1. Wu Cheng En's 16th century novel Journey to the West is one of China's greatest classical novels and tells the story of the monk Xuanzang's pilgrimage to India to retrieve sacred texts.
2. The story focuses on Sun Wukong, the Monkey King, and his journey to achieving spiritual enlightenment. It has been translated into many languages and retold in various media.
3. This paper analyzes and compares W.J.F. Jenner's literal word-for-word translation to Shelley Fu's simplified retelling for children, discussing how each aims to convey the original story's intentions for different audiences.
Baramulla Bomber Preview (Book Eka of Svastik Trilogy)ClarkPrasad
AN ANCIENT WEAPON FROM THE VEDAS & BIBLE
ONCE HUNTED BY THE NAZIS
POWERED BY THE SOUND OF UNIVERSE
REBORN WITH HELP OF QUANTUM PHYSICS
GOING TO BE UNLEASHED ON TO THE WORLD
AND KASHMIR HOLDS ITS SECRET
The only way
Multiple intelligence agencies are tracking Mansur Haider, a god-fearing aspiring cricketer from Kashmir. His girlfriend, Aahana Yajurvedi, is trying to locate her missing mountaineering team, who vanished after a mysterious earthquake strikes Shaksgam Valley. Investigating Mansur and the Shaksgam Valley incident is Swedish intelligence officer, Adolf Silfverskiöld, whose only relationship to god consists of escorting his girlfriend to Church.
To save the world
A dual China-Pakistan battlefront scenario facing the Indian Home Minister, Augustya Rathore, whose ancestors carry a prehistoric secret linked to the stars. He is faced with the challenge of finding a lasting solution to the Kashmir crisis.
Is to challenge one’s faith
Which Biblical Weapon was Tested in Shaksgam Valley? Why is Mansur Haider Important? Is There a Solution to the Kashmir Crisis? Can Destiny be Controlled? Does a Cosmic Religion Exist?
The cat who lived in the palace by lady sei shonagonKate Balgos
The document provides biographical information about Lady Sei Shonagon, a Japanese author and court lady who lived during the Heian period around 1000 AD. She is best known as the author of The Pillow Book, a collection of lists, poetry, and observations about daily life at the imperial court. The document also mentions her rivalry with fellow court lady and author Murasaki Shikibu, who wrote The Tale of Genji.
This document discusses the key elements and classifications of literature. It outlines important elements of literature such as emotional appeal, intellectual appeal, and humanistic value. It also discusses two main classifications of literature - escape literature, which is written for entertainment, and interpretative literature, which aims to broaden understanding of life. Finally, it notes three common uses of literature: to present moral values, for propaganda purposes, and for therapeutic value in helping readers process emotions.
ELEMENTS OF LITERATURE AND THE COMBINED ARTSolga giducos
This document outlines the key elements of various forms of literature and the combined arts. It discusses the classification of literature into escape and interpretative categories. It then examines the elements of specific literary genres, including poetry, short stories, essays, novels, and drama. For each genre, it identifies important components such as plot, character, theme, language, and setting. The document provides an overview of how different art forms can be analyzed and classified according to their key components and purposes.
Literature is defined as imaginative or creative writing that has artistic value. It awakens readers to the richness of language and enhances command of language and sensitivity to its effects. There are two ways to categorize literature - by historical and cultural context, and by formal features such as genre. Genre refers to a particular style or category of artistic works characterized by form, style, or purpose. The largest genres are fiction, poetry, drama, and nonfiction prose, with subgenres like novels, short stories, biographies within these categories.
This document provides an introduction to literature. It defines literature as a body of work containing imaginative language that portrays human experiences, emotions, and thoughts. Literature is considered a product of culture that reflects a society's values. Studying literature allows one to learn about people and cultures across time and space. The document also discusses various literary standards such as universality, artistry, and permanence. It outlines different approaches to analyzing literature, including formalistic, moral, historical, sociological, cultural, and psychological approaches. Finally, it distinguishes between two general types of literature - poetry and prose - and some common genres including short stories, novels, drama, and essays.
Baramulla Bomber Preview (Book Eka of Svastik Trilogy)ClarkPrasad
AN ANCIENT WEAPON FROM THE VEDAS & BIBLE
ONCE HUNTED BY THE NAZIS
POWERED BY THE SOUND OF UNIVERSE
REBORN WITH HELP OF QUANTUM PHYSICS
GOING TO BE UNLEASHED ON TO THE WORLD
AND KASHMIR HOLDS ITS SECRET
The only way
Multiple intelligence agencies are tracking Mansur Haider, a god-fearing aspiring cricketer from Kashmir. His girlfriend, Aahana Yajurvedi, is trying to locate her missing mountaineering team, who vanished after a mysterious earthquake strikes Shaksgam Valley. Investigating Mansur and the Shaksgam Valley incident is Swedish intelligence officer, Adolf Silfverskiöld, whose only relationship to god consists of escorting his girlfriend to Church.
