Investigación para determinar del índice mínimo de materia seca para la óptima cosecha del aguacate ‘Hass’ en Colombia.
Investigadora principal:
Catarina Pedro Carvalho
Characteristics of pulp and oil from Macauba (Acrocomia aculeata) after diffe...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— The Macauba Palm fruits (Acrocomia aculeata) can be a promising source of vegetable oil for food purposes, cosmetics and energy, due to the high productivity and by generate two types of oils. However, the main problem is associated with the rapid deterioration of the fruit and the pulp oil acidification. Thus the preservation of fruit quality requires the development and application of appropriate techniques that must starts in the harvest, go through post-harvest treatment, storage, preparation and ends in the extraction of its oils. The objective of this study was to identify post-harvest treatments using simple and inexpensive techniques that promote the preservation of Macauba fruit and pulp oil during 30 days of storage. The results indicate that in order to maintaining the quality of the fruit and its oil the recommendation is to realize the processing in a shorter time after harvest.
Characteristics of pulp and oil from Macauba (Acrocomia aculeata) after diffe...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— The Macauba Palm fruits (Acrocomia aculeata) can be a promising source of vegetable oil for food purposes, cosmetics and energy, due to the high productivity and by generate two types of oils. However, the main problem is associated with the rapid deterioration of the fruit and the pulp oil acidification. Thus the preservation of fruit quality requires the development and application of appropriate techniques that must starts in the harvest, go through post-harvest treatment, storage, preparation and ends in the extraction of its oils. The objective of this study was to identify post-harvest treatments using simple and inexpensive techniques that promote the preservation of Macauba fruit and pulp oil during 30 days of storage. The results indicate that in order to maintaining the quality of the fruit and its oil the recommendation is to realize the processing in a shorter time after harvest.
Rootstocks' effects on yield, fruit characteristics, and juice quality of the...AI Publications
In recent years, international trade in Maltese half-blood (Citrus sinensis) has increased. The rootstock's potential defines the fruit's characteristics in the eco-system where it is developed. As a result, in order to achieve the demands of the Maltese half-blood fruit market, it is critical to understand the effects of the rootstock and its role in fruit and juice quality. The Maltese half-blood was grafted onto four rootstocks and the fruit and juice quality parameters were evaluated. The obtained results revealed that rootstocks have a significant impact on the peel tickness of the fruits, as well as the acidity and total soluble solids of the juices. Indeed, the rootstocks significantly impacted the quality of the fruits and the juices in their environment. It was found that C35 citrange is a good rootstock for Maltese half-blood variety. Therefore, these on-site rootstock evaluation effects should assist local farmers in selecting the best rootstocks for their Maltese half-blood citrus cultivar based on the cultivation site's specific climatic and edaphic conditions.
Extending Shelf Life of Guava Fruits by Mint oil and UVC TreatmentsIJEAB
A lot of quarantine methods have been developed to replace fumigants in the control of arthropods and microorganisms in post–harvest management of fruits and vegetables. That is, guava fruit is infested in Sudan by a number of hexapods which include Ceratitis capitata Weid., Ceratitis quinaria (Bez.), Certatitis cosyra WLK., Bactrocera invadens Drew, Trusta & White and Bactrocera zonata (Saunders).This study aims at using some uncommonly used treatments in improving the storability of guava fruits in Sudan. That is, UVC (ultraviolet rays type C) and coating with mint oil were used to disinfest guava from fruit flies at ambient temperature. The results, after 9 days bench storage, showed an infestation percentage of 20, 33 and 38% for mint, UVC and the control, respectively. The corresponding data for the range of infestation were 18, 20 and 48 and for the mean number of insects in infested fruits were 8.3, 8.8 and 15.2. The quality indexes studied reflected 9.5, 20.5 and 22.6% weight loss, for the mint oil, UVC and the control lots, respectively. The corresponding data for marketable retention (%) were 100, 10 and 13; the fruit firmness, 1.6, 0.3, and 0.1; acidity (%), 0.2 for all; ascorbic acid (mg/ 100 g pulp), 196, 190, and 194; reducing sugar (g/ 100g), 8.2, 7.6, and 7.6; sensory quality includes appearance (%), 84, 42, and 30; taste (%), 79, 41, and 34; flavor (%), 88, 42, and 40, respectively. These results revealed the edge of mint oil coating over UVC and the untreated lots.
Extending Shelf Life of Guava Fruits by Mint oil and UVC TreatmentsIJEAB
A lot of quarantine methods have been developed to replace fumigants in the control of arthropods and microorganisms in post–harvest management of fruits and vegetables. That is, guava fruit is infested in Sudan by a number of hexapods which include Ceratitis capitata Weid., Ceratitis quinaria (Bez.), Certatitis cosyra WLK., Bactrocera invadens Drew, Trusta & White and Bactrocera zonata (Saunders).This study aims at using some uncommonly used treatments in improving the storability of guava fruits in Sudan. That is, UVC (ultraviolet rays type C) and coating with mint oil were used to disinfest guava from fruit flies at ambient temperature. The results, after 9 days bench storage, showed an infestation percentage of 20, 33 and 38% for mint, UVC and the control, respectively. The corresponding data for the range of infestation were 18, 20 and 48 and for the mean number of insects in infested fruits were 8.3, 8.8 and 15.2. The quality indexes studied reflected 9.5, 20.5 and 22.6% weight loss, for the mint oil, UVC and the control lots, respectively. The corresponding data for marketable retention (%) were 100, 10 and 13; the fruit firmness, 1.6, 0.3, and 0.1; acidity (%), 0.2 for all; ascorbic acid (mg/ 100 g pulp), 196, 190, and 194; reducing sugar (g/ 100g), 8.2, 7.6, and 7.6; sensory quality includes appearance (%), 84, 42, and 30; taste (%), 79, 41, and 34; flavor (%), 88, 42, and 40, respectively. These results revealed the edge of mint oil coating over UVC and the untreated lots.
Principios y criterios para realizar la poda de aguacate (palto) en diferente...Terravocado
Presentación en Congreso de Aguacate - Agrosavia Medellín.
Principios y Criterios para realizar la poda de Aguacates en diferentes densidades de cultivo
Dr. Ricardo Cautin M.
Facultad de Ciencias Agronómicas y de los Alimentos
Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso - Chile
Cartilla básica del manejo del aguacate hass después de la cosecha - Elaborada por la Corporación de Productores y Exportadores de Aguacate Hass de Colombia - Corpohass
Avocado Quality Manual - Manual de calidad de aguacate hass - HABTerravocado
Este documento presenta los aspectos más relevantes sobre la calidad del aguacate variedad hass desde los procesos del cultivo hasta el consumidor final
Estudios ecofisiológicos en aguacate cv. Hass en diferentes ambientes como al...Terravocado
Para obtener un mayor conocimiento sobre la fenología, productividad y calidad del fruto en aguacate cv. Hass, se estudió el comportamiento de árboles plantados en siete localidades del departamento de Antioquia (Támesis, 1.340 msnm, Venecia PB, 1.510 msnm, Venecia SC, 1.770 msnm, Jericó 1.900 msnm, Marinilla, 2.087 msnm, Rionegro, 2.140 msnm y Entrerríos, 2.420 msnm). La intensidad y la duración de los flujos vegetativos fueron variables en todos los lugares y no tuvieron un comportamiento cíclico.
