By this presentation people can able to get current statistics data about fat and oil industry market and some basic information about lipids.

1. BY
R.KARTHIKA
Ph.D (Dairy Chemistry)

2.  Fats, waxes, sterols, triglycerides, diglycerides, monoglycerides, phospholipids etc….
 Energy : 9 kcal/g
 Source of essential fatty acids and fat soluble vitamins
 Amphiphilic in nature
 Enrich the nutritional quality, characteristic flavor, body & texture and mouth feel to the food

3.  4th producer (USA, China and Brazil).
 Largest importers of vegetable oils.
 CAGR of 3.89% do not match with per capita demand (~6%) and per capita consumption
(18 kg).

4.  Production - 7-8 million tones (95%).
 Indian share - 10 percent.
 Total cultivation area - 20.8%(10%).
 Production increased from 94 million tons in 1980 to 376 million
tons in 2021-22.
 Yield - 1224 kg/hectare (2021-22).

5. Main oil-seeds
1. Groundnut,
2. Mustard,
3. Coconut,
4. Sesamum,
5. Soyabean,
6. Castor seeds,
7. Cotton seeds,
8. Linseed
9. Sunflower.
Andhra Pradesh (groundnut) & Gujarat (groundnut), Haryana (Mustard), Karnataka (Ground nut), Madhya
Pradesh (Soybean), Maharashtra (Soybean), Rajasthan (Mustard & Soybean), Tamil Nadu (Ground nut), Uttar
Pradesh (Mustard), West Bengal (Mustard).

6.  Linseed and mustard - rabi crops.
 Sesame - kharif crop in north and rabi crop in south India.
 Castor seed - rabi and kharif crop.
 Groundnut - kharif crop(50%).
88% Soybean (34%),
groundnut (27%),
rapeseed & mustard (27%)
>80% Mustard (35%),
soybean (23%)
groundnut (25%).

7.  Largest Oilseed cultivation area – 1. Madhya Pradesh (7470 thousand hectares),
2. Rajasthan (5422 thousand ha),
3. Maharashtra (4526 thousand ha),
4. Gujarat ( 2867 thousand ha)
 Madhya Pradesh - largest Soybean producing state (Maharashtra).
 Others: Rajasthan, Karnataka, Telangana and Gujarat.

8.  Rajasthan - largest Oilseed producing state (Gujarat and M.P).
 Rajasthan - first place in rapeseed production.
 Gujarat - castor production.
 75% of TOP 1. Rajasthan (21%),
2. Gujarat (20%),
3. Madhya Pradesh (19%)
4. Maharashtra (16%)

9.  Gujarat - largest Ground nut producer (Rajasthan and Tamil Nadu).
 Other leading producers are Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, Mahrashtra,
Telangana and West bengal.

10.  Rajasthan - Rapeseed and Mustard (Haryana and Madhya Pradesh).
Other leading producers are Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal, Gujarat and Jharkhand.
 Karnataka – Sunflower (Orissa and Haryana).
Other leading producers are Maharashtra, Bihar, West Bengal, Telangana, Andhra Pradesh, Punjab
and Uttar Pradesh.

12. THE GLOBAL MARKET:
 US$96.2 Billion in 2020.
 US$146.7 Billion by 2027, growing at a CAGR of 6.2% over
the analysis period 2020-2027.
 Vegetable & Seed Oil, is projected to record a 7.1% CAGR
and reach US$71 Billion by the end of 2027.
 According to the USDA, the market of EPO was close to 203
million tons in 2019

13.  Palm oil has the highest annual yield, showing an increased
trend in recent years. Mainly produced in southeastern Asia,
including Malaysia and Indonesia
 In 2016, palm oil from Indonesia and Malaysia was
accounted for approximately 85% of global palm oil
production, including palm kernel oil

14.  Soybean oil is with the second highest annual yield, followed by
rapeseed oil.
 Main producers: China, the United States, Argentina, and Brazil.
 China’s first in the world soybean oil production.
 Rapeseed oil: The European Union, China, and Canada are the
largest producers.
 In 2016, the European Union led the world in rapeseed oil
production, accounting for 35% of the total, followed by China
in which accounted for approximately 23% of the total yield

15.  South and West prefer groundnut oil
 East and North use mustard, rapeseed oil
 Several pockets in the South have a preference for
coconut and sesame oil
 Inhabitants of northern plain are basically
consumers of fats and therefore prefer Vanaspati

16.  Olive oil is mainly produced by the Mediterranean
coastal countries, including Spain, Italy, Greece, and
Turkey
 These countries are account for 90% of the world’s total
olive oil production, of which Spanish olive oil
production ranks the first in the world.
 In southeast Asian countries, Philippines is rich in
Coconut Oil.
 China and India are major producers of Peanut Oil.
 Ukraine is the world’s largest producer of Sunflower
Seed Oil.