To save the world
A dual China-Pakistan battlefront scenario facing the Indian Home Minister, Augustya Rathore, whose ancestors carry a prehistoric secret linked to the stars. He is faced with the challenge of finding a lasting solution to the Kashmir crisis.
Is to challenge one’s faith
Which Biblical Weapon was Tested in Shaksgam Valley? Why is Mansur Haider Important? Is There a Solution to the Kashmir Crisis? Can Destiny be Controlled? Does a Cosmic Religion Exist?
The cat who lived in the palace by lady sei shonagonKate Balgos
The document provides biographical information about Lady Sei Shonagon, a Japanese author and court lady who lived during the Heian period around 1000 AD. She is best known as the author of The Pillow Book, a collection of lists, poetry, and observations about daily life at the imperial court. The document also mentions her rivalry with fellow court lady and author Murasaki Shikibu, who wrote The Tale of Genji.
This document discusses the key elements and classifications of literature. It outlines important elements of literature such as emotional appeal, intellectual appeal, and humanistic value. It also discusses two main classifications of literature - escape literature, which is written for entertainment, and interpretative literature, which aims to broaden understanding of life. Finally, it notes three common uses of literature: to present moral values, for propaganda purposes, and for therapeutic value in helping readers process emotions.
ELEMENTS OF LITERATURE AND THE COMBINED ARTSolga giducos
This document outlines the key elements of various forms of literature and the combined arts. It discusses the classification of literature into escape and interpretative categories. It then examines the elements of specific literary genres, including poetry, short stories, essays, novels, and drama. For each genre, it identifies important components such as plot, character, theme, language, and setting. The document provides an overview of how different art forms can be analyzed and classified according to their key components and purposes.
Literature is defined as imaginative or creative writing that has artistic value. It awakens readers to the richness of language and enhances command of language and sensitivity to its effects. There are two ways to categorize literature - by historical and cultural context, and by formal features such as genre. Genre refers to a particular style or category of artistic works characterized by form, style, or purpose. The largest genres are fiction, poetry, drama, and nonfiction prose, with subgenres like novels, short stories, biographies within these categories.
This document provides an introduction to literature. It defines literature as a body of work containing imaginative language that portrays human experiences, emotions, and thoughts. Literature is considered a product of culture that reflects a society's values. Studying literature allows one to learn about people and cultures across time and space. The document also discusses various literary standards such as universality, artistry, and permanence. It outlines different approaches to analyzing literature, including formalistic, moral, historical, sociological, cultural, and psychological approaches. Finally, it distinguishes between two general types of literature - poetry and prose - and some common genres including short stories, novels, drama, and essays.
This document defines literature as imaginative writings that deal with life and human experiences. It discusses the different types of literature including fiction, non-fiction, prose, and poetry. Prose types include novels, short stories, legends, myths, fables, parables, folktales, anecdotes, chronicles, biographies, autobiographies, essays, news, orations, plays, diaries. Poetry types include dramatic, lyric, and narrative poetry.
What is literature ?
Literature is a term use to describe written or spoken material. The term is most commonly used to refer to words of the creative imagination including works of poetry, drama, fiction and non-fiction. Literature is the art of written works. It is the body of written works of a language period or culture. Literature is published in written works in a particular style or particular subject. Literature is the mirror of life. Our life and all the subject are related to our life is the subject matter or element of literature. So we can get the touch of our life trough literature.Etymologically, literature has to do with letters,the written as opposed to the spoken word, though not everything that is written down is literature.
What is the function of literature ?
As based conception, Aristoteles in “poetic’ that the function of literature is called “catharsis the primary functions of literature are to delight the reader, and heighten his awareness of life. The subsidiary functions are ‘propaganda’, ‘release’ and ‘escape’; but they are subordinated to the primary creative functions of literature.Propaganda literature’ must be distinguished from mere propaganda in which there is nothing creative. The writer of mere propaganda is simply concerned to popularize facts, ideas, and emotions with which he is familiar. But propaganda that is literature is a creative influence irradiating and transforming the writer’s experience.‘Release literature’ is that in which the dominant motive of the writer is simply the assuagement of starved needs, the release of pent-up forces in the personality. Romances, detective stories, thrillers, poems etc.
Literature also provides ‘escape’ from the grim realities of life, and many people read to escape boredom. The higher type of literature helps the reader to escape from trivial reality into significant reality.
Element of Narrative
Conceptual elements ( surface facts )
Actions – events and the sequence ( plot )
Character ‘ agent of motivation
setting – point of reference
Mode of narration ( expressive devices )
Point of view - focus of the narrator knowledge and values
Style - focus of the author’s atittudes and values
This document provides an overview of literature, including definitions, reasons for writing, elements, categories, and characteristics. It defines literature as written works considered of artistic merit that interpret nature and life. Literature includes prose, poetry, fiction (short stories, novels, drama). Short stories emphasize plot, characters, or themes and are shorter than novels. Novels have more complex plots and characters that develop over longer lengths. Dramas are divided into tragedies and comedies. The document serves as an introduction to literature.