Los árboles ubicados en Rionegro, Jericó y Támesis, mostraron dos flujos florales, mientras que los establecidos en Entrerríos presentaron tres floraciones. El período entre la floración y la cosecha fue mas prolongado a mayor altura. Los valores de Fn obtenidos en la época de lluvias fueron mayores que los de la época de verano, en particular cuando los árboles mostraban crecimiento activo, floración y/o fructificación, en comparación con árboles en “reposo”. No se observó diferencia significativa en la densidad estomática (DE) por estrato de árbol. Los más altos rendimientos en el período 2011-2012, se obtuvieron en árboles localizados por encima de los 1.770 msnm (13,94 t ha-1); en tanto que el peso promedio del fruto, fue superior a los 190 g (categoría Extra), arriba de los 2.000 msnm.
En las cotas mas altas se cosecharon los frutos con mayor contenido de pulpa (64 a 70 %), caracterizándose por tener una menor proporción de semilla y cáscara y una mejor calificación sensorial. La composición mineral de la pulpa, en particular para el P, K, Mg, Na, S, Zn y B aumentó cuando la altura donde se encontraban los huertos era mayor; en contraste, el Ca, Cu y Mn, disminuyeron y el N se mantuvo estable. El clima influyó en la cantidad total de lípidos y en la composición relativa de los ácidos grasos, destacándose que el contenido de ácido oleico (insaturado), se incrementó a medida que los huertos se encontraban a mayor altura, lo contrario ocurrió con el ácido linolénico (saturado). En los demás ácidos grasos, no se evidenciaron cambios en su contenido atribuibles a la temperatura del sitio. Los resultados son útiles para una correcta elección de las áreas destinadas para la plantación con aguacate cv. Hass, en las diferentes zonas potenciales del país.
Jorge Bernal 2016
Atlas, zonificación de aguacate hass en colombiaTerravocado
Atlas : zonificación de las tierras para el uso potencial del cultivo de aguacate cv. Hass en Colombia
García Lozano, Jairo Ríos Gallego, Germán autor; Franco, Germán auor; Sandoval Arana, Angélica Piedad autora; Vásquez Gallo, Luz Adriana autora
2013
El mercado del aguacate en Estados Unidos 2017Terravocado
Presentamos la cartilla "El mercado de aguacate en Estados Unidos 2017" la cual fue elaborada por Procolombia.
Contenido:
- Introducción
- El aguacate en el mundo
- El comercio internacional del aguacate
- El mercado de Estados Unidos
- El aguacate en Estados Unidos
- Importaciones de aguacate en USA
- Precio promedio mensual del aguacate en el canal retail 2017
- Importaciones de aguacate por Estado
- Países proveedores de aguacate en Estados Unidos
- Calendario internacional de producción
- Aranceles cobrados por Estados Unidos para el ingreso del aguacate
- Tendencias de mercado
- Canales de distribución para agroalimentos en Estados Unidos
- Cultura de negocios
- Aspectos logísticos para la exportación del aguacate a USA
- Conectividad marítima
- Conectividad aérea
- Plan Operativo de trabajo para el ingreso de aguacate a Estados Unidos
- Requisitos para exportar a Estados Unidos
- Medidas Fitosanitarias en los huertos
- Qué debe hacer un productor / exportador para cumplir con los requisitos?
Preparaciones del mundo con aguacate hass. Encuentra recetas de América, Europa y Asia de aperitivos, ensaladas, sándwiches, primer plato, fondos y otros.
Rootstocks' effects on yield, fruit characteristics, and juice quality of the...AI Publications
In recent years, international trade in Maltese half-blood (Citrus sinensis) has increased. The rootstock's potential defines the fruit's characteristics in the eco-system where it is developed. As a result, in order to achieve the demands of the Maltese half-blood fruit market, it is critical to understand the effects of the rootstock and its role in fruit and juice quality. The Maltese half-blood was grafted onto four rootstocks and the fruit and juice quality parameters were evaluated. The obtained results revealed that rootstocks have a significant impact on the peel tickness of the fruits, as well as the acidity and total soluble solids of the juices. Indeed, the rootstocks significantly impacted the quality of the fruits and the juices in their environment. It was found that C35 citrange is a good rootstock for Maltese half-blood variety. Therefore, these on-site rootstock evaluation effects should assist local farmers in selecting the best rootstocks for their Maltese half-blood citrus cultivar based on the cultivation site's specific climatic and edaphic conditions.
Extending Shelf Life of Guava Fruits by Mint oil and UVC TreatmentsIJEAB
A lot of quarantine methods have been developed to replace fumigants in the control of arthropods and microorganisms in post–harvest management of fruits and vegetables. That is, guava fruit is infested in Sudan by a number of hexapods which include Ceratitis capitata Weid., Ceratitis quinaria (Bez.), Certatitis cosyra WLK., Bactrocera invadens Drew, Trusta & White and Bactrocera zonata (Saunders).This study aims at using some uncommonly used treatments in improving the storability of guava fruits in Sudan. That is, UVC (ultraviolet rays type C) and coating with mint oil were used to disinfest guava from fruit flies at ambient temperature. The results, after 9 days bench storage, showed an infestation percentage of 20, 33 and 38% for mint, UVC and the control, respectively. The corresponding data for the range of infestation were 18, 20 and 48 and for the mean number of insects in infested fruits were 8.3, 8.8 and 15.2. The quality indexes studied reflected 9.5, 20.5 and 22.6% weight loss, for the mint oil, UVC and the control lots, respectively. The corresponding data for marketable retention (%) were 100, 10 and 13; the fruit firmness, 1.6, 0.3, and 0.1; acidity (%), 0.2 for all; ascorbic acid (mg/ 100 g pulp), 196, 190, and 194; reducing sugar (g/ 100g), 8.2, 7.6, and 7.6; sensory quality includes appearance (%), 84, 42, and 30; taste (%), 79, 41, and 34; flavor (%), 88, 42, and 40, respectively. These results revealed the edge of mint oil coating over UVC and the untreated lots.
