The document explains spreadsheets as computerized tools that replace traditional ledger tasks for various users, such as accountants and individuals managing budgets. It details the structure of spreadsheets, including rows, columns, and features such as formulas, data visualization, and sorting capabilities. Additionally, it highlights popular software like Microsoft Excel, which is widely used for creating and manipulating spreadsheets.

1. Module I

3. Spreadsheet
A spreadsheet is the computerized equivalent of a general ledger.
It has taken the place of the pencil, paper, and calculator.
Spreadsheet programs were first developed for accountants but have now been adopted by
anyone wanting to prepare a budget, forecast sales data, create profit and loss statements,
compare financial alternatives and any other mathematical applications requiring calculations.

4. The electronic spreadsheet is laid out similar to the paper ledger sheet in that it is divided into
columns and rows.
Any task that can be done on paper can be performed on an electronic spreadsheet faster and
more accurately.
The problem with manual sheets is that if any error is found within the data, all answers must be
erased and recalculated manually.
With the computerized spreadsheet, formulas can be written that are automatically updated
whenever the data are changed.

5. Spreadsheet manipulates numerical data and text.
Using this “what-if?” analysis, you can see what affect changing a data value or calculation can have
on your monitoring program.
Spreadsheets can also be used for graphing data points, reporting data analyses, and organizing and
storing data.

6. A Spreadsheet is a computer application that is designed to add, display, analyze,
organize, and manipulate data arranged in rows and columns.

7. Microsoft Excel, Google Sheets, Apache Open Office, LibreOffice, etc. are
some spreadsheet software.
Among all these software, Microsoft Excel is the most commonly used spreadsheet
tool and it is available for Windows, macOS, Android, etc.

8. A collection of spreadsheets is known as a workbook. Every Excel file is called a
workbook. Every time you start a new project in Excel, you’ll need to create a new
workbook
A single Excel worksheet is a tabular spreadsheet that consists of a matrix of
rectangular cells grouped in rows and columns.

9. Features of Spreadsheet
1.Rows and columns
Rows and columns are two distinct features in a spreadsheet that come together to
make a cell, a range, or a table.
In general, columns are the vertical portion of an excel worksheet, and there can be
256 of them in a worksheet, whereas rows are the horizontal portion, and there can
be 1048576 of them.

10. The color light green is used to highlight Row 2 while the color green is used to
highlight Column A. Each column has 1048576 rows and each row has 256
columns.

11. 2.Cell Formatting
Cell formatting in Microsoft Excel refers to the process of changing the appearance
of cells in a worksheet to improve readability, highlight important information, and
make data presentation more visually appealing.
Formatting can include changes to the font, color, borders, alignment, and number
formats of the cells.

12. 3.Formulas
In spreadsheets, formulas process data automatically.
It takes data from the specified area of the spreadsheet as input then processes
that data, and then displays the output into the new area of the spreadsheet
according to where the formula is written.
In Excel, we can use formulas simply by typing “=Formula Name(Arguments)” to
use predefined Excel formulas.
When you write the first few characters of any formula, Excel displays a drop-down
menu of formulas that match that character sequence.

13. Some of the commonly used formulas are:
•=SUM(Arg1: Arg2): It is used to find the sum of all the numeric data specified in the
given range of numbers.
•=COUNT(Arg1: Arg2): It is used to count all the number of cells(it will count only
number) specified in the given range of numbers.
•=MAX(Arg1: Arg2): It is used to find the maximum number from the given range of
numbers.
•=MIN(Arg1: Arg2): It is used to find the minimum number from the given range of
numbers.
•=TODAY(): It is used to find today’s date.
•=SQRT(Arg1): It is used to find the square root of the specified cell.

14. For example, you can use the formula to find the average of the integers in column
D from row 2 to row 7:
The range of values on which you want to average is defined by D2:D6. The formula
is located near the name field on the formula tab.

16. 4. Data Visualization
Excel offers a variety of data visualization, chart types, such as bar graphs, line
charts, and pie charts, to help users visualize data trends and patterns. This is one
of the main features of MS excel.
Creating charts is as simple as selecting data and choosing a chart type, making it
an excellent tool for creating informative reports and presentations.

17. 5. PivotTables and PivotCharts
PivotTables are powerful tools for summarizing and analyzing large datasets.
This is one of the advanced features of MS Excel They allow users to create dynamic
summaries, apply filters, and rearrange data to gain insights from different angles.
PivotCharts works hand-in-hand with PivotTables to provide visual representations
of the summarized data.

18. 6. Data Sorting and Filtering
Excel provides robust sorting and filtering capabilities that make it easy to organize
and locate specific data within a large dataset.
Users can sort data alphabetically or numerically and apply filters to display only
the relevant information.

19. Parts of Excel Window
Many items you see on the
Excel screen are standard in
most other Microsoft software
programs like Word,
PowerPoint, and previous
versions of Excel, while some
elements are specific to Excel
XP.

20. Workbook
Also called a spreadsheet, the workbook is a unique file created by Excel.

35. Insert and Delete Cells
(a) Inserting a Cell
To insert a cell in between 2 cells follow these steps:
Say, for example we want to insert a cell between B2 & B3, then:
Step 1: Select the cell above which you want to insert(say B3 here)

36. Step 2: Right-click the cell, a menu will pop up. Click on insert under it.

37. Merge Cells
Merging cells combines two or more cells into a larger cell on the sheet.
•To merge two or more cells into one big cell, select the cells, then click "Merge &
Center" on the toolbar.
•Merging cells is helpful if you want one cell in your sheet to be larger, such as a cell
that contains a title.

41. Wrap
The wrap text feature displays cell contents on multiple lines instead of one long
line. This can help make text easier to read, avoid the "truncated column" effect,
and keep column widths consistent throughout a worksheet
Wrapped text also adjusts automatically when the column width changes

43. Format Text in Excel