This document outlines 9 different approaches to literary criticism: formalistic, biographical, sociological, historical, gender, mythological, reader response, psychological, and deconstructionist. It briefly describes each approach, noting that the formalistic approach examines how literary elements create meaning, the biographical approach considers an author's life, the sociological examines social contexts, the historical looks at the cultural time period, the gender considers women's roles, the mythological traces universal myths and symbols, reader response emphasizes the reader's interpretation, psychological views the text as revealing the author's mind, and deconstructionist rejects the idea that language can objectively represent reality.
This document discusses Virginia Woolf's 1927 novel "To The Lighthouse" and the modernist literary techniques she employed. It provides context on Woolf's life and the basics of the novel. The key techniques discussed are stream of consciousness, interior monologue, and free association. Stream of consciousness seeks to depict the multitude of thoughts in someone's mind without chronological order. Interior monologue represents a character's unspoken thoughts and feelings. Free association controls stream of consciousness through memory, senses, and imagination. Woolf experimented with these techniques to push narrative boundaries.
This document provides an introduction to literature in English, covering key topics such as the definition of literature, importance of literature, kinds of literature (fiction and non-fiction), and elements of fiction such as setting, plot, characters, theme, style and language. It defines literature as written works valued as artworks, especially novels, plays and poems. The importance of literature is that it improves language skills, provides information about other cultures, and entertains readers.
Maqsood Hasni was born in 1951 in Pakistan. He has had a long academic and writing career, obtaining multiple master's degrees and a PhD from universities in Pakistan and the US. He has written 19 books in various genres including poetry, short stories, literary criticism and research. The document discusses the views of various critics on Hasni's works, praising his innovative approaches to literature, use of logic and reasoning, and contributions to fields like Urdu poetry, literary movements, and studies of authors like Ghalib.
1st group haji, elvi - introduction of prose and the elements - english pro...zhayda
This document defines prose as a form of language without a formal metrical structure that uses natural speech and grammar. It discusses the main types of prose as nonfictional, fictional, and heroic prose. The key elements of prose are then defined, including plot, theme, characters, setting, point of view, and language. Plot refers to the sequence of events, theme is the central idea, and characters are the people or beings. Setting is the background against which the story takes place. Point of view is the perspective from which the story is told. Language is the vehicle used for communication. Pride and Prejudice is used as an example to illustrate these different elements of prose.
This document provides an overview and outline for a course on the history of English literature. The main objectives are to make students aware of how English literature has developed historically and been influenced by social, cultural, and political events over time. The course will cover major periods in English literature from Anglo-Saxons to modern literature. Key topics to be discussed include the relationship between literature and society, how literature communicates experience, and how an author's personality is reflected in their works.
This document discusses the definition and history of literature. It defines literature as anything printed related to human ideas and feelings, whether factual or imaginary. True literature is described as expressing human emotions and being timeless. The document then discusses various elements, genres, forms and figures of literature such as fiction, poetry, prose, and authors. It provides examples and defines terms. It concludes with a brief overview of the history of literature from ancient civilizations to modern times and the development of written language systems.
Literature can be defined in 3 ways: preserved writings belonging to a language or people, notable writings of a country or period distinguished by form of expression, and writings that interpret nature and life through language. Literature includes imaginative works like poems, stories and plays that present fictional situations, and non-fiction works like biographies and essays that present actual facts and ideas. Studying literature allows one to express oneself, access culture, recognize human experiences, develop perspective and values. Literature consists of various genres like fiction, poetry, drama, and essays that use different structures, audiences and presentation styles.
This document summarizes Longinus's treatise "On the Sublime", which analyzes the concept of sublimity in language and its ability to elevate discourse. It defines sublimity as consisting of lofty language that sways readers through grandeur of thought, treatment of passions, figures of speech and thought, dignified expression through word choice and metaphor, and majestic structure. While sublimity cannot be innate, it can be developed through instruction and reason. The document outlines Longinus's influential views on sublimity that shaped Romantic literature and criticism.
This document provides an overview of English literature, including definitions and examples of different genres. It defines literature as imaginative works that reflect society and human nature. The genres discussed include prose (fiction and non-fiction), poetry, and drama. Within fiction, it describes various subgenres like historical fiction, science fiction, fantasy, and mystery. It also discusses elements of stories like plot, setting, characters, point of view, and theme. For non-fiction, it outlines purposes and examples of forms like biographies, essays, textbooks, and newspapers. Finally, it briefly defines poetry and drama, including common drama types like comedy, tragedy, and musicals.
This document provides an overview of various literary genres and their key elements. It discusses literary genres such as fiction, poetry, and creative nonfiction. For fiction, it describes common elements like plot, setting, character, style, symbol, theme, tone, and point of view. It also discusses different modes of fiction like romance and realism. For poetry, it outlines literary devices, forms, and common types. Overall, the document serves as a reference for understanding different genres and their defining features.
This document discusses prose fiction and Marxist theory and literature. It defines prose fiction as an imaginary story told in natural language. It then lists the typical elements of prose fiction such as theme, setting, plot, characters, point of view, conflict, and style. The document goes on to explain Marxist criticism and how Marxist critics examine aspects of texts like characters and settings to understand the author's ideology. Marxist theory of literature is divided into basic concepts defining culture, language, and literature, cultural theory about how culture adapts to humans and itself, and literary criticism which is the analysis and interpretation of literary works.