Extending Shelf Life of Guava Fruits by Mint oil and UVC TreatmentsIJEAB
A lot of quarantine methods have been developed to replace fumigants in the control of arthropods and microorganisms in post–harvest management of fruits and vegetables. That is, guava fruit is infested in Sudan by a number of hexapods which include Ceratitis capitata Weid., Ceratitis quinaria (Bez.), Certatitis cosyra WLK., Bactrocera invadens Drew, Trusta & White and Bactrocera zonata (Saunders).This study aims at using some uncommonly used treatments in improving the storability of guava fruits in Sudan. That is, UVC (ultraviolet rays type C) and coating with mint oil were used to disinfest guava from fruit flies at ambient temperature. The results, after 9 days bench storage, showed an infestation percentage of 20, 33 and 38% for mint, UVC and the control, respectively. The corresponding data for the range of infestation were 18, 20 and 48 and for the mean number of insects in infested fruits were 8.3, 8.8 and 15.2. The quality indexes studied reflected 9.5, 20.5 and 22.6% weight loss, for the mint oil, UVC and the control lots, respectively. The corresponding data for marketable retention (%) were 100, 10 and 13; the fruit firmness, 1.6, 0.3, and 0.1; acidity (%), 0.2 for all; ascorbic acid (mg/ 100 g pulp), 196, 190, and 194; reducing sugar (g/ 100g), 8.2, 7.6, and 7.6; sensory quality includes appearance (%), 84, 42, and 30; taste (%), 79, 41, and 34; flavor (%), 88, 42, and 40, respectively. These results revealed the edge of mint oil coating over UVC and the untreated lots.
Principios y criterios para realizar la poda de aguacate (palto) en diferente...Terravocado
Presentación en Congreso de Aguacate - Agrosavia Medellín.
Principios y Criterios para realizar la poda de Aguacates en diferentes densidades de cultivo
Dr. Ricardo Cautin M.
Facultad de Ciencias Agronómicas y de los Alimentos
Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso - Chile
Cartilla básica del manejo del aguacate hass después de la cosecha - Elaborada por la Corporación de Productores y Exportadores de Aguacate Hass de Colombia - Corpohass
Avocado Quality Manual - Manual de calidad de aguacate hass - HABTerravocado
Este documento presenta los aspectos más relevantes sobre la calidad del aguacate variedad hass desde los procesos del cultivo hasta el consumidor final
Estudios ecofisiológicos en aguacate cv. Hass en diferentes ambientes como al...Terravocado
Para obtener un mayor conocimiento sobre la fenología, productividad y calidad del fruto en aguacate cv. Hass, se estudió el comportamiento de árboles plantados en siete localidades del departamento de Antioquia (Támesis, 1.340 msnm, Venecia PB, 1.510 msnm, Venecia SC, 1.770 msnm, Jericó 1.900 msnm, Marinilla, 2.087 msnm, Rionegro, 2.140 msnm y Entrerríos, 2.420 msnm). La intensidad y la duración de los flujos vegetativos fueron variables en todos los lugares y no tuvieron un comportamiento cíclico.
Los árboles ubicados en Rionegro, Jericó y Támesis, mostraron dos flujos florales, mientras que los establecidos en Entrerríos presentaron tres floraciones. El período entre la floración y la cosecha fue mas prolongado a mayor altura. Los valores de Fn obtenidos en la época de lluvias fueron mayores que los de la época de verano, en particular cuando los árboles mostraban crecimiento activo, floración y/o fructificación, en comparación con árboles en “reposo”. No se observó diferencia significativa en la densidad estomática (DE) por estrato de árbol. Los más altos rendimientos en el período 2011-2012, se obtuvieron en árboles localizados por encima de los 1.770 msnm (13,94 t ha-1); en tanto que el peso promedio del fruto, fue superior a los 190 g (categoría Extra), arriba de los 2.000 msnm.
En las cotas mas altas se cosecharon los frutos con mayor contenido de pulpa (64 a 70 %), caracterizándose por tener una menor proporción de semilla y cáscara y una mejor calificación sensorial. La composición mineral de la pulpa, en particular para el P, K, Mg, Na, S, Zn y B aumentó cuando la altura donde se encontraban los huertos era mayor; en contraste, el Ca, Cu y Mn, disminuyeron y el N se mantuvo estable. El clima influyó en la cantidad total de lípidos y en la composición relativa de los ácidos grasos, destacándose que el contenido de ácido oleico (insaturado), se incrementó a medida que los huertos se encontraban a mayor altura, lo contrario ocurrió con el ácido linolénico (saturado). En los demás ácidos grasos, no se evidenciaron cambios en su contenido atribuibles a la temperatura del sitio. Los resultados son útiles para una correcta elección de las áreas destinadas para la plantación con aguacate cv. Hass, en las diferentes zonas potenciales del país.
Jorge Bernal 2016
Atlas, zonificación de aguacate hass en colombiaTerravocado
Atlas : zonificación de las tierras para el uso potencial del cultivo de aguacate cv. Hass en Colombia
García Lozano, Jairo Ríos Gallego, Germán autor; Franco, Germán auor; Sandoval Arana, Angélica Piedad autora; Vásquez Gallo, Luz Adriana autora
2013
El mercado del aguacate en Estados Unidos 2017Terravocado
Presentamos la cartilla "El mercado de aguacate en Estados Unidos 2017" la cual fue elaborada por Procolombia.
Contenido:
- Introducción
- El aguacate en el mundo
- El comercio internacional del aguacate
- El mercado de Estados Unidos
- El aguacate en Estados Unidos
- Importaciones de aguacate en USA
- Precio promedio mensual del aguacate en el canal retail 2017
- Importaciones de aguacate por Estado
- Países proveedores de aguacate en Estados Unidos
- Calendario internacional de producción
- Aranceles cobrados por Estados Unidos para el ingreso del aguacate
- Tendencias de mercado
- Canales de distribución para agroalimentos en Estados Unidos
- Cultura de negocios
- Aspectos logísticos para la exportación del aguacate a USA
- Conectividad marítima
- Conectividad aérea
- Plan Operativo de trabajo para el ingreso de aguacate a Estados Unidos
- Requisitos para exportar a Estados Unidos
- Medidas Fitosanitarias en los huertos
- Qué debe hacer un productor / exportador para cumplir con los requisitos?
Preparaciones del mundo con aguacate hass. Encuentra recetas de América, Europa y Asia de aperitivos, ensaladas, sándwiches, primer plato, fondos y otros.
Manual técnico de poscosecha del aguacate hassTerravocado
Manual técnico de poscosecha de aguacate hass, desarrollado por la Corporación de Investigaciones Biológicas, la Universidad Pontificia Bolivariana. Autores
Esteban Zapata J (Compilador).
Salvador Ochoa A.
Jorge Ceja E.
Felipe Andrés Gómez V.
Andrés Felipe Ríos M.
Portafolio de tecnificación de cultivos de aguacate - TerravocadoTerravocado
La tecnificación de los cultivos de aguacate permite generar mayores ingresos para el productor logrando mantener excelentes condiciones de calidad en la fruta, tanto externo como interno.
