Circulatory system (2).pptx / Cardiovascular system / All About Human Heart

CIRCULATORYSYSTEM
REPRESENTED BY
MD MEHBUB ALAM
Free Educational YouTube Channel Md Nursing Education

INTRODUCTION
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM :
This system made up of blood vessels, blood and
heart.
Major functions of cardiovascular system is to
transport nutrients, gases and hormones to the cells
and pick up wastes from cells to transport them to
areas of body where they are excreted.
LYMPHATIC SYSTEM:
Network of vessels, lymphoid tissue and lymphoid
organs which fight against infection and provide
protection to our body.

CIRCULATORYSYSTEM
 Cardiovascular system and lymphatic system
together make up the circulatory system.

CONTENS
 Introduction to cardiovascular system.
 Functions of cardiovascular system
 Heart
-Introduction
-Functions
-Structure of heart
-Cardiac cycle
-Conduction system
 Blood vessels
 Blood group

INTRODUCTION
 Cardiovascular system consists of heart and
blood vessels.
 Cardio means heart and vascular means vessels.
 This system carries oxygen, nutrients, cells
wastes, hormones and substances vital for body
homeostasis to and forms cells.
 The force to move blood around the body is
provided by the heart during pumping blood
and blood pressure also maintain by the heart.

FUNCTIONS
 Distribution of blood to all parts of the body.
 Transportation of oxygen and nutrients to the
whole parts of the body and collecting waste
from every cells of the body in the form of
carbon dioxide.
 It’s helps in distribution of hormones to their
target place.
 Helps in maintaining thermoregulation of the
body.

HEART
 Introduction:-
 Heart is a hollow muscular conical
shaped organ which situated in
mediastinum.
 Heart is a own closed fist like
structure.
 Weight of heart is 300gm for male and
250mg for female.
 Colour of heart is reddish.

FUNCTIONS
 Pumping blood to whole parts of the body.
 Distribution of oxygen and nutrients to the
every cells of the body and collecting waste
from every cells of the body.
 Distribution of hormones to their target tissue.
 Maintaining thermoregulation of the body.

STRUCTUREOFHEART
 The human heart is situated
under the sternum between two
lungs.
 Heart covered by the wall of
heart.
 Layer of heart is pericardium,
myocardium and endocardium.

LAYERSOFHEART
1. Pericardium
2. Myocardium
3. Endocardium

LAYERSOFHEART
 Pericardium:-It is a
outer most layer of heart
which divided into two
layers that is fibrous and
serous.
 Again serous pericardium
will divided into two layers
and one cavity that is
parietal serous, visceral
serous and pericardial
cavity that cavity will filled
with pericardial fluids.

LAYERSOFHEART
 Myocardium:-It is a
middle layer of heart
which consists of thick
bundle of cardiac
muscles.
 This layer of heart
which helps in
contraction and
relaxation of the heart.

LAYERSOFHEART
 Endocardium:-It is
a inner most layer of
heart which made up
of endothelium that
lies the heart
chamber.
 It is providing
smooth and flexible
surface to the blood.

CHAMBERSOFHEART
 The heart consists of
four hollow chambers
that is:
1. 2 Atria (receiving
chambers)
2. 2 Ventricles (filling
chambers)

CHAMBERSOFHEART
 Right atrium:-it is a
right upper chamber of
the heart which
dealing with
deoxygenated blood.
-It is receiving
deoxygenated blood from
whole parts of the body
through upper and lower
venacova.

CHAMBERS
 Right ventricle:-It is a
right lower chamber of
heart which receiving
deoxygenated blood from
right atrium through
tricuspid valve.
 Right ventricle pumping
deoxygenated blood to
the lungs through
pulmonary arteries.

CHAMBERS
 Left atrium:-it is a left
upper chamber of
heart which receiving
oxygenated blood from
lungs through
pulmonary veins.
 Only Pulmonary veins
carrying oxygenated
blood from lungs to left
atrium.