Here are the answers to the questions:
1. Litera
2. Paragraph
3. Verse
4. Short story
5. Novel
6. Lyric poetry
7. Narrative poetry
8. Dramatic poetry
9. Elegy
10. Narrative poetry
Rabindranath Tagore's views on Nationalism and Patriotism were far ahead of his time. Today also his views are very relevant. He was able to see the dangers of hyper-nationalism and patriotism. It may stand against humanity. He feared that national will replace human beings. His views of Japan's economic rise and military aggression.
This was webinar presentation. The event was organised by a college in north Karnataka.
Longinus was an ancient Greek critic who wrote On the Sublime, an influential treatise on literary criticism. In it, he defines the sublime as language that uplifts the reader and makes them react as intended by the writer. He identifies five sources of sublimity: grandeur of thought, strong emotion, appropriate use of figures, noble diction, and dignified composition. Specifically, Longinus discusses the figures of periphrasis and noble diction. Periphrasis uses longer, indirect phrasing instead of shorter expressions, while noble diction involves striking word choice. Both can enhance writing when used properly but require discretion, as excessive or inappropriate use may have negative effects.
The document discusses New Criticism, a 20th century literary theory focused on close reading of texts. Key points:
- New Criticism examines literature as autonomous objects, ignoring authorial intent and historical context.
- It emphasizes analyzing how elements within a work (like language and structure) work together to create unified meaning.
- New Critics pioneered close reading to examine tensions, paradoxes, and ambiguities in the text and how they are resolved.
This document discusses the use of flashback techniques in the novel "Grain of Wheat". It explains that flashbacks are used to convey a character's background and motives. Flashbacks also increase tension in a narrative. The novel uses an omniscient narrator and third person perspective to reveal characters' inner thoughts through flashbacks to the past. It presents the plot in a non-chronological way, using flashbacks to fill in details and facts that help explain the events. The stories of different characters are intertwined and revealed through bits and pieces throughout the novel, running parallel to the present story.
Tang and Song dynasties are known for poetry, landscape painting, and calligraphy. Famous Tang poets include Li Bai and Du Fu, who wrote poems about nature, friendship, and politics that are still widely read today. Landscape painting flourished during Song dynasty, using techniques like multiple perspective views that presented nature's unlimited space. Yuan drama featured love stories and social issues. Classical novels from later periods like Romance of the Three Kingdoms, Water Margin, and Journey to the West are still popular, telling epic tales. Dream of the Red Chamber provides insights into late Qing society through its depiction of a declining aristocratic family.
This document defines literature as imaginative writings that deal with life and human experiences. It discusses the different types of literature including fiction, non-fiction, prose, and poetry. Prose types include novels, short stories, legends, myths, fables, parables, folktales, anecdotes, chronicles, biographies, autobiographies, essays, news, orations, plays, diaries. Poetry types include dramatic, lyric, and narrative poetry.
What is literature ?
Literature is a term use to describe written or spoken material. The term is most commonly used to refer to words of the creative imagination including works of poetry, drama, fiction and non-fiction. Literature is the art of written works. It is the body of written works of a language period or culture. Literature is published in written works in a particular style or particular subject. Literature is the mirror of life. Our life and all the subject are related to our life is the subject matter or element of literature. So we can get the touch of our life trough literature.Etymologically, literature has to do with letters,the written as opposed to the spoken word, though not everything that is written down is literature.
What is the function of literature ?
As based conception, Aristoteles in “poetic’ that the function of literature is called “catharsis the primary functions of literature are to delight the reader, and heighten his awareness of life. The subsidiary functions are ‘propaganda’, ‘release’ and ‘escape’; but they are subordinated to the primary creative functions of literature.Propaganda literature’ must be distinguished from mere propaganda in which there is nothing creative. The writer of mere propaganda is simply concerned to popularize facts, ideas, and emotions with which he is familiar. But propaganda that is literature is a creative influence irradiating and transforming the writer’s experience.‘Release literature’ is that in which the dominant motive of the writer is simply the assuagement of starved needs, the release of pent-up forces in the personality. Romances, detective stories, thrillers, poems etc.
Literature also provides ‘escape’ from the grim realities of life, and many people read to escape boredom. The higher type of literature helps the reader to escape from trivial reality into significant reality.
Element of Narrative
Conceptual elements ( surface facts )
Actions – events and the sequence ( plot )
Character ‘ agent of motivation
setting – point of reference
Mode of narration ( expressive devices )
Point of view - focus of the narrator knowledge and values
Style - focus of the author’s atittudes and values
This document provides an overview of literature, including definitions, reasons for writing, elements, categories, and characteristics. It defines literature as written works considered of artistic merit that interpret nature and life. Literature includes prose, poetry, fiction (short stories, novels, drama). Short stories emphasize plot, characters, or themes and are shorter than novels. Novels have more complex plots and characters that develop over longer lengths. Dramas are divided into tragedies and comedies. The document serves as an introduction to literature.
