The document discusses different types of computer languages and language translators. There are two main types of computer languages - low-level languages which are close to machine language like assembly, and high-level languages which are closer to human languages like C++ and Java. Language translators like compilers, interpreters, and assemblers are used to translate programs written in high-level and assembly languages into machine-readable object code. Compilers translate the entire program at once while interpreters translate line-by-line, and assemblers specifically assemble assembly language programs into machine code.

2. COMPUTER LANGUAGES
TRANSLATERS
and

3. LANGUAGE
Human Language Commonly Used to Express Feelings and understand
other person expression and emotions. It can be oral or gestural kind of
Communication

4. WHAT IS COMPUTER LANGUAGE
• A Computer language is a formal language that specifies a set of instructions that can
be used to produce various kinds of output. Programming languages generally consist of
instructions for a computer. Computer languages can be used to create programs that
implement specific algorithms.

5. TYPES OF COMPUTER LANGUAGE
1. LOW-LEVEL LANGUAGE
2. HIGH-LEVEL LANGUAGE
There are two types of computer language:

8. LOW-LEVEL LANGUAGE
The programming languages that are close to machine language are
called low-level Programming language.
There are two types of low-level language
Low-Level-Language
Machine Language Assembly Language

9. MACHINE LANGUAGE
The programming language in which instructions of the programs are written in
binary Form is called “machine language”.It is fundamental computer language. It is
very difficult to learn and use.There is no need to translate the program written in
machine language .It is because; the instructions are already in machine code i.e.
binary form.

10. ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE
The programming language in which instructions of the programs are written in
Symbols or English like words, is called “assembly language". Assembly language
was developed to make the programming task easier.it is very easy to learn than
“machine language". This language is usually used for writing system software and
firmware. In assembly language, symbols(or English like words) are used to write
program instruction, these symbols are known as “mnemonics”. For example , the
add instruction is written as “ADD SUB MUL AND” .

11. ADVANTAGES OF LOW-LEVEL LANGUAGE
• Programs developed using low level languages are fast and memory efficient.
• Programmers can utilize processor and memory in better way using a low level
language.
• There is no need of any compiler or interpreters to translate the source to machine code.
Thus, cuts the compilation and interpretation time.
• Low level languages provide direct manipulation of computer registers and storage.
• It can directly communicate with hardware devices.

12. DISADVANTAGES OF LOW-LEVEL LANGUAGE
• Programs developed using low level languages are machine dependent and are not
portable.
• It is difficult to develop, debug and maintain.
• Low level programs are more error prone.
• Low level programming usually results in poor programming productivity.
• Programmer must have additional knowledge of the computer architecture of particular
machine, for programming in low level language.

13. HIGH-LEVEL LANGUAGE
The programming languages that are close to human languages are called “high-
level language”. The program instructions written in these programming Languages
are similar to English language. These languages are easy to learn.
Some commonly used high-level language are as following:
 C/C++
 FORTRAN
 COBOL
 JAVA
 PASCAL
 BASIC

14. C/C++:
The C or C++ languages mostly used to develop system software such as operating system and
application software . Developed by Bell Laboratories in early 1970s.
FORTRAN:
FORTRAN stand for “FORmula TRAnslation” . This language is used to develop software for
solving mathematical problems. Developed at IBM in the mid-1950s.
COBOL:
COBOL stands for Common Business Oriented Language. This language is used to develop
software for business and commerce . Developed in 1959.

15. JAVA
Object-oriented language similar to C++. It is used for network programming and web page
designing.
PASCAL
It is used to develop software for scientific and business purposes.
BASIC
BASIC stands for Beginner All Purpose symbolic Instruction Code. It is used for beginners to
learn the basic concepts of programming . Designed in early 1960s by nonprofessionals and
BASIC remained popular in 1970s and 1990s.

16. ADVANTAGES OF HIGH-LEVEL LANGUAGE
• High level languages are programmer friendly. They are easy to write, debug and
maintain.
• It provide higher level of abstraction from machine languages.
• It is machine independent language.
• Easy to learn.
• Less error prone, easy to find and debug errors.
• High level programming results in better programming productivity.

17. DISADVANTAGES OF HIGH-LEVEL LANGUAGE
• It takes additional translation times to translate the source to machine code.
• High level programs are comparatively slower than low level programs.
• Compared to low level programs, they are generally less memory efficient.
• Cannot communicate directly with the hardware.

18. LANGUAGE TRANSLATORS

19. SOURCE CODE:
The program instruction written by following rules of any high-
level language. The source code is like English statement.
OBJECT CODE:
The translated program into machine code the source code
must be translated into machine code. Because the computer
only understand instructions in machine code.

20. WHY WE USE TRANSLATORS
Computer can only understand binary form and that is 0,1 ,so we have to
convert HLL into machine language. Therefore we use translators.

21. WHAT IS LANGUAGE TRANSLATORS:
A type of system software that is used to translate the program written in high-level
language (or assembly language) into machine code is called “language translator". Its
also known as language processor. Every language has its own language translator
program. it is difficult to write computer program directly in machine code. So we use
language translators.

23. Types of language Translators:
• Compiler
• Interpreter
• Assembler

24. COMPILER
The language translator program that translates the complete source code program
into machine code as a whole is called “compiler”. C/C++ are the examples of
compilers. The program translated into machine code is called the “object
program". The source code is translated into object code successfully if it is free of
errors. If there are errors in the source code, the compiler can successfully compile
the source code.

26. INTERPRETER
The language translator program that translates the complete source code program
into machine code statement by statement is called “Interpreter". It translates one
statement of source program into machine code and executes it immediately before
translating the next statement. It also display the errors.GWBASIC is an example of
an interpreter program.
statement interpreter
Object
code

27. DIFFERENCE BETWEEN COMPILER AND INTERPRETER
1) It translate source code into object
code as a whole.
2) It creates an object file.
3) Program execution is very fast
4) Translator program is not required to
run the program.
5) It is not easier to correct the errors in
source code.
1) It translate the source code into
machine code statement –by-
statement.
2) It does not creat an object file.
3) Program execution is slow.
4) Translator program is required to run
the program
5) It is easier to correct the errors.
COMPILER INTERPRETER

28. ASSEMBLER
The language translator program that translates the program written in assembly
language into machine code is called “assembler”.
Like 101010101010

29. WORKING OF ASSEMBLER
• Programmer write a program using a sequence of
assemble instructions.
• This sequence of assembler instructions known as
a source code or source program then specified to
assembler program when the program is started.
• It translates a source code into machine language.
• The output of the assembler program is called
object code or object program.

31. TYPES OF ASSEMBLER:
 Single pass assembler
 Two pass assembler

32. DIFFERENCE BETWEEN SINGLE PASS AND TWO PASS ASSEMBLER
1) Its perform in single pass.
2) In first pass itself its collects the
symbols , labels and assemble the
instruction.
1) Its perform in Two passes
2) In the first pass it collects the labels
and symbols and in the second pass it
assemble the instruction.
Single Pass Two Pass

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