Estrategia de difusión de conocimiento para la cadena productiva del aguacate...Terravocado
Trabajo de grado de maestría en Gestión Tecnológica. Presenta una estrategia para difundir conocimiento pertinente y prioritario para la cadena productiva del aguacate hass
Estrategia de difusión de conocimiento para la cadena productiva del aguacate...Terravocado
Esta fue la presentación usada en la sustentación del trabajo de grado de maestría en gestión tecnológica. Presenta una estrategia para difundir conocimiento pertinente y prioritario para la cadena productiva del aguacate hass
As Europe's leading economic powerhouse and the fourth-largest hashtag#economy globally, Germany stands at the forefront of innovation and industrial might. Renowned for its precision engineering and high-tech sectors, Germany's economic structure is heavily supported by a robust service industry, accounting for approximately 68% of its GDP. This economic clout and strategic geopolitical stance position Germany as a focal point in the global cyber threat landscape.
In the face of escalating global tensions, particularly those emanating from geopolitical disputes with nations like hashtag#Russia and hashtag#China, hashtag#Germany has witnessed a significant uptick in targeted cyber operations. Our analysis indicates a marked increase in hashtag#cyberattack sophistication aimed at critical infrastructure and key industrial sectors. These attacks range from ransomware campaigns to hashtag#AdvancedPersistentThreats (hashtag#APTs), threatening national security and business integrity.
🔑 Key findings include:
🔍 Increased frequency and complexity of cyber threats.
🔍 Escalation of state-sponsored and criminally motivated cyber operations.
🔍 Active dark web exchanges of malicious tools and tactics.
Our comprehensive report delves into these challenges, using a blend of open-source and proprietary data collection techniques. By monitoring activity on critical networks and analyzing attack patterns, our team provides a detailed overview of the threats facing German entities.
This report aims to equip stakeholders across public and private sectors with the knowledge to enhance their defensive strategies, reduce exposure to cyber risks, and reinforce Germany's resilience against cyber threats.
Levelwise PageRank with Loop-Based Dead End Handling Strategy : SHORT REPORT ...Subhajit Sahu
Abstract — Levelwise PageRank is an alternative method of PageRank computation which decomposes the input graph into a directed acyclic block-graph of strongly connected components, and processes them in topological order, one level at a time. This enables calculation for ranks in a distributed fashion without per-iteration communication, unlike the standard method where all vertices are processed in each iteration. It however comes with a precondition of the absence of dead ends in the input graph. Here, the native non-distributed performance of Levelwise PageRank was compared against Monolithic PageRank on a CPU as well as a GPU. To ensure a fair comparison, Monolithic PageRank was also performed on a graph where vertices were split by components. Results indicate that Levelwise PageRank is about as fast as Monolithic PageRank on the CPU, but quite a bit slower on the GPU. Slowdown on the GPU is likely caused by a large submission of small workloads, and expected to be non-issue when the computation is performed on massive graphs.
Show drafts
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Empowering the Data Analytics Ecosystem: A Laser Focus on Value
The data analytics ecosystem thrives when every component functions at its peak, unlocking the true potential of data. Here's a laser focus on key areas for an empowered ecosystem:
1. Democratize Access, Not Data:
Granular Access Controls: Provide users with self-service tools tailored to their specific needs, preventing data overload and misuse.
Data Catalogs: Implement robust data catalogs for easy discovery and understanding of available data sources.
2. Foster Collaboration with Clear Roles:
Data Mesh Architecture: Break down data silos by creating a distributed data ownership model with clear ownership and responsibilities.
Collaborative Workspaces: Utilize interactive platforms where data scientists, analysts, and domain experts can work seamlessly together.
3. Leverage Advanced Analytics Strategically:
AI-powered Automation: Automate repetitive tasks like data cleaning and feature engineering, freeing up data talent for higher-level analysis.
Right-Tool Selection: Strategically choose the most effective advanced analytics techniques (e.g., AI, ML) based on specific business problems.
4. Prioritize Data Quality with Automation:
Automated Data Validation: Implement automated data quality checks to identify and rectify errors at the source, minimizing downstream issues.
Data Lineage Tracking: Track the flow of data throughout the ecosystem, ensuring transparency and facilitating root cause analysis for errors.
5. Cultivate a Data-Driven Mindset:
Metrics-Driven Performance Management: Align KPIs and performance metrics with data-driven insights to ensure actionable decision making.
Data Storytelling Workshops: Equip stakeholders with the skills to translate complex data findings into compelling narratives that drive action.
Benefits of a Precise Ecosystem:
Sharpened Focus: Precise access and clear roles ensure everyone works with the most relevant data, maximizing efficiency.
Actionable Insights: Strategic analytics and automated quality checks lead to more reliable and actionable data insights.
Continuous Improvement: Data-driven performance management fosters a culture of learning and continuous improvement.
Sustainable Growth: Empowered by data, organizations can make informed decisions to drive sustainable growth and innovation.
By focusing on these precise actions, organizations can create an empowered data analytics ecosystem that delivers real value by driving data-driven decisions and maximizing the return on their data investment.
Explore our comprehensive data analysis project presentation on predicting product ad campaign performance. Learn how data-driven insights can optimize your marketing strategies and enhance campaign effectiveness. Perfect for professionals and students looking to understand the power of data analysis in advertising. for more details visit: https://bostoninstituteofanalytics.org/data-science-and-artificial-intelligence/
Adjusting primitives for graph : SHORT REPORT / NOTESSubhajit Sahu
Graph algorithms, like PageRank Compressed Sparse Row (CSR) is an adjacency-list based graph representation that is
Multiply with different modes (map)
1. Performance of sequential execution based vs OpenMP based vector multiply.
2. Comparing various launch configs for CUDA based vector multiply.
Sum with different storage types (reduce)
1. Performance of vector element sum using float vs bfloat16 as the storage type.
Sum with different modes (reduce)
1. Performance of sequential execution based vs OpenMP based vector element sum.
2. Performance of memcpy vs in-place based CUDA based vector element sum.
3. Comparing various launch configs for CUDA based vector element sum (memcpy).
4. Comparing various launch configs for CUDA based vector element sum (in-place).
Sum with in-place strategies of CUDA mode (reduce)
1. Comparing various launch configs for CUDA based vector element sum (in-place).
Adjusting primitives for graph : SHORT REPORT / NOTES
Determinación del índice mínimo de materia seca para la óptima cosecha del aguacate ‘Hass’ en Colombia
1. Received for publication: 6 October, 2014. Accepted for publication: 27 November, 2014. Doi: 10.15446/agron.colomb.v32n3.46031
1
La Selva Research Center, Corporacion Colombiana de Investigacion Agropecuaria (Corpoica). Rionegro (Colombia). cpassaro@gmail.com
2
Westfalia Technological Services. Limpopo (South Africa).