This document outlines 9 different approaches to literary criticism: formalistic, biographical, sociological, historical, gender, mythological, reader response, psychological, and deconstructionist. It briefly describes each approach, noting that the formalistic approach examines how literary elements create meaning, the biographical approach considers an author's life, the sociological examines social contexts, the historical looks at the cultural time period, the gender considers women's roles, the mythological traces universal myths and symbols, reader response emphasizes the reader's interpretation, psychological views the text as revealing the author's mind, and deconstructionist rejects the idea that language can objectively represent reality.
This document discusses Virginia Woolf's 1927 novel "To The Lighthouse" and the modernist literary techniques she employed. It provides context on Woolf's life and the basics of the novel. The key techniques discussed are stream of consciousness, interior monologue, and free association. Stream of consciousness seeks to depict the multitude of thoughts in someone's mind without chronological order. Interior monologue represents a character's unspoken thoughts and feelings. Free association controls stream of consciousness through memory, senses, and imagination. Woolf experimented with these techniques to push narrative boundaries.
This document provides an introduction to literature in English, covering key topics such as the definition of literature, importance of literature, kinds of literature (fiction and non-fiction), and elements of fiction such as setting, plot, characters, theme, style and language. It defines literature as written works valued as artworks, especially novels, plays and poems. The importance of literature is that it improves language skills, provides information about other cultures, and entertains readers.
Maqsood Hasni was born in 1951 in Pakistan. He has had a long academic and writing career, obtaining multiple master's degrees and a PhD from universities in Pakistan and the US. He has written 19 books in various genres including poetry, short stories, literary criticism and research. The document discusses the views of various critics on Hasni's works, praising his innovative approaches to literature, use of logic and reasoning, and contributions to fields like Urdu poetry, literary movements, and studies of authors like Ghalib.
1st group haji, elvi - introduction of prose and the elements - english pro...zhayda
This document defines prose as a form of language without a formal metrical structure that uses natural speech and grammar. It discusses the main types of prose as nonfictional, fictional, and heroic prose. The key elements of prose are then defined, including plot, theme, characters, setting, point of view, and language. Plot refers to the sequence of events, theme is the central idea, and characters are the people or beings. Setting is the background against which the story takes place. Point of view is the perspective from which the story is told. Language is the vehicle used for communication. Pride and Prejudice is used as an example to illustrate these different elements of prose.
This document provides an overview and outline for a course on the history of English literature. The main objectives are to make students aware of how English literature has developed historically and been influenced by social, cultural, and political events over time. The course will cover major periods in English literature from Anglo-Saxons to modern literature. Key topics to be discussed include the relationship between literature and society, how literature communicates experience, and how an author's personality is reflected in their works.
This document discusses the definition and history of literature. It defines literature as anything printed related to human ideas and feelings, whether factual or imaginary. True literature is described as expressing human emotions and being timeless. The document then discusses various elements, genres, forms and figures of literature such as fiction, poetry, prose, and authors. It provides examples and defines terms. It concludes with a brief overview of the history of literature from ancient civilizations to modern times and the development of written language systems.
Literature can be defined in 3 ways: preserved writings belonging to a language or people, notable writings of a country or period distinguished by form of expression, and writings that interpret nature and life through language. Literature includes imaginative works like poems, stories and plays that present fictional situations, and non-fiction works like biographies and essays that present actual facts and ideas. Studying literature allows one to express oneself, access culture, recognize human experiences, develop perspective and values. Literature consists of various genres like fiction, poetry, drama, and essays that use different structures, audiences and presentation styles.
This document summarizes Longinus's treatise "On the Sublime", which analyzes the concept of sublimity in language and its ability to elevate discourse. It defines sublimity as consisting of lofty language that sways readers through grandeur of thought, treatment of passions, figures of speech and thought, dignified expression through word choice and metaphor, and majestic structure. While sublimity cannot be innate, it can be developed through instruction and reason. The document outlines Longinus's influential views on sublimity that shaped Romantic literature and criticism.
This document provides an overview of English literature, including definitions and examples of different genres. It defines literature as imaginative works that reflect society and human nature. The genres discussed include prose (fiction and non-fiction), poetry, and drama. Within fiction, it describes various subgenres like historical fiction, science fiction, fantasy, and mystery. It also discusses elements of stories like plot, setting, characters, point of view, and theme. For non-fiction, it outlines purposes and examples of forms like biographies, essays, textbooks, and newspapers. Finally, it briefly defines poetry and drama, including common drama types like comedy, tragedy, and musicals.
This document provides an overview of various literary genres and their key elements. It discusses literary genres such as fiction, poetry, and creative nonfiction. For fiction, it describes common elements like plot, setting, character, style, symbol, theme, tone, and point of view. It also discusses different modes of fiction like romance and realism. For poetry, it outlines literary devices, forms, and common types. Overall, the document serves as a reference for understanding different genres and their defining features.