CHAMBERS
 Left ventricle:-it is a
lower left chamber of
the heart which
receiving oxygenated
blood from left atrium
through bicuspid valve.
 Left ventricle pumping
blood to whole parts of
the body.

VALVESOFHEART
 The heart also has
four valves:
1. 2 Atrioventricular
valves:- Tricuspid
and bicuspid (mitral)
valve.
2. 2 Semilunar valves:-
Pulmonary and
aortic valve.

VALVES
1. Tricuspid valve:-it is
also known as right
Atrioventricular valve.
 It is situated between
right atrium and
ventricle which helps in
passing blood from right
atrium to right
ventricle.
 Tricuspid valve helps to
prevent back flow of
blood from right
ventricle to right
atrium.

VALVES
2. Bicuspid valve:-it is also
known as left Atrioventricular
valve and mitral valve.
-Bicuspid valve present
between left atrium and
ventricle which helps to
prevent back flow of blood
from Left ventricle to left
atrium.
-It is providing way to
passing oxygenated blood
from left atrium to left
ventricle.

VALVES
3. Pulmonary valve:-it is
a semilunar valve which
situated between
pulmonary artery and
right ventricle.
-It helps to prevent
back flow of blood from
pulmonary artery to right
ventricle.

VALVES
4. Aortic valve:-it
also one of semilunar
valve which situated
between aorta and left
ventricle.
-It helps to prevent
back flow of blood from
aorta to left ventricle.

ConductingSystem
Of
TheHeart

Theconductingsystem
 The heart is able to contract on its own because
it contains specialized cardiac muscle tissue
that spontaneously forms impulses and
transmits them to the myocardium to initiate
contribution. That cells also called auto
excitable cells.
 Auto excitable or specialised celled
pacemaker(SA node) of the heart.

COMPONENTS
 The conducting system of the heart is composed
of the following 5 components:-
1. Sinoatrial node(SV node).
2. Atrioventricular node(AV node).
3. Atrioventricular bundle (Of His).
4. Left and right branches of bundle (of His).
5. Sub endocardial Purkinje fibres.

AV NODE
SANODE

SINOATRIALNODE
(SAnodeornodeofkeithflack)
 It is a small horseshoe-shaped mass having
having specialized myocardial fibres, situated in
the wall of the right atrium in the upper part of
sulcus terminalis just below the opening of
superior venacova.
 It is called pacemaker of the heart since it
generates impulses (about 70/minute).
 It initiates the construction of cardiac muscle
producing heat beat.

Sinoatrial node
 The rate at which the SA node generates
impulses is influenced by the autonomic
nervous system.
 Systematic nervous system:-Increase firing rate
of the SA node, and thus increase heart rate.
 Parasympathetic nervous system:-decreases
firing rate of the SA node, and thus decreases
heart rate.

SA NODE
 The flow of impulses causes contribution of the
atria from superior to inferior, forcing blood
into the ventricles. At same time, the impulses
are carried to the atrioventricular node(AV
node).
 There is a brief time delay as the impulses pass
slowly through the AV node, which allows time
for the ventricles to fill with blood.

Atrioventricularnode (AVnode/Node of Tawara)
 It is also called Aschoff Tawara node.
 It is a smaller compared to the SA node.
-Located in the right atrium near the junction
with the interventricular septum near the
opening of the coronary sinus.
 It conduct the cardiac impulse to the ventricle
by atrioventricular bundle.

Atrioventricularnode
 After the electrical impulses spread across the
atria, they converge at AV node.
 The AV node acts to delay the impulses by the
approximately 120 mm, to ensure the atria
have enough time to fully eject blood into the
ventricles before ventricular systole.
 The wave of excitation then passes from the
atrioventricular node into the atrioventricular
bundle.

Atrioventricularbundle(ofHis)
 It begins from AV node, crosses the AV ring and runs
along the inferior part of the membranous part of
the interventricular septum where it divides into
the right and left branches extending inferiorly to
the interventricular septum and superior to the
lateral wall of the ventricles.
 Since the skeleton (fibrous framework) of the heart
separates the muscles of atria from the muscles of
the ventricles, the bundle of His is only means of
conducting impulses from the atria to the
ventricles.