Agronomía Colombiana 32(3), 399-406, 2014
Determination of the minimum dry matter index for the
optimum harvest of ‘Hass’ avocado fruits in Colombia
Determinación del índice mínimo de materia seca para la
óptima cosecha del aguacate ‘Hass’ en Colombia
Catarina Pedro Carvalho1
, María Alejandra Velásquez1
, and Zelda Van Rooyen2
ABSTRACT RESUMEN
Colombia has become an important producer of ‘Hass’ avocado
in the last three years; however, a minimum dry matter content
has not been established as a maturity index for harvest. The
aim of this study was to determine the correlation between
oil percentage and dry matter content in order to establish a
minimum harvest index for ‘Hass’ avocado fruits grown in
Colombia. Samples were collected for maturity determina-
tions over three years of ‘Hass’ avocado fruit cultivation from
fifteen different orchards in the department of Antioquia in
order to determine the dry matter and oil percentage of fruits
throughout the season. A simple linear relationship between
oil content and dry matter was thus established. The equations
for all of the studied orchards presented a good correlation
coefficient, ranging between 0.70 on the Cartucho orchard
in the municipality of Retiro and 0.99 on the Gacamayas and
Paraiso orchards in the municipality of Entrerrios and Retiro.
Using the minimal oil standard of 11.2% as a reference, the
orchards that were found to have a high dry matter percentage
at harvest were Cartucho in Retiro (26%), followed by Piedras
Blancas and Santa Cruz in the municipality of Venecia (25%);
while the ‘Hass’ avocado fruit from the Cebadero orchard in
Retiro, Coconi in the municipality of La Ceja and Guacamayas
in Entrerrios reached this oil standard at 22% dry matter, which
could be a commercial advantage. Based on these oil content
results, a minimal dry matter index of 23.5% was proposed
as a harvest maturity indicator for ‘Hass’ avocado grown in
Colombia. This harvesting index will need to be refined over
time and with the addition of samples from more regions and
climatic data profiles.
Colombia se ha convertido en un importante productor de
aguacate ‘Hass’ en los últimos tres años. Sin embargo, no
se ha establecido aún un contenido mínimo de materia seca
para cosecha. El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar la
correlación entre el porcentaje de aceite y material seca para
definir un índice mínimo de cosecha para el aguacate ‘Hass’
cultivado en Colombia. Se recogieron muestras de frutos de
aguacate ‘Hass’ durante tres años en quince fincas diferentes
en el departamento de Antioquia para determinar el porcen-
taje de materia seca y aceite de la fruta durante la temporada.
Se estableció una relación lineal simples entre el contenido
de aceite y materia seca para el departamento de Antioquia.
Las ecuaciones para todas las fincas estudiadas presentaron
un buen coeficiente de correlación, que osciló entre 0,70 en
la finca Cartucho del municipio de Retiro y 0,99 en las fincas
Gacamayas y Paraíso de los municipios de Entrerrios y Retiro,
respectivamente. Utilizando como referencia el 11,2% como el
estándar mínimo de aceite para cosecha, las fincas que regis-
traron un porcentaje de materia seca más alto para cosecha
fueron Cartucho del Retiro (26%), seguida de Piedras Blancas
y Santa Cruz para el municipio de Venecia (25%), mientras
que las fincas Cebadero del Retiro, Coconi del municipio de
La Ceja y Guacamayas de Entrerrios, alcanzaron este mismo
porcentaje con 22% de materia seca, lo que puede ser consi-
derado una ventaja comercial. A partir de estos resultados de
contenido de aceite un índice mínimo de materia seca de 23,5%
fue propuesto como indicador de la madurez para cosecha de
aguacate ‘Hass’ cultivado en Colombia. Este índice de cosecha
deberá ser refinado con el tiempo y con la adición de muestras
de más regiones y datos climáticos.
Key words: Persea americana Mill., oil percentage, maturity
index, quality, region, Antioquia.
Palabras clave: Persea americana Mill., porcentaje de aceite,
índice de madurez, calidad, región, Antioquia.
Introduction
Colombia exported several containers of ‘Hass’ avocado
(Persea americana Mill.) to Europe in the last few years.
The country, during that time, had about 6,300 ha of ‘Hass’
avocado production spread over 9 provinces. The national
production amounted to 27,532 t, with an average yield of
4.03 t ha-1
and 19 kg/tree. ‘Hass’ avocado production made
up 25.4% of the cultivar spread in the nation (Mejía, 2012).
Avocadoisaclimactericfruitthatdoesnotripenonthetree,
so it must be harvested during the suitable physiological
2. 400 Agron. Colomb. 32(3) 2014
maturity stage to achieve the edible characteristics of taste
and firmness (Gil, 2000; Gamble et al., 2010). It is very hard
to visually determine the appropriate maturity stage in the
‘Hass’ avocado for harvesting because the fruit does not
exhibit any notable external change in appearance (Kas-
sim et al., 2013). Thus, it is not uncommon to find ‘Hass’
avocado fruits in the market at the expected maturity
stage with an uncharacteristic color and a shriveled peel,
especially early in the season (Osuna-García et al., 2010;
Pedreschi et al., 2014).
During the maturation process, there is an increase in the
oilcontentofthefruit,amoisturereductionandanincrease
in palatability (Ozdemir and Topuz, 2004; Osuna-García
et al., 2010). A popular method for determining oil content
in the avocado is the Soxhlet method (Lee, 1981). However,
it is slow, expensive and difficult to perform; thus, people
prefer to use the indirect method of using the percentage
of dry matter of fruit pulp as an indication of maturity.
This method is based on the high correlation between a
decrease in fruit moisture content and an increase in dry
matter or an increase in the oil content of fruit (Lee et al.,
1983; Woolf et al., 2004).
The use of the percentage of dry matter as a maturity indi-
cator for avocado is widely accepted and minimum values
have been established as a legal standard for each cultivar in
most countries. The minimum requirement of dry matter
varies from 19 to 25%, depending on the cultivar (19.0%
for Fuerte, 20.8% for Hass and 24.2% for Gwen) and the
country (21% for Australia, 21.6-22.8% for USA and 23.0%
for Mexico, South America and South Africa for 'Hass'
avocado) (Hofman et al., 2002; Orhevba and Jinadu, 2011;
Kassim et al., 2013).
Fruits harvested with dry matter levels below the recom-
mended minimum will ripen irregularly and will not fully
develop their quality attributes. Similarly, fruits harvested
with a high dry matter undergo rapid ripening and have
a reduced shelf life (Wu et al., 2011). Studies by Whiley et
al. (1996) indicated that early harvesting of late-maturing
‘Hass’ at 25 to 30% dry matter resulted in high productiv-
ity; whereas, harvesting at 35% dry matter reduced yields,
also leading to alternate bearing.
