Jetpack Compose is a modern toolkit for building Android UIs that simplifies and accelerates development. Compose uses composable functions that take in data and emit UI elements without returning anything. Composable functions are the basic building blocks of Compose UIs. The three standard layout elements in Compose are Column, Row, and Box, which take composable content as arguments to place items in a vertical, horizontal, or stacked layout respectively. Modifiers are used to decorate or add behavior to UI elements.