Css

COMPUTER SCIENCE
TOPIC : CSS
BY: PRIYANKA PRADHAN
MJPRU
Priyanka Pradhan

What is CSS?
 CSS stands for Cascading Style Sheets
 CSS describes how HTML elements are to be
displayed on screen, paper, or in other media
 CSS saves a lot of work. It can control the layout
of multiple web pages all at once
 External stylesheets are stored in CSS files
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Why Use CSS?
 CSS is used to define styles for your web
pages, including the design, layout and
variations in display for different devices and
screen sizes.
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CSS Syntax
 A CSS rule-set consists of a selector and a declaration block:
 The selector points to the HTML element you want to style.
 The declaration block contains one or more declarations
separated by semicolons.
 Each declaration includes a CSS property name and a value,
separated by a colon.
 A CSS declaration always ends with a semicolon, and
declaration blocks are surrounded by curly braces.
 In the following example all <p> elements will be center-aligned,
with a red text color:
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 Example
 p {
color: red;
text-align: center;
}
 When a browser reads a style sheet, it will format
the HTML document according to the information
in the style sheet.
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 body {
background-color: black;
}
h1 {
color: white;
text-align: center;
}
p {
font-family: verdana;
font-size: 20px;
}
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<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<style>
body {
background-color: lightblue;
}
h1 {
color: white;
text-align: center;
}
p {
font-family: verdana;
font-size: 20px;
}
</style>
</head>
<body>
<h1>My First CSS Example</h1>
<p>This is a paragraph.</p>
</body>
</html>
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My First CSS Example
This is a paragraph.
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Three Ways to Insert CSS
There are three ways of inserting a style sheet:
 External style sheet
 Internal style sheet
 Inline style
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External Style Sheet
 Each page must include a reference to the
external style sheet file inside the <link>
element.
 The <link> element goes inside the <head>
section.
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 Example
 <head>
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="my
style.css">
</head>
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<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="mystyle.css">
</head>
<body>
<h1>This is a heading</h1>
</body>
</html>
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 Here is how the "mystyle.css" looks:
body {
background-color: lightblue;
}
h1 {
color: navy;
margin-left: 20px;
}
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Internal Style Sheet
 An internal style sheet may be used if one
single page has a unique style.
 Internal styles are defined within the <style>
element, inside the <head> section of an
HTML page.
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 Example
<head>
<style>
body {
background-color: linen;
}
h1 {
color: maroon;
margin-left: 40px;
}
</style>
</head>
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This is a heading
This is a paragraph
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Inline Styles
 An inline style may be used to apply a unique
style for a single element.
 To use inline styles, add the style attribute to
the relevant element. The style attribute can
contain any CSS property.
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 <h1 style="color:blue;margin-left:30px;">This
is a heading</h1>
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<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<body>
<h1 style="color:blue;margin-left:30px;">This is a heading</h1>
</body>
</html>
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Multiple Style Sheets
 If some properties have been defined for the
same selector (element) in different style
sheets, the value from the last read style
sheet will be used.
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 Assume that an external style sheet has the
following style for the <h1> element:
 h1 {
color: navy;
}
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 then, assume that an internal style sheet also
has the following style for the <h1> element:
 h1 {
color: orange;
}
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 If the internal style is defined after the link to
the external style sheet, the <h1> elements
will be "orange"
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 Example
<head>
<style>
h1 {
color: orange;
}
</style>
</head>
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 However, if the internal style is defined before
the link to the external style sheet, the <h1>
elements will be "navy“.
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 Example
<head>
<style>
h1 {
color: orange;
}
</style>
</head>
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CSS Colors
 Colors are specified using predefined color
names, or RGB, HEX, HSL, RGBA, HSLA
values.
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Background Color
 You can set the background color for HTML
elements:
 <h1 style="background-
color:DodgerBlue;">Hello World</h1>
<p style="background-
color:Tomato;">Para1</p>
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Text Color
 You can set the color of text:
<h1 style="color:Tomato;">Hello</h1>
<p style="color:DodgerBlue;"> World </p>
<p style="color:MediumSeaGreen;">Para1</p>
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Border Color
 You can set the color of borders:
 <h1 style="border:2px solid Tomato;">Hello
World</h1>
<h1 style="border:2px solid Violet;">Hello
World</h1>
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CSS Margins
 The CSS margin properties are used to create
space around elements, outside of any
defined borders.
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CSS has properties for specifying the margin for
each side of an element:
 margin-top
 margin-right
 margin-bottom
 margin-left
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 Example
p {
margin-top: 100px;
margin-bottom: 100px;
margin-right: 150px;
margin-left: 80px;
}
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 If the margin property has four values:
 margin: 25px 50px 75px 100px;
 top margin is 25px
 right margin is 50px
 bottom margin is 75px
 left margin is 100px
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Margin - Shorthand Property
 p {
margin: 25px 50px 75px 100px;
}
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Styling Links
 Links can be styled with any CSS property
(e.g. color, font-family, background, etc.).