Theoilcontentinavocadosdependsonseveralfactors,such
as the cultivar (Chen et al., 2009; Dodd et al., 2010; Orhevba
and Jinadu, 2011), agro-ecological conditions of growth
(Landahl et al., 2009; Kassim et al., 2013; Wedding et al.,
2013; Donetti and Terry, 2014) and the fruit development
stage (Ozdemir and Topuz, 2004; Osuna-García et al., 2010;
Villa-Rodríguez et al., 2011).
Since 1925, a minimum standard of 8% oil content in the
pulp of avocado fruit was used in the California Avocado
Industry in the United States, but since the eighties they
began using minimum oil content percentages for each
cultivar (e.g. 10.0% for Fuerte and 11.2% for Hass) (Anon,
1925; Lee et al. 1983; Ozdemir and Topuz, 2004; Dodd et
al., 2010).
Lee et al. (1983) examined the relationship between dry
weight, oil and sensory perception. They concluded that
regional harvest dates were not appropriate. There was also
discussion as to whether the same dry matter level means
the same “taste acceptability” in different countries or, even
possibly, in different regions within a country.
In Colombia, genetic and agro-ecological variability are
very high, hindering homogeneous fruit production and
management and the prediction of the correct harvest
date. Bearing these conditions in mind, it is rather chal-
lenging to make Colombian ‘Hass’ fruits competitive and
to create synergy with regional countries such as Mexico
and Chile.
The correlation between oil and dry matter percentage
for ‘Hass’ avocado fruit has not been established yet in
Colombia. However, in relation to the growing area, the
determination of the minimum percentages of oil and/or
dry matter should help determine when to harvest. Limits
on harvest maturity should be set in order to achieve stan-
dardization of fruit quality for an export-based industry.
The aim of this study was to determine the correlation
between oil percentage and dry matter content to establish
a minimum harvest index for ‘Hass’ avocado fruits grown
in Colombia. This will be a useful tool for farmers target-
ing the export market and aiming to deliver fruits at the
optimum commercial maturity and quality, using adequate
transport, storage and shelf life.
Materials and methods
Plant material
To determine the relationship between the dry matter and
oil percentage of ‘Hass’ avocado in different municipalities
of the department of Antioquia, Colombia, we selected di-
fferent orchards at different altitudes above sea level (Tab.
1). In each orchard, one tree of the same age and with a
normal level of production were selected in a homogeneous
3. 401Carvalho, Velásquez, and Van Rooyen: Determination of the minimum dry matter index for the optimum harvest of ‘Hass’ avocado fruits in Colombia
area of the plot. Eight fruits of different maturity stages,
determined by the size and bright of the peel, were harves-
ted to build a maturation curve. At least two harvests were
done for each orchard and the evaluation was carried out
between 2011 and 2013 (Tab. 1).
After harvest, the fruits were immediately brought to the
Postharvest Laboratory of the La Selva Research Center
of Corpoica (Corporacion Colombiana de Investigacion
Agropecuaria) in Antioquia to determine dry matter. The
samples of dry avocado pulp were stored at ambient room
conditions inside a desiccator with silica gel until the oil
percentage was determined.
Dry matter
The dry matter (DM) was determined according the Lee
method (Lee, 1981). The samples were dried at 60ºC un-
til they reached a constant weight. The final and initial
weight differences were used to calculate the dry matter
percentage.
Table 1. Orchards selected for the study of maturity index of ‘Hass’ avocado in the department of Antioquia, Colombia.
Municipalities Orchard
Altitude
(m a.s.l.)
Latitude
(N)
Longitude
(W)
Orchard age
(years)
Orchard area
(ha)
Harvest date
Támesis La Maria 1,340 05°41’21.6” 75°42’15.7” 5 to 6 -
23/08/2011
29/06/2012
Venecia Piedras Blancas 1,510 05°55’58.0’’ 75°45’33.4’’ 5 16
16/08/2011
22/06/2011
03/09/2012
Venecia Santa Cruz 1,770 05°55’50.3’’ 75°46’53.1’’ 4 20
05/10/2011
17/08/2011
14/06/2012
Jericó El Encanto 1,900 05°47’48.7” 75°45’45” 3 6
06/10/2011
23/08/2012
Rionegro Yeguas 2,183 06°08’28.1’’ 75°27’28.8’’ 4 a 8 8.17
19/12/2012
27/12/2012
30/01/2013
El Retiro Cartucho 2,229 06°04’58’’ 75°27’22.8’’ 4 a 7 4
17/12/2012
26/12/2012
30/01/2013
El Retiro Guarango 2,244 06°02’57.2’’ 75°29’48’’ 6 9.8
10/12/2012
17/12/2012
14/02/2013
Rionegro La Escondida 2,248 06°05’53’’ 75°44’20” 5 14
29/09/2011
21/06/2012
El Retiro Casaloma 2,267 06°01’42’’ 75°30’16.1’’ 4 0.2
11/12/2012
28/12/2012
30/01/2013
El Retiro Isabela 2,303 06°00’57.4’’ 75°29’28.7’’ 7 1.43
07/12/2012
27/12/2012
14/02/2013
El Retiro Cebadero 2,364 06°01’46.7’’ 75°27’51.1’’ 3 a 5 40
07/12/2012
18/12/2012
14/02/2013
La Ceja Coconi 2,381 06°00’41.9’’ 75°26’10.2’’ 6 0.42
14/12/2012
26/12/2012
30/01/2013
La Ceja Entreaguas 2,383 05°57’18.3’’ 75°25’10.3’’ 5 9.41
13/12/2012
26/12/2012
30/01/2013
El Retiro Paraiso 2,383 06°05’10’’ 75°27’23’’ 5 -
17/12/2012
26/12/2012
30/01/2013
Entrerrios Guacamayas 2,420 06°33’39.4’’ 75°32’28.6’’ 5 5.39
28/07/2011
07/06/2012
4. 402 Agron. Colomb. 32(3) 2014
Oil percentage
The oil percentage of the dry samples was determined by
the Horwitz (1980) and Lee methods (Lee, 1981). A 10 g
sample of dry avocado pulp was used to extract the lipids
by Soxhlet for 6-8 h using petroleum ether as a solvent. The
oil percentage of the avocado pulp was calculated with the
following equation and expressed as % (w/w).
Oil content (% w/w) =
dry matter (%) x oil weight (g)
(1)
dry pulp weight (g)
The dry matter and oil content values were further used to
estimate the correlation coefficient and a linear regression
model for each orchard.
Statistical analysis
The results were analyzed by the Statgraphics® Centurion
XVI v. 15.2 (StatPoint®, Herndon, VA). A simple linear
regression model was applied for determining the rela-
tionship between the oil and dry matter percentages. Then
an analysis of variance (ANOVA) test was performed to
determine the representativeness of the model with a LSD
test at 95% level of confidence.
