Clastic sedimentation
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Clastic sedimentation is the process by which fragments of rocks and minerals, called detritus, are carried by rivers, oceans, winds, and rain runoff until the energy of the current can no longer support their weight, causing the particles to drop out of suspension and deposit in layers. This type of sedimentary rock formation occurs when the ability of the transporting medium to carry eroded particles stops or is prevented.
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Landforms are natural features on the earth's surface shaped by processes like erosion and deposition. Erosion by rivers and streams can carve out landforms over time, like valleys and canyons. Sediment eroded from upstream areas is deposited downstream to form landforms such as deltas at river mouths through the process of deposition.
Sediment transport
There are four main types of sediment transport:
1. Saltation occurs when loose material is lifted from the bed surface by wind or water and travels in ballistic trajectories before settling back onto the surface.
2. Traction involves the rolling or sliding of sand grains and larger clasts along the bed as they interact with the substrate.
3. Suspension is the transport of fine sediment particles that are small enough to remain continuously suspended in the flowing fluid.
4. Solution involves minerals dissolving in water and being carried along in solution.
River transportation
River transportation involves four processes by which a river carries eroded materials as its load: traction, where large particles bounce along the river bed; saltation, where larger particles roll and slide along the bed; suspension, where smaller particles are carried along without bed contact and form the greatest part of the total load; and solution, where dissolved minerals are carried in the water.
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Random fill can pollute soil and groundwater by allowing rapid infiltration of contaminants. Random fill consists of mixed materials of different sizes and compaction, creating interfaces that can impede or accelerate water flow. This results in complex and preferential flow paths through the unsaturated zone and into groundwater. Pollutants deposited on the surface can then migrate quickly through cracks and voids in the random fill towards the groundwater table, reducing groundwater quality through infiltration and recharge.
Types of field observation
Very detailed descriptions may require subdivision into units containing (for example) a single mudstone lens or crossbed set, and will therefore be on the order of a few centimeters or tens of centimeters thick. For each unit, the kinds of observations listed in the succeeding paragraphs are made where appropriate.
Soil mechanics
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River load consists of bedload, suspended load, and dissolved load. A river obtains about 90% of its load from weathering and mass movement down slopes, and 10% from erosion of its bed and banks. A river's ability to transport load depends on the location and supply of material, amount of material available, material character, water volume, and energy available. A river's capacity and competence, which is its ability to transport the largest particles, increases downstream and during times of flood. Transportation processes include traction, saltation, suspension, and solution. The Hjulstrom curve shows the relationship between river velocity and the sizes of particles that can be transported or deposited.
Hjulstrom Curve Notes
The Hjulstrom curve is a graph used by hydrologists to determine if a river will erode, transport, or deposit sediment based on particle size and water velocity. It shows the relationship between stream velocity and its ability to transport materials of varying sizes, from clay and silt to boulders. There are lines for critical erosion velocity and settling velocity - particles are eroded above the critical line and deposited below it. The curve indicates that particles around 1mm require the least energy to erode as they are easily moved sands, while larger particles like pebbles and boulders need higher velocities to erode.
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There are four main types of sediment transport:
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3. Suspension is the transport of fine sediment particles that are small enough to remain continuously suspended in the flowing fluid.
4. Solution involves minerals dissolving in water and being carried along in solution.
River transportation
River transportation involves four processes by which a river carries eroded materials as its load: traction, where large particles bounce along the river bed; saltation, where larger particles roll and slide along the bed; suspension, where smaller particles are carried along without bed contact and form the greatest part of the total load; and solution, where dissolved minerals are carried in the water.
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Random fill can pollute soil and groundwater by allowing rapid infiltration of contaminants. Random fill consists of mixed materials of different sizes and compaction, creating interfaces that can impede or accelerate water flow. This results in complex and preferential flow paths through the unsaturated zone and into groundwater. Pollutants deposited on the surface can then migrate quickly through cracks and voids in the random fill towards the groundwater table, reducing groundwater quality through infiltration and recharge.
Types of field observation
Very detailed descriptions may require subdivision into units containing (for example) a single mudstone lens or crossbed set, and will therefore be on the order of a few centimeters or tens of centimeters thick. For each unit, the kinds of observations listed in the succeeding paragraphs are made where appropriate.
Soil mechanics
Soil deposits are affected by their mechanism of transport and deposition. There are several common mechanisms: gravity, ice, water, and wind. The mechanism of transport determines the size, shape, and grading of soil particles. For example, water carries particles of different sizes depending on flow speed, depositing silts and clays in lakes and sands and gravels in river beds. Wind also sorts particles by size, producing soils like dune sands and loess.
River Transportation and the Hjulstrom Curve
River load consists of bedload, suspended load, and dissolved load. A river obtains about 90% of its load from weathering and mass movement down slopes, and 10% from erosion of its bed and banks. A river's ability to transport load depends on the location and supply of material, amount of material available, material character, water volume, and energy available. A river's capacity and competence, which is its ability to transport the largest particles, increases downstream and during times of flood. Transportation processes include traction, saltation, suspension, and solution. The Hjulstrom curve shows the relationship between river velocity and the sizes of particles that can be transported or deposited.
Hjulstrom Curve Notes
The Hjulstrom curve is a graph used by hydrologists to determine if a river will erode, transport, or deposit sediment based on particle size and water velocity. It shows the relationship between stream velocity and its ability to transport materials of varying sizes, from clay and silt to boulders. There are lines for critical erosion velocity and settling velocity - particles are eroded above the critical line and deposited below it. The curve indicates that particles around 1mm require the least energy to erode as they are easily moved sands, while larger particles like pebbles and boulders need higher velocities to erode.
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- 1. clasticsedimentation Rivers, oceans, winds, and rain runoff all have the ability to carry the particles washed off of eroding rocks. Such material, called detritus, consists of fragments of rocks and minerals. When the energy of the transporting current is not strong enough to carry these particles, the particles drop out in the process of sedimentation. This type of sedimentary deposition is referred to as clasticsedimentation When the ability to carry the particles Stops or is prevented