This document discusses prose fiction and Marxist theory and literature. It defines prose fiction as an imaginary story told in natural language. It then lists the typical elements of prose fiction such as theme, setting, plot, characters, point of view, conflict, and style. The document goes on to explain Marxist criticism and how Marxist critics examine aspects of texts like characters and settings to understand the author's ideology. Marxist theory of literature is divided into basic concepts defining culture, language, and literature, cultural theory about how culture adapts to humans and itself, and literary criticism which is the analysis and interpretation of literary works.
Here are the answers to the questions:
1. Litera
2. Paragraph
3. Verse
4. Short story
5. Novel
6. Lyric poetry
7. Narrative poetry
8. Dramatic poetry
9. Elegy
10. Narrative poetry
Rabindranath Tagore's views on Nationalism and Patriotism were far ahead of his time. Today also his views are very relevant. He was able to see the dangers of hyper-nationalism and patriotism. It may stand against humanity. He feared that national will replace human beings. His views of Japan's economic rise and military aggression.
This was webinar presentation. The event was organised by a college in north Karnataka.
Longinus was an ancient Greek critic who wrote On the Sublime, an influential treatise on literary criticism. In it, he defines the sublime as language that uplifts the reader and makes them react as intended by the writer. He identifies five sources of sublimity: grandeur of thought, strong emotion, appropriate use of figures, noble diction, and dignified composition. Specifically, Longinus discusses the figures of periphrasis and noble diction. Periphrasis uses longer, indirect phrasing instead of shorter expressions, while noble diction involves striking word choice. Both can enhance writing when used properly but require discretion, as excessive or inappropriate use may have negative effects.
The document discusses New Criticism, a 20th century literary theory focused on close reading of texts. Key points:
- New Criticism examines literature as autonomous objects, ignoring authorial intent and historical context.
- It emphasizes analyzing how elements within a work (like language and structure) work together to create unified meaning.
- New Critics pioneered close reading to examine tensions, paradoxes, and ambiguities in the text and how they are resolved.
This document discusses the use of flashback techniques in the novel "Grain of Wheat". It explains that flashbacks are used to convey a character's background and motives. Flashbacks also increase tension in a narrative. The novel uses an omniscient narrator and third person perspective to reveal characters' inner thoughts through flashbacks to the past. It presents the plot in a non-chronological way, using flashbacks to fill in details and facts that help explain the events. The stories of different characters are intertwined and revealed through bits and pieces throughout the novel, running parallel to the present story.
Tang and Song dynasties are known for poetry, landscape painting, and calligraphy. Famous Tang poets include Li Bai and Du Fu, who wrote poems about nature, friendship, and politics that are still widely read today. Landscape painting flourished during Song dynasty, using techniques like multiple perspective views that presented nature's unlimited space. Yuan drama featured love stories and social issues. Classical novels from later periods like Romance of the Three Kingdoms, Water Margin, and Journey to the West are still popular, telling epic tales. Dream of the Red Chamber provides insights into late Qing society through its depiction of a declining aristocratic family.
This document provides an overview of 21st century literature from the Philippines and around the world. It discusses representative texts and authors from several regions in Asia, including China, Korea, Japan, and others. For each country or region, several influential authors are mentioned along with short summaries of some of their most notable works. The document aims to familiarize students with literary traditions and movements across Asia.
This is a brief comparative look at Chinese, Japanese, and American Modernist Poetry in order to demonstrate the influence of China and Japan on Modernism, specifically William Carlos William’s Spring and All and Ezra Pound’s “In A Station of the Metro.” We’ll look at the influence of Chan/Zen Buddhist thought, a Chinese Poet named Wang Wei and some of Spring and all
“And In a station of the Metro” in relation to Haiku
This document summarizes an academic interaction between Nikki and Yingxue. It was divided into groups for discussion. The agenda included catching up from spring break, discussing a chapter on literature and humanities, poetry analysis, and comparing different versions of fairy tales like Cinderella from various cultures. Students analyzed poems, created their own haikus, discussed vocabulary, and compared similarities and differences in fairy tales from around the world.
History and Philosophy of China - The Shaman, I Ching and phliosopherssDan DeCarlo
Fu Shi, Yellow Emperor, and Yu, Rites and Rituals of the Zhou, The Taoists (Lao, Chuang, and Lieh Tzu, The Confucians/Confucians, his followers and Mencius, the Legalists, the Emperor, and making it all work.
East Asian Literature (China, Japan & Korea)Jovilyn Henson
The document discusses literature from East Asia, including China, Japan, and Korea. It provides an overview of the history and major developments in each country. In China, it describes the origins of literature in ancient dynasties and philosophers like Confucius. It highlights prominent poets from the Tang Dynasty like Li Po and Wang Wei. In Japan, it outlines the earliest writings and influential forms of drama like Noh plays and poetry styles like Haiku. Korean literature evolved from oral traditions and was influenced by Buddhism and Confucianism, with major themes around loyalty and relationships.
The document provides an overview of Chinese literary history from ancient dynasties like Shang and Han to modern times. Key points include:
- The Shang Dynasty in 1600 BC marked the earliest Chinese literature found in oracle bones containing early forms of Chinese writing.