Results and discussion
The results showed a positive correlation between the
dry matter and oil percentages of the fruit pulp for all
the studied orchards during the three years of evaluation
(Figs. 1 and 2). A close relationship between oil content
and dry matter content was thus confirmed (Tab. 2). An
increased lipid concentration in fruit as a result of a reduced
percentage of water has been reported by many authors
(Chen et al., 2009; Gamble et al. 2010; Villa-Rodríguez et
al., 2011).
Fruit samples from all of the analyzed orchards presented a
good correlation coefficient, with the lowest at 0.84 on the
Cartucho orchard in Retiro and the highest at 0.99 on the
Gacamayas and Paraiso orchards in Entrerrios and Retiro.
These correlation values are similar to those reported by
other authors for avocado fruits (Olaeta et al., 1986; Chen
et al., 2009).
The degree of correlation obtained between the oil con-
tent and dry matter of avocado fruit pulp was important
because the direct estimation of oil percentage of avocado
fruits is difficult, slow and expensive. With the current
results, we can indirectly and reliably estimate the oil
content of fruits using dry matter values in a linear re-
gression equation, which is practical and easy (Lee, 1981).
The regression equation for each orchard is presented in
Tab. 2. With this equation, a farmer can estimate the oil
content of a fruit sample based on the determined dry
matter percentage.
The dry matter percentage is often used as a maturity index
in most avocado producing areas in the world. In the val-
leys of the central coast of Peru, ‘Hass’ avocado is usually
harvested with a minimum oil content of 8-9% and with
a 20-21% dry matter content (Franciosi, 2003). The ‘Hass’
Avocado Committee of Chile authorizes the commercial
harvest of ‘Hass’ fruit with a minimal dry matter content
of 23% (Waissbluth and Valenzuela, 2007).
Figure 1. Correlation between oil content and dry matter for ‘Hass’ avo-
cado grown in different orchards of department of Antioquia, Colombia
between 2011 and 2012.
11.2%
Oilcontent(%w/w)
Dry matter (%)
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
0
5
10
15
20
25
La Escondida Guacamayas El Encanto
La María Piedras Blancas Santa Cruz
23%21.5%
11.2%
Oilcontent(%w/w)
Dry matter (%)
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
0
5
10
15
20
25
Cartucho Casaloma Cebadero
Cebadero Entreaguas Guarango
Isabela Paraiso Yeguas
23%21.5%
Figure 2. Correlation between oil content and dry matter for ‘Hass’
avocado grown in different orchards of the department of Antioquia,
Colombia, between 2012 and 2013.
5. 403Carvalho, Velásquez, and Van Rooyen: Determination of the minimum dry matter index for the optimum harvest of ‘Hass’ avocado fruits in Colombia
Law number 422 of California, established in 1925, speci-
fied 8% as the minimal oil fruit content before harvesting
could commence (Anon, 1925). Nevertheless, the oil con-
tentoffruitthatwasconsideredacceptableforconsumption
differed among cultivars and the 8% requirement was too
low to serve as a good maturity standard for many cultivars
according (Lee et al., 1983; Chen et al., 2009; Dodd et al.,
2010). In addition, while the date of acceptable taste of fruit
grown at the same location was not significantly different
from year to year, it varied significantly among and within
the widespread avocado production areas.
Morton (1987), based on experiences in Mexico, stated that
fruit reaches a good taste when the fruit has a minimum oil
content of 8% and dry matter of 21%. Olaeta et al. (1986)
defined the minimal oil content for ‘Hass’ avocado in Chile
as 10%. After the eighties, California (USA) started using
higher minimal oil percentages and discerning between
cultivars; for example: 10.0% for Fuerte and 11.2% for Hass
(Lee et al., 1983).
It is also important to note that fruit quality starts to dete-
riorate when dry matter is too high. Picking overly-mature
fruits results in poor flavor and increased fruit diseases and
flesh disorders, as well as reduced yields of the next crop
(Whiley et al., 1996; Osuna-García et al., 2010; Wu et al.,
2011). Fruit should not be left on trees beyond the normal
picking period. For this reason, a maximum cut-off for
harvesting ‘Hass’ avocado fruits should be defined. Thorp
et al. (1997), studying the postharvest quality of New Zea-
land‐grown ‘Hass’ avocado, observed that fruit harvested
with a dry matter above 26% had severe rot.
Prior to the current research study, Colombian growers and
fruit handlers had no standard index defined for the com-
mercial harvest of ‘Hass’ avocado. In this study, we used the
standards of other countries as a reference; for example, dry
matter between 21.5 and 23% and an oil content of 11.2%
to see when the different orchards reach the physiological
mature stage for harvest (Figs. 1 and 2).
The standard oil percentage was considered to be a better
harvest indicator for avocado because it relates well with
fruit flavor. As can be seen in Fig. 1, none of the studied
orchards with a dry matter of 21.5% reached an oil content
of 11.2%, nor did the studied orchards in Fig. 2. From both
figures, we can see that all of the studied orchards reached
the same oil content, but with different accumulation rates
(slope of the straight), reaching the physiological mature
index at different times.
When we compared the different orchards for the physi-
ological standard of oil content (11.2%), the percentage of
dry matter ranged from 22 to 26% (Tab. 2). It is interesting
to note that ‘Hass’ avocado fruit from the Cebadero orchard
in Retiro, Coconi in La Ceja and Guacamayas in Entrer-
rios reached this oil standard earlier (for 22% dry matter)
when compared to the other orchards, which could be a
commercial advantage. The orchards with a high dry mat-
ter percentage for harvest in this study were Cartucho in
Retiro (26%), followed by Piedras Blancas and Santa Cruz
in Venecia (25%).
More evaluations over time and for more orchards are
needed for a better understanding of the effect of altitude
Table 2. Regression equations of oil percentage and dry matter for ‘Hass’ avocado in different municipalities of department of Antioquia, Colombia.
Municipalities Orchard
Altitude
(m a.s.l.)
Equation
Correlation
coefficient
P<0.05*
Dry matter (%)
for 11.2% of oil
Támesis La Maria 1,340 Oil (%) = -10.90 + 0.95*DM (%) 0.98 0.0000 23
Venecia Piedras Blancas 1,510 Oil (%) = -8.02 + 0.76*DM (%) 0.92 0.0000 25
Venecia Santa Cruz 1,770 Oil (%) = -12.66 + 0.97*DM (%) 0.94 0.0000 25
Jericó El Encanto 1,900 Oil (%) = -12.19 + 1.03*DM (%) 0.97 0.0000 23
Rionegro Yeguas 2,183 Oil (%) = -11.82 + 0.99*DM (%) 0.97 0.0000 23
El Retiro Cartucho 2,229 Oil (%) = -8.63 + 0.76*DM (%) 0.84 0.0006 26
El Retiro Guarango 2,244 Oil (%) = -14.23 + 1.08*DM (%) 0.95 0.0000 24
Rionegro La Escondida 2,248 Oil (%) = -11.65 + 0.99*DM (%) 0.99 0.0000 23
El Retiro Casaloma 2,267 Oil (%) = -8.89 + 0.86*DM (%) 0.89 0.0001 23
El Retiro Isabela 2,303 Oil (%) = -9.76 + 0.89*DM (%) 0.96 0.0000 23
El Retiro Cebadero 2,364 Oil (%) = -13.15 + 1.09*DM (%) 0.96 0.0000 22
La Ceja Coconi 2,381 Oil (%) = -3.18 + 0.65*DM (%) 0.98 0.0000 22
La Ceja Entreaguas 2,383 Oil (%) = -7.04 + 0.80*DM (%) 0.90 0.0000 23
El Retiro Paraiso 2,383 Oil (%) = -14.03 + 1.06*DM (%) 0.99 0.0000 24
Entrerrios Guacamayas 2,420 Oil (%) = -15.08 + 1.19*DM (%) 0.99 0.0000 22
* For a P-value of ANOVA inferior to 0.05, there was a statistical relationship between oil and dry matter (DM) with a confidence level of 95.0%.
