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機會成本
Opportunity Cost
成本是什麼?

小明拿著 $5 零用錢去 7-11 打算買雪糕吃,雪糕價
格 $5 ,但小明見到平時 $8 的曲奇餅今天大特價,
只售 $5 ,十分想買,可惜手上只有 $5 。
最後,小明還是買了雪糕。
請問小明買雪糕所放棄的到底是什麼?
價值 vs 價格

請問你覺得糞便值多少錢?

你或者會說 0 甚至負數,但對於貧瘠土地的農民來說,卻真
的值一些錢

價值 (value) 便是你個人認為「值幾多」,或說你最多願意
付出多少代價去換取

價值是主觀的,不同人對同一事物有不同的價值觀
e.g. 非吸煙者認為香煙值 $1 ,但吸煙者卻認為值 $100
價值 vs 價格


價格即日常見到的「銷售價格」
價格是客觀的
如果你認為一罐可樂價值 $3 ,但售價 $5 ,你
會買嗎?
機會成本

                    「抵」值
 選擇      價值   價格
                   (消費者盈餘)

 雪糕      10   5       5



曲奇餅      7    5       2



$5 零用錢   5    5       0
機會成本



所放棄選擇中,「價值」最高的那一個!
機會成本


如果沒有選擇,那麼有沒有成本?
e.g. 小明爸爸給他 $10 買校簿,不能買其他東西
,若不買校簿,必須交回。那麼,小明買校簿
的機會成本是什麼?
沒選擇,沒成本

 選擇        價值         價格




買校簿         >0        10



            0
不買校簿                  -
       (因為 $10 要交回)
機會成本的改變


機會成本 = 所放棄的選項中,價值最高的選項 ........(1)

機會成本改變 = 機會成本改變 ....................................(2)

將 (1) 代入 (2):

所放棄的選項中,價值最高的選項改變 = 機會成本改變


                                                  廢話?
機會成本的改變

小明中六畢業,以下是他的選擇次序:
1. 升讀香港中文大學工商管理課程
( IBBA )
2. 升讀海外大學
3. 就業 (銷售員)
機會成本的改變



小明選擇升讀 IBBA 課程的機會成本是什麼?
答案:升讀海外大學
機會成本的改變
小明中六畢業,以下是他的選擇次序:
1. 升讀香港中文大學工商管理課程
( IBBA )
2. 升讀海外大學
3. 就業 (銷售員)
銷售員工資普遍下降,對小明選讀 IBBA 課程的
機會成本有什麼影響?
機會成本的改變

根據 : 機會成本改變 = 機會成本改變
因此,當「升讀海外大學」該選擇的價值改變
時,小明選擇升讀 IBBA 課程的機會成本才改變
例 1: 海外大學的學費普遍提升 10% => 機會成本下降

例 2: 海外大學畢業生工資普遍提升 20% => 機會成本上
升
時間成本


時間本身不是成本
時間成本 (Time Cost) 是指你在該段時間所放棄
的最高價值活動
時間成本

小明今天下午( 2-5pm )可以:
1. 與女朋友約會
2. 派傳單賺 $150
3. 睡覺
小明選擇與女朋友約會的機會成本 / 時間成本
是什麼?
時間成本


不同人有不同的時間成本
e.g. 小明坐的巴士和李嘉誠坐的私家車都在紅
隧塞車 1 小時,他們塞車的那 1 小時的時間成
本一樣嗎?
時間成本

答案 : 不一樣,因為小明塞車所延誤的 1 小時可
能只是價值 $100 ( e.g. 同朋友看電影),但李
嘉誠的卻可能價值 $1,000,000 ( e.g. 洽談一宗
生意)
該段時間所做的活動的價值,才是該段時間的
價值
重點重溫

機會成本是所放棄選擇中,「價值」最高的那一個
沒有選擇,沒有成本
機會成本的改變只會在所放棄的選項中,價值最高的
選項改變時
時間成本是指你在該段時間所放棄的最高價值的活動
努力溫習!

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