2. Process Of Collective Bargaining
• Presentation in a collective manner
• Discussions and negotiations
• Signing of a Formal Agreement
• Failure of negotiation results in to lock out
3. Importance
1. Improvement in the conditions of workers
2. Check on Autocracy in industry
3. Promotion of lasting industrial Peace
4. Conducive to managerial Efficiency
5. Development of Industrial Rules
6. Significant for society and economy
4. Units and level of Collective Bargaining
• Plant or Establishment level
• Local level
• Region/Area level
• Industry level
• National level
5. Factors influencing Bargaining Units
• Structure of trade union organization
• Nature of ownership of Industrial Enterprises
• Nature of Industrial Relations laws
6. Hurdles to collective Bargaining
• Voluntariness in Recognition of Unions
• Ineffective procedure for the determination of
Reprehensive union
• Outside Leadership in Trade Unions
• Provision of Adjudication machineries
• Restriction on strikes and Lockouts
• Comprehensive Coverage of labor laws
• Inadequate unionization