6. 404 Agron. Colomb. 32(3) 2014
and climate on physiological maturity and variables such as
PAR radiation, solar radiation and accumulated precipita-
tion must be considered in the evaluation.
Differentauthors(Kaiser et al.,1992;Kruger,1999;Landahl
et al., 2009; Donetti and Terry, 2014) reported that the oil
and moisture contents of ‘Hass’ and ‘Fuerte’ avocado, at
the same date, vary year by year; probably because of the
climatic conditions for a specific year and the rainfall and
temperature variation of the seasons. They observed that
the accumulation of dry matter percentage can be higher
in seasons with higher rainfall and longer exposure to solar
radiation. Woolf et al. (1999) confirmed that sun-exposed
‘Hass’ avocado fruits had higher contents of dry matter,
potassium, calcium and magnesium. These fruits took
longer to mature and the side exposed to the sunlight had
higher firmness as compared to the unexposed side.
Waissbluth and Valenzuela (2007) inferred that, in
Chile, fruit maturity is more related to altitude than to
the north/south orientation. According to Ferreyra and
Defilippi (2012), the orchards on the coast of Chile take
55 d longer to reach 23% dry matter than the ones in the
central valley zone due to climatic conditions and also
probably due to agronomic practices (nutrition, prun-
ing, orchard age, orchard density, and others). The same
authors established the maximum limit of dry matter for
a good shelf life and fruit quality at 27.5% (> 27.5% high
risk and < 27.5% low risk).
The linear model with all the data collected between 2011
and 2013 from different orchards of Antioquia is shown
in Fig. 3. The model exhibited a statistical significance at
95% for the relationship between oil and dry matter and a
good fit, explaining 93.4% of the oil content variability. The
coefficient of 0.95 indicated a strong relationship between
the two variables. The equation in Fig. 3 can be used by
any grower in Antioquia, although the model needs to be
refined with more data over time (harvest seasons and
years) and with fruit from more orchards to be more ac-
curate. However, according to this model, the oil content
standard of 11.2% corresponded to a dry matter of 23.5%.
This could be considered the minimal index at which one
can harvest ‘Hass’ avocado in Antioquia and guarantee
good taste and fruit quality, despite the variation that might
exist between orchards as seen in Tab. 2.
It is also important to define a maximum harvest index of
dry matter percentage related to shelf life and fruit quality
during transport and storage. Colombia must define clear
rules for establishing the adequate grade and harvest date
according to the cultivar and producing region. Until now,
there has been no scientific evidence and, consequently,
harvesting has been done based on past (empirical) agri-
cultural experience: namely fruit color and size. A protocol
for sampling the orchards with the minimun dry matter
index for ‘Hass’ avocado at harvest must now be defined
by governmental entities.
In addition to the issues involved in simply measuring
dry matter, an important area which requires greater
understanding is the relationship between oil content
(dry matter) and various flavor attributes of avocados and
not just an “overall consumer acceptability”. According
to Obenland et al. (2012), neither dry matter nor oil per-
centage are adequate in of themselves to fully explain the
differences in the eating quality of avocados so additional
means of assessing eating quality would be desirable. The
development of sensory descriptors and their relationship
with aroma volatiles for ‘Hass’ avocado in Colombia could
be useful for better linking maturity changes with flavor.
This might help in examining regional effects in terms
of oil content levels and flavor (Gamble et al., 2010; Paull
and Duarte, 2011; Yahia and Woolf, 2011). A correlation
superior to 0.93% between fruit taste and oil percentage was
observed by Olaeta et al. (1986) when studying different
avocado cultivars (Fuerte, Bacon, Edranol, Hass, Butano
and Negra de La Cruz).
Conclusions
The oil content of the fruits showed a positive highly sig-
nificant correlation (superior to 0.80) with the percentage
Figure 3. Linear model of relation between oil content and dry matter for
‘Hass’ avocado in department of Antioquia, Colombia.
11.2%
Oilcontent(%w/w)
Dry matter (%)
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
0
5
10
15
20
25
La Escondida Guacamayas El Encanto
La María Piedras Blancas Santa Cruz
Cartucho Casaloma Cebadero
Cebadero Entreaguas Guarango
Isabela Paraiso Yeguas
23.5%
Oil (%): -10.491 + 0.923431*DM
7. 405Carvalho, Velásquez, and Van Rooyen: Determination of the minimum dry matter index for the optimum harvest of ‘Hass’ avocado fruits in Colombia
of dry matter for all of the studied orchards. An equation
to estimate oil percentage in relation to dry matter percent-
age was defined with a good fit for each studied orchard. A
simplelinearmodelwasdefinedforAntioquiatodetermine
oil content in relation to dry matter percentage with a very
high correlation coefficient. This is a very useful tool for
‘Hass’ avocado producers because the determination of
oil content is very expensive. In this way, they can predict
that the fruits will meet the required optimum postharvest
quality. Using the minimal oil standard of 11.2% as a refer-
ence, the minimal dry matter index for harvesting ‘Hass’
avocado in Colombia was defined as 23.5%. Nevertheless,
more evaluations over time (harvest seasons and years) and
with more regions and climatic data are needed to develop
a more accurate model. As Colombia is a country with a
very high climate variability over short distances, a model
of oil and dry matter percentage for each producing region
should be developed. The minimal oil content needed to
reach physiological maturity and a good flavor for ‘Hass’
avocado must also be defined for Colombian ‘Hass’ fruits
grown in different regions.
Acknowledgments
Part of this work was financially supported by the Secreta-
ria de Agricultura y Desarrollo Rural of Antioquia through
project No. 2010.SS.1800.09 and by the Ministerio de Agri-
cultura y Desarrollo Rural of Colombia through project
No. 2012-211. Thanks are given to professor Juan Carlos
Perez Naranjo of the Universidad Nacional de Colombia
for proofreading this article.
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