Important terms
 Aorta also known as great artery of the human body.
 Patent Foramen ovale(PFO) in fetus(between Left and
right atrium).
 Eustachian valve present in inferior vena cava.
 Thebasian valve present in coronary sinus.
 In border of right atrium grooves are present from SVC
to IVC is known as sulcus terminalis.
 Crista terminalis(CT):-division between rough to
smooth also called crista ridge.

 SA node also known as pacemaker of the heart.
 Ostia of 4 pulmonary veins 2 superior and 2
inferior.
 Coronary ostia located in coronary sinuses of
the aortic root.
 Ostia means small opening from aorta and
pulmonary veins.
 Stroke volume is a amount of blood pumped in
1 heart beat or contraction.
 Normal stroke volume is :-70ml.
 Normal heart rate is 60-100 but average 72
beats per minute.

 Cardiac output=stroke volume × heart
rate.
 Left ventricle pumping 5040 ml (5.04 L)
blood every hour and 7257 L per day.

AORTA
 It is a great artery of the human body which
supplying oxygenated blood to whole parts of
the body.
 Aorta mainly divided into three parts that are:
1. Ascending aorta
2. Arch of aorta
3. Descending aorta

TYPESOFBLOODVESSELS
 There mainly five
types of blood vessels:
1. Arteries
2. Arterioles
3. Capillaries
4. Venules
5. Veins

STRUCTUREOF BLOODVESSELS
 The wall of blood
vessels consists of
three layers:
1. Tunica intima
2. Tunica media
3. Tunica externa
(tunica adventitia)

TUNICAINTERNAORINTIMA
 It is a inner most layer of blood vessels wall.
 Direct contact of blood.
 It is made up of endothelium cells (inner most) and
basement membrane.
 These endothelial cells helps in:-
1.Efficiency flow of blood
2.Chemical mediators
3.Influence construction of blood vessels.

 The Basement membrane lies
above epithelium and -
 Provides physical support base for
the endothelial layer
 Provides tensile strength due to
network of collagen fibres.
 Stretching and recoiling
 Guiding cell movement during
tissue repair of blood vessels
wall.
 Facilitate diffusion of materials
through interna and externa.

TUNICAMEDIA
 It is the meddle muscular and
connective tissue layers.
 It varies according to different
blood vessels.
 It consists mainly smooth muscle
cells and elastic fibres.
 Regulating blood pressure.
 The smooth muscle encircles the
lumen (like a ring on finger).
-to regulate the diameter of
lumen
-increased diameter of lumen
called vasodilation.
-decreased in diameter called
vasoconstriction.

TUNICAADVANTATIA
 It is the outer covering
of blood vessels.
 It is made up of elastic
and collagen fibres.
 Vasa vasorum supplies
blood to blood vessels
which present in the
tunica externa
(adventitia).

ARTERIES
 Vessels which dealing
with oxygenated blood
called artery accept
pulmonary artery.
 Pulmonary arteries
carrying deoxygenated
blood from right
ventricle to lungs.
 Pulmonary veins
carrying oxygenated
blood from lungs to left
atrium.

ARTERIOLES
 Arterioles are
branches of artery.
 Approximately 400
million arterioles.
 Diameter :15-300um

CAPILLARIES
 Capillaries are tiny
branch of arterioles.
 Diameter:- 5-10 um
 Numbers :-20 million
 capillary exchange:-
1. Diffusion
2. Transcytosis
3. Bulk flow:-filtration
and reabsorption.

VENULES
 These blood vessels
have thin walls.
 They don’t maintain
shape.
 Venules receive
blood from capillaries
are called post-
capillary.

VEIN
 Veins are dealing with
deoxygenated blood
accept pulmonary
veins.
 Size :-0.5mm – 3 cm in
diameter.

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