- Confucius established Confucianism in the 500s BC, emphasizing moral character development and responsibility through rules of behavior.
- The Tang Dynasty in the 7th-12th centuries AD was a golden age of poetry, philosophy, and arts with famous poets like Li Po and Tu Fu.
- Lu Xun introduced modern Chinese literature in the early 20th century with works criticizing traditional culture like "Diary of a Madman."
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Joanne Pan
ENGL344
Professor Gwiazda
October 13, 2015
Critical Project Paper
Along with Outlaws of the Marsh, Three Kingdoms and The Chamber of Red Dreams,
Wu Cheng En’s Journey to the West is considered one of the four great classical novels of China,
and are collectively referred to as the 四大名著 (sì dà míng zhù). Journey to the West was written
during the Ming China. The story has been turned into television shows, comic books, operas,
children’s stories, novels, and has been translated into Japanese, English, French, German,
Russian, Vietnamese, and Korean. The prologue focuses on the Monkey king Sun Wukong and
his creation on a mountaintop. W.J.F. Jenner’s four-volume translation is uses a word-for-word
translation based on older English translations and focuses on Sun Wukong’s actions and
punishments while Shelley Fu’s translation retells the story for children and focuses on the
journey.
The original author of the text was believed to be unknown because it was based off of
oral tales, but the generally accepted author is Wu Cheng En. Shi Changyu of the Institute of
Literature in the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences wrote the preface to Jenner’s translation
and gives the historical context of the novel, Wu’s background, and which English translation
Jenner based his translation off of. Shi writes that “This present translation is based on the text of
A Taoist Interpretation of Journey to the West…not just because the former has been the most
popular edition for 200 or 300 years, but chiefly because it is considered to be a more mature
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literary work than any of the Ming Dynasty editions” (Shi, 22). The story itself can be seen as a
metaphor for spiritual enlightenment, and how Sun Wukong is the everyday person who
struggles to find that enlightenment all Buddhist practitioners strive for despite the hardship
around them. The text also is a way of explaining different religions in Chinese history, and how
they change over time.
Wu Cheng En was a scholar in Ming China and was believed to have lived from 1500-
1582 during the Jiajing period. He came from an educated family and was highly educated
himself, but he failed the exams for becoming a civil servant several times and only “entered the
Imperial College with recommendations” (Shi, 6). During his lifetime “in the middle part of the
Ming Dynasty…prose of the Qin and Han dynasties were the fashionable models for literary
men. But Wu’s works were not modeled on any of the ancient styles…” (Shi, 6). Not only did
Wu reject the socially acceptable ways of writing for someone who was educated, Wu suffered
from “political corruption and ever-increasing social despair” (Shi, 7), but Shi claims that the
story does not represent spiritual enlightenment but instead how Wu felt about the society he
lived in.
Jenner’s version of the story divides the one hundred chapter long story into four
volumes, and the first seven chapters focus on Sun Wukong’s beginning, and how his actions led
him to be imprisoned under a mountain for five hundred years before the story begins. Jenner
starts off the story by talking about how time was divided in order to create the world. In the
original, Wu wrote “蓋聞天地之數,有十二萬九千六百歲為一元。將一元分為十二
會,乃子、丑、寅 、卯、辰、巳、午、未、申、酉、戌、亥之十二支也。每會
該一萬八百歲”, which Jenner translates as “In the arithmetic of the universe, 129,600 years
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make one cycle. Each cycle can be divided into twelve phases: I, II, III, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII, IX,
X, XI and XII, the twelve branches. Each phase lasts 10,800 years” (Jenner, 1). In Jenner’s
translation, we learn of the twelve phases that created the universe and how each phase was
divided up. Afterwards, we learn about the birth of Sun Wukong and where he got his powers.
Sun Wukong has magic but he does not know how to use it, so he becomes a student to a
Taoist master, but because of his antics he was forced to leave and return to his home where the
other monkeys live. He realizes that for all his knowledge, he does not have immortality which
he desperately wants, so he goes and makes a nuisance of himself to multiple deities. According
to legend “He sneaks into the palace, steals the peaches of eternal life, the imperial wine, and the
elixir pills of immortality…” (ShenYun, How the Monkey King Came to Be). However, because
of his actions he is imprisoned under a mountain for five hundred years, and when he’s released
he’s ordered to guard the Buddhist monk Xuanzang, and that is where his journey begins. In the
first chapter alone, Sun Wukong has learned magic, been to the realm where deities from major
Chinese religions live, been exiled for five hundred years under a mountain, and told to protect a
monk while retrieving sacred scripture from present-day India.
Jenner makes the translation full of detail and imagery, which is what Schleiermacher
believes is the job of the translator. According to Schleiermacher,
The translator must take it as his goal to furnish his reader with just such an image and
just such enjoyment as reading the work in the original language would have provided the
well educated man…even where he can take pleasure unhindered in the beauty of a work,
remains ever conscious of the differences between this language and his mother tongue.
