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Cloud Computing 17 2 .pptx
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- 2. 2 Comparing grid withutility computing • Grid Computing : Grid Computing, as name suggests, is a type of computing that combine resources from various administrative domains to achieve common goal. Its main goal to virtualized resources to simply solve problems or issues and apply resources of several computers in network to single problem at same time to solve technical or scientific problem.
- 3. 3 • Utility Computing: is a type of computing that provide services and computing resources to customers. It is basically a facility that is being provided to users on their demand and charge them for specific usage. It is similar to cloud computing and therefore requires cloud-like infrastructure.
- 4. 4 Grid Computing UtilityComputing It is a process architecture that combines different computing resources from multiple locations to achieve desired and common goal. It is process architecture that provide on-demand computing resources and infrastructure on basis of pay per use method. It distributes workload across multiple systems and allow computers to contribute their individual resources to common goal. It allows organization to allocate and segregate computing resources and infrastructure to various users on basis of their requirements. It makes better use of existing resources, address rapid fluctuations in customer demands, improve computational capabilities, provide flexibility, etc. It simply reduces IT costs, easier to manage, provide greater flexibility, compatibility, provide more convenience, etc.
- 5. 5 Grid Computing UtilityComputing It is of three types i.e., computational grid, data grid, and collaborative grid. It is of two type i.e., Internal and external utility. It is used in ATMs, back-end infrastructures, marketing research, etc. It is used in large organizations such as Amazon, Google, etc., where they establish their own utility services for computing storage and applications. Its main purpose is to integrate usage of computer resources from cooperating partners in form of VO (Virtual Organizations). Its main purpose is to make computing resources and infrastructure management available to customer as per their need, and charge them for specific usage rather than flat rate. Its characteristics include resource Its characteristics include scalability,
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- 7. 7 Hypervisors • A hypervisoris a form of virtualization software used in Cloud hosting to divide and allocate the resources on various pieces of hardware. • The program which provides partitioning, isolation, or abstraction is called a virtualization hypervisor. • The hypervisor is a hardware virtualization technique that allows multiple guest operating systems (OS) to run on a single host system at the same time. A hypervisor is sometimes also called a virtual machine manager(VMM).
- 8. 8 Types of Hypervisor TYPE-1Hypervisor: • The hypervisor runs directly on the underlying host system. • It is also known as a “Native Hypervisor” or “Bare metal hypervisor”. It does not require any base server operating system. • It has direct access to hardware resources. • Examples of Type 1 hypervisors include VMware ESXi, Citrix XenServer, and Microsoft Hyper-V hypervisor.
- 9. 9 TYPE-2 Hypervisor: • AHost operating system runs on the underlying host system. It is also known as ‘Hosted Hypervisor”. • Such kind of hypervisors doesn’t run directly over the underlying hardware rather they run as an application in a Host system(physical machine). • Basically, the software is installed on an operating system. Hypervisor asks the operating system to make hardware calls. • An example of a Type 2 hypervisor includes VMware Player or Parallels Desktop. • Hosted hypervisors are often found on endpoints like PCs. • The type-2 hypervisor is very useful for engineers, and security analysts (for checking malware, or malicious source code and newly developed applications).
- 10. 10 Multitenancy Multitenancy in Cloudcomputing: Multitenancy is a type of software architecture where a single software instance can serve multiple distinct user groups. It means that multiple customers of cloud vendor are using the same computing resources. As they are sharing the same computing resources but the data of each Cloud customer is kept totally separate and secure. It is very important concept of Cloud Computing.
- 11. 11 Example: • The exampleof multitenancy is the same as working of Bank. Multiple people can store money in the one same bank. But every customer asset is totally different like one customer cannot have access to the other customer’s money and account and different customers are not aware about each other’s account balance and details etc. • Multi-tenancy is an architectural approach enabling a single instance of an application to be shared among multiple organizations or users, and is applied only to SaaS (Software as a service). The core principle here is, it is the single instance of the application which is being shared. Hence, multi-instance architectures aren’t the same as multi-tenant architectures.
- 12. 12 Advantages of Multitenancy •Use of Available resources is maximized by sharing resources. • Customer’s Cost of Physical Hardware System reduces. • It reduce usage of physical devices and thus power consumption and cooling cost save. • Save Vendor’s cost as it become difficult for cloud vendor to provide separate Physical Services to each individual. • Provides isolation to user while maximizing resource utilization.
- 13. 13 Disadvantages of Multitenancy •As data is stored in third party services , this reduces security of our data and put it into vulnerable condition . • Unauthorized access will cause damage of data. • Possibility of competition for system resources. • It has single point of failure since there is only one instance of resource, clients face loss of service in such cases.
