advance.              ‫فحص الدوات مسبقا‬
                                           َ
•    Equipment tested before.
                                              ‫وجود زميل خبير‬
•    Senior help backup.
                                                ‫ وجود خطة‬A
•    Definite initial plan (A)
     for ventilation and                        ‫ وجود خطة‬B
     intubation.                    ‫وجود جراح لخزع الرغامى‬
•    Definite plan (B) than
     option of awake                 ‫في حال فشل كل المحاولت‬
     intubation.
•    Ideal situation surgery
     team standby.
UNEXPECTED DIFFICULT AIRWAY
TECHNIQUE OF MANAGEMENT
                                                                      Problems
‫امكانية التدابير‬                                             ‫مشاكل التنبيب الرغامي الصعب غير المتوقع‬
Manipulation of the patients airway .
Laryngeal pressure.                                  •          Unexpected encounter with
Nasal or oral airway.                                           difficult airway is mostly gone
Different blades of larangoscope like                           worse because mainly GA is
   Miller, Magill, Robershaw , Mackintosh                       already given including
   and relatively new laryngoscope                              (NMB,S).
   McCoy.
Bougies and stylet
                                                     •          Equipment may not be in hand.
LMA.                                                 •          Senior and back up plan not
Combitube.                                                      available so delay occur in
          ‫مناورات في توجيه الطرق التنفسية للمريض‬                active resuscitation
                      ‫الضغط الخارجي على الحنجرة‬
                                 ‫انبوب فمي أو أنفي‬
                                                                ‫يصبح الوضع نسيئا لن المريض يكون قد‬
                                                                                      َ
      ,‫نصلت حنجرية متنوعة )ميلر, ماجيل, روبرشو‬                                     ‫حقن بالمرخي العضلي‬
                                ‫)ماكنتوش و ماكوي‬                      ‫امكانية عدم توفر الدوات المنانسبة‬
                                     ‫بوجي و موجه‬                     ‫عدم وجود انستشاري وخطة للتنبيب‬
                                       ‫قناع حنجري‬
                                                                   ‫الصعب‬
                                      ‫انبوب كومبي‬
1
                       Manipulation of airway
        11
    alternative
                        different blade, bugie
      alternative




       22                     2
  alternative         LMA, ILMA, Combitube
   alternative


                                  3
        33           Trantracheal Jet Ventilation
 alternative
  alternative


      44                          4
alternative
alternative         Cricothireotomy, Tracheostomy
GALLERY OF TOOLS
GALLERY OF TOOLS
Bullard laryngoscope   Fiber optic
Mini Tracheostomy
Mini Tracheostomy (Cont.)
BLIND NASAL,
          RETROGRADE
AND HIGH FREQUENCY VENTILATION
Awake Intubation
ASA ALLOGORYTHAM
ASA ALLGORYTHAM
C-SPINE OA
Difficult airway 11