(Schleiermacher, 51).
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When translating an epic saga such like Journey to the West, there will be details that will
be lost, especially going from East Asian pictographic-based languages into Western languages.
When Wu Cheng En wrote the story down, he wrote it in a way that would be familiar to him at
the time. Now, the Chinese translations would be just as different as the translations into other
languages. With Schleiermacher, translators must keep in mind the differences between the
original language and the language they are translating the work into. Because Journey to the
West has been translated into so many different languages, readers already know that there are
differences they cannot grasp. While readers can educate themselves about Chinese culture and
history during the Ming and Tang dynasties, the translated work may not convey the idea clearly
which may make it hard for the reader to understand what the author intended. However, there
are translators that try to stay as close to the original as possible, and Jenner tries to make his
translation a word-for-word translation rather than a sense-for-sense as Shelley Fu does in her
translation.
Shelley Fu’s book “Ho Yi The Archer and Other Classic Chinese Tales” gives a very
simplified version of Journey to the West, and retells the tale as a fable with a moral ending that
children must learn. Unlike Jenner, who gave his titles long names and a poem at the beginning
to show that the mountain where Sun Wukong comes from has not yet been created, she starts
off by talking about the birth of Sun Wukong. According to Fu’s version, Sun Wukong had been
a monkey king who disregarded the followings of his first teacher who taught him all he knew of
magic and celestial law. He then made a nuisance of himself with the Chinese deities and as a
result he was imprisoned under a mountain for five hundred years. However, his teacher caught
him showing off his new powers to his other students and informed him “I have misjudged you. I
thought you were pure of heart, but obviously you are only a vain little monkey. You can’t stay
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here” (Fu, 50). Sun Wukong at this time is human in monkey form and is full of disobedience,
vanity, and pride. During that time, his penance was to learn that “The truly great have no need
for ambition or pride” (Fu, 65). However, this was only the first part of his lesson. After he met
the Buddhist monk Xuanzang, Sun Wukong gradually learned “the qualities of gentleness and
kindness. He slowly learned not to be vain or needlessly cruel” (Fu, 72). At the end, the moral of
Fu’s version of the story for Sun Wukong is that we have the freedom to serve who we chose.
According to Fu’s translation, Sun tells Buddha “I want to serve you BECAUSE I am free” and
that Sun Wukong had “at last achieved perfect enlightenment” (Fu, 74). Fu’s version is more like
a parable, where there’s a story and a moral. In the story of the Monkey King, it is his journey of
spiritual enlightenment and his reward of being able to choose who to serve.
Unlike Jenner, Fu’s translation of the story is not a real translation but instead a retelling
of the story for children. Instead of talking about Wu Cheng En, the historical period where the
tale took place, or any of the other characters, she chooses to focus on Sun Wukong and his
journey. She writes “Shun Wu Koong’s journey to India is more trying as a spiritual journey than
a physical one. He becomes an Everyman, or pilgrim, whose struggles symbolize common man’s
striving toward spiritual perfection. His transformation also can be taken to symbolize the change
for the better of the Chinese people as they embraced Buddhism” (Fu, 76). At the end of her
note, Fu writes a saying from Tzo Ch’iu Ming, who says “No virtue is greater than reforming
one’s faults” (Fu, 75). Sun Wukong changes from an everyday person to one who has achieved
what all Buddhist practitioners’ achieve-spiritual enlightenment.
Walter Benjamin writes “The translator’s task is to find the intention toward the language
into which the work is to be translated, on the basis of which an echo of the original is awakened
in it” (Benjamin, 78). According to Benjamin, translators must keep the idea that the author
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intended to convey through his work to his audience. Schleiermacher and Benjamin explain that
the job of the translator is to be as close and accurate to the original as possible in order to create
the imagery the original author intended. If translators forget that intention and leave out the
originality of the text, then there is no point in translating the text because the audience will not
understand what they are trying to convey to their readers.
Journey to the West has been around for centuries and has been translated into multiple
languages around the world. Translation theory for a classic such as this is tricky, because the
translator has to keep in mind what the imperial court of China was like during that particular
time period as well as keep the originality Wu gave his characters in mind. There are some ideas
and words that sound better in the original language and can’t be translated easily, as long as
translators convey the idea and meaning to their audience from different languages, then they
have done their job.
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Bibliography
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Educators. Columbia University. Web. 10 October 2015
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Lovell, Julia. Monkeying Around with the Nobel Prize: Wu Chen’En’s “Journey to the West.”
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“Timeline of Chinese History and Dynasties.” Asia for Educators. Columbia University. N.d.
Web. 11 October 2015
“The 4 Greatest Classical Novels of Chinese Literature.” Visiontimes. Visiontimes, 26 October
2013. Web. 15 October 2015.
Venuti, Lawrence. The Translation Studies Reader. 3rd edition. New York: Routledge, 2012.
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Print.
Wu, Cheng En. Journey to the West. Project Gutenberg. N.d. Web. 10 October 2015.
“Wu Cheng’en.” Encyclopedia Britannica. N.d. Web. 10 October 2015.
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