18. Global urbanization
Organized retail sector
Awareness
Female working
National Mission on Oilseeds & Oil Palm (NMOOP)

19.  Quality of raw materials.
 High competition from unorganized players.
 Stringent government regulations on product labeling

20.  Increasing Demand for Vegetable Oil in Energy and Cosmetic Industry.
 Europe is the Fastest Growing Region in the Market
vegetable oils instead of lubricants.
Oleochemicals
The European Union's vegetable oil consumption for biofuel has been primarily driven by the
Renewable Energy Directive (RED)
Palm oil - 20% of the production of biodiesel (fatty acid methyl ester) and renewable diesel (hydro-
treated vegetable oil) in the EU.
The amount of soybean oil used in biofuel production in the United States has been rising steadily
due to the renewable fuel standard (RFS).

21.  The other significant feed-stocks for producing diesel substitutes are rapeseed, used in cooking
oils, and animal fats.
 Additionally, the amount of soybean oil used in biofuel production in the United States has been
rising steadily due to the renewable fuel standard (RFS) and the biodiesel and renewable diesel
tax credits..

22.  May 2021: ADM invested about USD 350 million to build a soybean crushing facility in North
Dakota, United States. The plant is expected to finish and start processing by 2023. The plant
functionaries include soy crushing, oil refining, and processing of soy-related products.
 November 2021: Cargill invested about USD 35 million to expand the Malaysian vegetable oil
production facility. The facility features dry palm fractionation capacity, enabling the production of
specialty fats for chocolates, coatings, and spreads.
 December 2021: Fuji Oil launched a joint venture with one of its subsidiaries, Fuji Specialities Inc.,
and ITOCHU International Inc., forming FII. The prime reason behind this collaboration is to
expand the vegetable oil business in North America. The joint venture shares the raw material,
manufacturing, and sales of fats and oils across North America.


23.  Global consumption - soybean oil, palm oil, and rapeseed oil taking the lead (2021 -2026).
 Food to the industrial sector - biomass-based diesel production.
 The United States, Southeast Asia, and mainland China will experience the highest growth over
the next few years.

24.  India is heavily dependent on imports to meet its edible oil requirements and largest
importer of vegetable oils in the world (15% share) followed by China & USA.
 Of imported edible oils , share of palm oil is about 60% followed by soybean oil with a
share of 25% and sunflower (12%).
 India imported a total of 15.88 million tonnes of oilseed and vegetable oil products worth
Rs. 69331.96 crore (upto 2020).

25.  Oils such as soyabean oil, cottonseed oil, sunflower oil, rice bran oil, palm oil and its liquid
fraction- palmolein which were earlier not known have now entered the kitchen
 The share of raw oil, refined oil and vanaspati in the total edible oil market is estimated
roughly at 35%, 60% and 5% respectively
 About 56 % of domestic demand of edible oils is met through imports out of which palm oil
constitutes about 54%
 The consumption of refined palmolein (RBD palmolein) as well as its blending with other oils
has increased substantially over the years and is used extensively in hotels, restaurants and in
preparation of wide varieties of food products

26.  The India fats and oils market is expected to witness significant growth over the forecast period,
with an anticipated CAGR of 5.4% during 2023-2029.
 The increase in demand for convenience foods like snacks and ready-made meals has created a
greater need for edible oil products, while changing lifestyles are also fueling the market growth.
 Moreover, rising health consciousness among consumers has led them to switch to healthier
alternatives such as vegetable oils instead of regular cooking oil, thus driving the demand for edible
oils in India.

28. I. Simple lipids: Composed of fatty acids and alcohol components, and include fats, oils and wax esters.
A. Fats:
(a) Esters of fatty acids with glycerol.
(b) Insulator for the loss of body heat.
(c) Protecting internal organs.
B. Waxes:
1. Esters of fatty acids with higher alcohols other than glycerol, it has long-chain fatty acids. They are present in the adipose
tissues.
2. In the human body, the commonest waxes are esters of cholesterol.
3.True waxes are esters of higher fatty acids with acetyl alcohol or other higher straight chain alcohols.