Example
a {
color: hotpink;
}
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In addition, links can be styled differently depending
on what state they are in.
The four links states are:
 a:link - a normal, unvisited link
 a:visited - a link the user has visited
 a:hover - a link when the user mouses over it
 a:active - a link the moment it is clicked
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/* unvisited link */
a:link {
color: red;
}
/* visited link */
a:visited {
color: green;
}
/* mouse over link */
a:hover {
color: hotpink;
}
/* selected link */
a:active {
color: blue;
}
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When setting the style for several link states,
there are some order rules:
 a:hover MUST come after a:link and a:visited
 a:active MUST come after a:hover
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Text Decoration The text-decoration property is mostly used to remove underlines from
links:
a:link {
text-decoration: none;
}
a:visited {
text-decoration: none;
}
a:hover {
text-decoration: underline;
}
a:active {
text-decoration: underline;
}
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CSS Text
The color property is used to set the color of the
text. The color is specified by:
 a color name - like "red"
 a HEX value - like "#ff0000"
 an RGB value - like "rgb(255,0,0)"
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 The default text color for a page is defined in the
body selector.
Example
body {
color: blue;
}
h1 {
color: green;
}
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Text Alignment
 h1 {
text-align: center;
}
h2 {
text-align: left;
}
h3 {
text-align: right;
}
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Example
div {
text-align: justify;
}
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Text Transformation
 The text-transform property is used to specify
uppercase and lowercase letters in a text.
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Example
p.uppercase {
text-transform: uppercase;
}
p.lowercase {
text-transform: lowercase;
}
p.capitalize {
text-transform: capitalize;
}
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Text Indentation
 The text-indent property is used to specify the
indentation of the first line of a text.
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 p {
text-indent: 50px;
}
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Letter Spacing
 The letter-spacing property is used to specify
the space between the characters in a text.
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Example
 h1 {
letter-spacing: 3px;
}
h2 {
letter-spacing: -3px;
}
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Line Height
 The line-height property is used to specify the
space between lines.
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Example
 p.small {
line-height: 0.8;
}
p.big {
line-height: 1.8;
}
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Text Direction
 The direction property is used to change the
text direction of an element:
Example
 p {
direction: rtl;
}
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Word Spacing
 The word-spacing property is used to specify
the space between the words in a text.
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Example
 h1 {
word-spacing: 10px;
}
h2 {
word-spacing: -5px;
}
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Text Shadow
 The text-shadow property adds shadow to
text.
Example
 h1 {
text-shadow: 3px 2px red;
}
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CSS Fonts
 The CSS font properties define the font family,
boldness, size, and the style of a text.
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Example
 p {
font-family: "Times New Roman", Times,
serif;
}
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Example
 p.normal {
font-style: normal;
}
p.italic {
font-style: italic;
}
p.oblique {
font-style: oblique;
}
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Example
 h1 {
font-size: 40px;
}
h2 {
font-size: 30px;
}
p {
font-size: 14px;
}
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 p.normal {
font-weight: normal;
}
p.thick {
font-weight: bold;
}
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CSS Lists
 The list-style-type property specifies the type
of list item marker.
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Example
 ul.a {
list-style-type: circle;
}
ul.b {
list-style-type: square;
}
ol.c {
list-style-type: upper-roman;
}
ol.d {
list-style-type: lower-alpha;
}
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An Image as The List Item
Marker
 The list-style-image property specifies an
image as the list item marker:
Example
 ul {
list-style-image: url('sqpurple.gif');
}
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Remove Default Settings
 The list-style-type:none property can also be
used to remove the markers/bullets. Note that
the list also has default margin and padding.
 To remove this, add margin:0 and
 padding:0 to <ul> or <ol>:
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Example
 ul {
list-style-type: none;
margin: 0;
padding: 0;
}
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Table Borders
 To specify table borders in CSS, use
the border property.
 The example below specifies a black border
for <table>, <th>, and <td> elements:
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Example
 table, th, td {
border: 1px solid black;
}
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Example
 table {
width: 100%;
}
th {
height: 50px;
}
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Horizontal Alignment
 The text-align property sets the horizontal
alignment (like left, right, or center) of the
content in <th> or <td>.
 By default, the content of <th> elements are
center-aligned and the content of <td>
elements are left-aligned.
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Example
 th {
text-align: left;
}
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Vertical Alignment
 The vertical-align property sets the vertical
alignment (like top, bottom, or middle) of the
content in <th> or <td>.
 By default, the vertical alignment of the
content in a table is middle (for both <th> and
<td> elements).
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Example
 td {
height: 50px;
vertical-align: bottom;
}
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Table Padding
 To control the space between the border and
the content in a table, use
the padding property on <td> and <th>
elements.
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Example
 th, td {
padding: 15px;
text-align: left;
}
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