- 14. 14 Application Programming Interfaces(API) • API full form is an Application Programming Interface that is a collection of communication protocols and subroutines used by various programs to communicate between them. • A programmer can make use of various API tools to make their program easier and simpler. • An API facilitates programmers with an efficient way to develop their software programs. • An API helps two programs or applications to communicate with each other by providing them with the necessary tools and functions. • It takes the request from the user and sends it to the service provider and then again sends the result generated from the service provider to the desired user.
- 15. 15 How do APIsWork? The working of an API can be clearly explained with a few simple steps. • Think of a client-server architecture where the client sends the request via a medium to the server and receives the response through the same medium. • An API acts as a communication medium between two programs or systems for functioning. • The client is the user/customer (who sends the request), the medium is the application interface programming , and the server is the backend (where the request is accepted and a response is provided).
- 16. 16 Steps followed inthe working of APIs: • The client initiates the requests via the APIs URI (Uniform Resource Identifier) • The API makes a call to the server after receiving the request • Then the server sends the response back to the API with the information • Finally, the API transfers the data to the client
- 17. 17 APIs are consideredsafe in terms of attacks as it includes authorization credentials and an API gateway to limit access so as to minimize security threats. To provide additional security layers to the data, HTTP headers, query string parameters, or cookies are used. API’s architectures are: • REST (Representational State Transfer) • SOAP (Simple Object Access Protocol) • Both define a standard communication protocol for the exchange of messages in XML (Extensible Markup Language).
- 18. 18 Elasticity • Elasticity refersto the ability of a cloud to automatically expand or compress the infrastructural resources on a sudden up and down in the requirement so that the workload can be managed efficiently. • This elasticity helps to minimize infrastructural costs. • This is not applicable for all kinds of environments, it is helpful to address only those scenarios where the resource requirements fluctuate up and down suddenly for a specific time interval. • It is not quite practical to use where persistent resource infrastructure is required to handle the heavy workload.
- 19. 19 • Example: Consideran online shopping site whose transaction workload increases during festive season like Christmas. So for this specific period of time, the resources need a spike up. In order to handle this kind of situation, we can go for a Cloud-Elasticity service rather than Cloud Scalability. As soon as the season goes out, the deployed resources can then be requested for withdrawal.
- 20. 20 Scalability • Cloud scalabilityis used to handle the growing workload where good performance is also needed to work efficiently with software or applications. Scalability is commonly used where the persistent deployment • Example: Consider you are the owner of a company whose database size was small in earlier days but as time passed your business does grow and the size of your database also increases, so in this case you just need to request your cloud service vendor to scale up your database capacity to handle a heavy workload. of resources is required to handle the workload statically.
- 21. 21 Problem: You are taskedwith running multiple virtual machines (VMs) on a physical server that has the following specifications: CPU: 8 cores RAM: 64 GB Disk Space: 1 TB Each VM has the following requirements: 2 vCPUs 8 GB RAM 100 GB Disk Space You need to calculate how many VMs can run on this physical server using full virtualization.
- 22. 22 Solution: 1. Determine themaximum number of VMs by CPU: Each VM requires 2 virtual CPUs (vCPUs), and the physical server has 8 CPU cores. Number of VMs based on CPUs = Total CPU coresv/CPUs per VM=8/2=4 So, based on CPU requirements, the physical server can run 4 VMs. 2. Determine the maximum number of VMs by RAM: Each VM requires 8 GB of RAM, and the physical server has 64 GB of RAM. Number of VMs based on RAM = Total RAM/RAM per VM=64/8=8 So, based on RAM requirements, the physical server can run 8 VMs.
- 23. 23 3. Determine themaximum number of VMs by Disk Space: Each VM requires 100 GB of disk space, and the physical server has 1 TB (1,000 GB) of disk space. Number of VMs based on disk space = Total Disk Space/Disk Space per VM=1000/100=10 So, based on disk space, the physical server can run 10 VMs. 4. Determine the overall maximum number of VMs: The limiting factor here is the CPU, as it can only support 4 VMs (based on CPU cores). Therefore, the number of VMs that can be supported on this server is 4.
- 24. 24 Assignment 1 • Howwould you apply cloud computing in a business scenario where the company needs to scale resources on- demand? • Given a company's fluctuating needs, which type of cloud workload pattern would be the best choice and why? • How would virtualization techniques be implemented to maximize resource efficiency in a data center? • Analyze the major milestones in the historical development of cloud computing, and discuss the ongoing challenges the industry faces today.