29. II. Compound lipids: This includes fatty acids, alcohol. They are formed in the brain and nervous system.
A. Phospholipids (phosphatides):
(i) Esters of fatty acids with glycerol containing an esterified phosphoric acid and a nitrogen base.
(ii) Present in large amounts in nerve tissue, brain, liver, kidney, pancreas and heart.
B. Glycolipids: Contain an amino alcohol (sphingosine or iso-sphingosine) attached with an amide linkage to a fatty acid and
glycosidically to a carbohydrate moiety (sugars, amino sugar, sialic acid).
C. Lipoproteins:
(a) Chylomicrons.
(b) Very low density lipoproteins (VLDL or pre-β-lipoproteins).
(c) Low density lipoproteins (LDL or β-lipoproteins).
(d) High density lipoproteins (HDL or α-lipoproteins).
(vi) Chylomicrons and VLDL.

30. III. Derived lipids: When both simple and compound lipids combine and undergo the process of
hydrolysis, the produced chemical is known as the derived lipids. Derived lipids include cholesterol,
carotenes, steroids and prostaglandins etc.
 Sterols: They are also called steroid alcohols. They come under the category of steroids with hydroxyl
groups. The Hydroxyl group is present at the 3rd position of the A-ring. They are considered the
amphipathic lipids due to the presence of hydroxyl groups on A ring that is polar, and the other part
(aliphatic) of the chain is non-polar. Sterols are nitrogenous derivatives of fatty compounds present in
the following three forms.
 Cholesterol: They are found in all types of cells, and it is a critical aspect of cell membrane and
lipoproteins. They are present in the form of white, shiny, and rhombic crystals. Tasteless and odourless
along with a high melting point. Soluble in fat solvents and insoluble in water due to its polarity. Poor
conductor of heat and electricity, and hence used as an insulator at many places. Through chemical
reactions, it is converted into other chemical substances through chemical reactions, such as cholesterol,
etc.
 Prostaglandins – It is a group of hormone-like unsaturated fatty acids occurring in human seminal
fluid, menstrual fluids, amniotic fluids and a number of tissues. They have a ring-like structure with a
20-carbon ring.


31. Types of sterols are:
 Phytosterols: They are plant-based sterols. Naturally occurring in the plant cell membrane.
They look like cholesterol in the body—for example, stigmasterol.
 Zoosterols: They are animal-based sterols. The most common example of it is cholesterol.
 Ergosterol: They are found in the cell membrane of fungi. It is a kind of pro-vitamin and acts
as a precursor for vitamin D. Utilising fungi is extensively used to extract ergosterol.

33. I. Polar lipids
1. Charged molecules.
2. Soluble in polar solvents like alcohol, acetone, etc. e.g. phospholipids, glyceroglycolipids,
fatty acids, etc.
II. Non-polar lipids
1. Uncharged molecules
2. Soluble in non-polar solvents like ether, benzene, hexane, etc. e.g. Glycerides, sterols, sterol
esters, Carotenoids, waxes, vitamins, etc

34. I. Saponifiable lipids
• React with alkali and form soap
• Present in large amount. e.g. Glycerides, phospholipids, fatty acids, cholesterol ester, etc.
II. Unsaponifiable lipids
• Do not react with alkali to form soap
• Present in relatively small amount. e.g. Fat soluble vitamins, sterols, hydrocarbons, carbonyls,
etc.

35. 1. Milk fat
a) They are derived from milk of mammals, particularly from buffalo, cow, goat and sheep.
b) Major fatty acids of milk fat are palmitic (C16:0), stearic (C18:0) & oleic (C18:1) acids.
c) Contains appreciable amounts of short chain fatty acids (C4:0, C6:0, C8:0, C10:0).
d) Butyric acid (C4:0) is a characteristic fatty acid to milk fat.
2. Lauryl or Lauric acid fat
a) Low amount of unsaturated fatty acids and thus having low melting point.
b) Contain moderate amount of C6:0, C8:0, C10:0 fatty acids.
c) Obtained from certain species of palm, ex. Coconut.

36. 3. Vegetable butters
a) Obtained from tropical trees, e.g. cocoa.
b) Widely used in the manufacture of confectionary products, ex. Chocolates, etc.
4. Oleic –linoleic acid fats
a) Vegetable origin.
b) Contain less amount of saturated fatty acids (i.e. less than 20%)
C) Cottonseed, corn, peanut, sunflower, palm olive and sesame oils.
5. Linolenic acid fats
a) Soybean, rapeseed, wheat germ, hempseed, etc.
c) Linolenic acid in soybean oil is responsible for off-flavour.

37. 6. Animal body fats
a)Contain large amounts of C16>C18 fatty acids
b) Contain medium amounts of unsaturated fatty acids (mostly C18:1> C18:2)
c) Contain appreciable amounts of saturated triacylglycerols and shows high melting points.
7. Marine oils
a) Contain large amounts of omega-3-polyunsaturated fatty acids, with up to six double bonds
b) Usually rich in vitamins A & D.