This document discusses conventions for citing sources, including what documentation and bibliography are, why citing sources is important, tips for evaluating internet sources, and examples of citing sources in MLA and APA format. Documentation involves giving proper credit to sources to avoid plagiarism, while a bibliography is a list of all sources used. Citing sources is important for observing ethics, showing research was conducted, and avoiding plagiarism. The document provides tips for evaluating internet sources and examples of citing sources in MLA and APA styles.

1. CONVENTIONS IN
CITING SOURCES
(PART I)
MARIEL E. DELOS
ANGELES, LPT

2. OBJECTIVES:
At the end of the lesson, you are expected to:
• Use convention in citing sources (EN8SS-III-1.6.4)
• Define important concepts in citing sources
• Identify the reasons for citing sources

3. Express your thoughts on the picture below.
LEARNING ACTIVITY 1

4. LEARNING ACTIVITY II
• How will you feel if your idea was stolen from you?

5. WHAT IS DOCUMENTATION?
• DOCUMENTATION
 is a basic requirement of research writing to ensure that you give
proper credit to sources of information and would not pass off
someone else’s work as your own, intentionally or unintentionally.
Failure to use proper documentation is considered plagiarism, a
serious breach of academic honesty.

6. WHAT IS BIBLIOGRAPHY?
• A bibliography is a list of all of the sources you have used (whether
referenced or not) in the process of researching your work. In general, a
bibliography should include:
• the authors' names
• the titles of the works
• the names and locations of the companies that published your copies of the
sources
• the dates your copies were published
• the page numbers of your sources (if they are part of multi-source volumes)

7. WHY CITING SOURCES IS
IMPORTANT?
• DOCUMENTATION RULES
1. Why should I cite my reference?
a) To observe ethics
b) To tell your audience that you have researched your topic
and that you are reliable as a writer.
c) To avoid plagiarism or academic dishonesty

8. 2. When should I cite the material?
a) There’s no need to document items that are common
knowledge. If you are unsure if something is common
knowledge, support the material with a source.
3. When should I quote directly?
a) Quote important statements.
b) Quote if you want to show the authority of the speaker as a
recognized expert in the field.
c) Quote when paraphrasing (or restating your own words).
“Crime rates have decreased.”
TIPS
• In literature,
quotations are used
to support
interpretations of a
primary text.
• In other fields, most
materials are
paraphrased
because the sources
are studies and not
primary texts.

9. 4. Which sources should I use?
Use sources by trustworthy and recognized authors, experts in the field, and
eyewitnesses.
a) Articles without authors can be reliable sources if there is clearly a
legitimate group taking responsibility for the material (such as a medical
board)
b) Use books if they are properly documented throughout.
c) Use journals and other periodicals that are peer-reviewed or approved by
experts other than the author before they are printed.
d) Use materials from the internet but be more careful when using this kind of
source than when using others.

10. TIPS FOR EVALUATING INTERNET
SOURCES (WARNING SIGNS)
• There is no author or group identified as responsible for the material. No
contact information such as a postal address and phone number, less
importantly, an email address were provided. No certifiable credentials were
given.
• There may be authors, but they do not control how the material appears.
(e.g Wikipedia)
• The site has not been recently updated or behind for years.
• The source is not linked to known credible sources. Legitimate sites often
appear as links on the other dependable sites.
• There is no bibliographical information so that its research could be verified
or followed.

11. TIPS FOR EVALUATING INTERNET
SOURCES (WARNING SIGNS)
• The source targets consumers or clients for products and/or services offered.
They encourage you to buy something.
• There are pop-ups (such as winning, invitations, etc.)
• The site ask you to fill out forms or provide personal information. It fills your
inbox with spam.
• The site does not allow you to skip sections (such as introductions).
• Claims are not backed with reliable evidence.
• There are glaring errors in grammar, punctuation, and typos. A legitimate site
employs editors and proofreaders to ensure an error-free site.

12. PRACTICE TASK 1:
• DIRECTIONS: Read and analyzed the following
statements below.
• Research about the common documentation
styles ( MLA & APA format)
• Read and study guidelines in writing MLA style
• Read and study guidelines in writing APA style
• Write at least 5 examples of MLA style
• Write at least 5 examples of APA style.

13. REFERENCES
• ONLINE SOURCES
• Turnitin, LLC (June 7, 2007). What’s a Bibliography. Retrieve from
https://www.plagiarism.org/article/whats-a-bibliography
• Nathalie Mootz, (September, 2017). Citing Sources: Overview. Retrieve from
https://libguides.mit.edu/citing#:~:text=Citing%20a%20source%20means%20that,
%2C%20chapter%2C%20web%20site
• The Basics of Documentation by Nancy Wynken et al. New York, NY: Time Square
Books, 2000
• http://write-site.athabacau.ca/documentation/The-Basic-of-Documentation.pdf