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Difficult airway 11

  • 1. DIFFICULT AIRWAY ASSESSMENT AND MANAGEMENT Prof. Nabil H. Mohyeddin Anesthesiologist& Intensivist Board certified Rostock University/ Germany1987G nhm1955@hotmail.com
  • 2. DEFFINATION ‫التعريف‬ American society of  1- ‫تهوية غير كافية بواسطة القناع‬ Anesthesiologist (ASA)  2- ‫أو نسبة تشبع الكسجين في الدم‬ suggested that when sign of 90 ‫,%ل تزيد عن‬ inadequate ventilation could  3- ‫أو أكثر من 3 محاول ت لخدخال‬ not be reversed by mask ‫النبوب الرغامي من طبيب تخدير‬ ventilation or oxygen ‫,خبير‬ saturation could not be maintained above 90% or  4- ‫أو مرور أكثر من 01 خدقائق في‬ ‫.محاولة التنبيب الرغامي‬ if a trained Anaesthetist usinig conventional larangoscope and take’s more than 3 attempts or more than 10 minute are required to complete tracheal intubation
  • 4. PREVALENCE ‫نسبة الحدوث‬ incidence of extreme  ‫نسبة حال ت التنبيب‬ difficult or ‫الصعب في الجراحة‬ abandons 1:2000 ‫العامة هي‬ intubation in  ‫العرض الساسي فيها‬ general surgery patients are 1:2000 ‫هو نقص الكسجة‬ and of course most critical incidence is Hypoxia
  • 5. BASIC AIRWAY EVALUATION ‫التقييم المبدئي للطرق التنفسية‬ • Previous anaesthetic  ,‫مشاكل في تخدير سابق‬ problems and general ‫و المظهر العام للمريض‬ appearance of the  ‫العنق, الوجه, الفكين‬ patient. • Neck, face, maxilla ‫العلوي و السفلي مع حركة‬ and mandible with jaw ‫.المفاصل بينهما‬ movements.  ,‫فرط بسط الرأس, السنان‬ • Head extension and ‫الحلق و النسج الرخوة في‬ movements, teeth, ‫.العنق‬ oropharanx and soft tissue of the neck .
  • 6. CAUSES OF DIFFICULT INTUBATION ‫أسباب صعوبة التنبيب الرغامي‬ Anaesthetist  ‫طبيب التخدير‬ • Inadequate preoperative assessment.  ‫تقييم غير كاف قبل التخدير‬  ‫عدم توفر الخدوا ت اللمزمة‬ • Inadequate equipments. • Experience not enough.  ‫قلة الخبرة‬ • Poor technique.  ‫أخدوا ت سيئة‬ • Malfunctioning of  ‫مساعد قليل الخبرة‬ equipment. • Inexperience assistant  ‫المريض‬ Patient  ‫أسباب خلقية‬ • Congenital causes  ‫أسباب مكتسبة‬ • Acquired causes
  • 7. Anatomical factors affecting Larangoscope ‫عوامل تشريحية مؤثرة على استخدام المنظار الحنجري‬ Short Neck. ‫رقبة قصيرة‬ •  • Protruding incisor teeth. • Long high arched palate.  ‫بروز النسنان العلوية‬ Poor mobility of neck. ‫المامية‬ • • Increase in either anterior depth or Posterior depth  ‫قبة الحنك عالية و طويلة‬ of the mandible decrease in Atlanto Occipital  ‫تحدد حركة العنق‬ distance that's why role of Radiology has increased  ‫بروز الفك السفلي‬ in our specialty
  • 8. ASSESSMENT OF AIRWAY ‫تقييم الطرق التنفسية‬ Mallampati classification with larangoscopic view. Patil’s Test
  • 9. MANAGEMENT PLAN OF ANTICIPATED DIFFICULT AIRWAY ‫خطة تدبير التنبيب الرغامي الصعب المتوقع‬ • Discussion with  ‫مناقشة الحالة مع الزملء‬ colleagues in advance.  ‫فحص الدوات مسبقا‬ َ • Equipment tested before.  ‫وجود زميل خبير‬ • Senior help backup.  ‫ وجود خطة‬A • Definite initial plan (A) for ventilation and  ‫ وجود خطة‬B intubation.  ‫وجود جراح لخزع الرغامى‬ • Definite plan (B) than option of awake ‫في حال فشل كل المحاولت‬ intubation. • Ideal situation surgery team standby.
  • 10. UNEXPECTED DIFFICULT AIRWAY TECHNIQUE OF MANAGEMENT Problems ‫امكانية التدابير‬ ‫مشاكل التنبيب الرغامي الصعب غير المتوقع‬ Manipulation of the patients airway . Laryngeal pressure. • Unexpected encounter with Nasal or oral airway. difficult airway is mostly gone Different blades of larangoscope like worse because mainly GA is Miller, Magill, Robershaw , Mackintosh already given including and relatively new laryngoscope (NMB,S). McCoy. Bougies and stylet • Equipment may not be in hand. LMA. • Senior and back up plan not Combitube. available so delay occur in ‫مناورات في توجيه الطرق التنفسية للمريض‬ active resuscitation ‫الضغط الخارجي على الحنجرة‬ ‫انبوب فمي أو أنفي‬  ‫يصبح الوضع نسيئا لن المريض يكون قد‬ َ ,‫نصلت حنجرية متنوعة )ميلر, ماجيل, روبرشو‬ ‫حقن بالمرخي العضلي‬ ‫)ماكنتوش و ماكوي‬  ‫امكانية عدم توفر الدوات المنانسبة‬ ‫بوجي و موجه‬  ‫عدم وجود انستشاري وخطة للتنبيب‬ ‫قناع حنجري‬ ‫الصعب‬ ‫انبوب كومبي‬
  • 11. 1 Manipulation of airway 11 alternative different blade, bugie alternative 22 2 alternative LMA, ILMA, Combitube alternative 3 33 Trantracheal Jet Ventilation alternative alternative 44 4 alternative alternative Cricothireotomy, Tracheostomy
  • 13. GALLERY OF TOOLS Bullard laryngoscope Fiber optic
  • 16. BLIND NASAL, RETROGRADE AND HIGH FREQUENCY VENTILATION