5btbtbhth

1. Chronic Hepatitis: A
Comprehensive Overview
A presentation providing a thorough exploration of chronic hepatitis,
covering definition, causes, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations,
diagnosis, treatment, complications, and prevention.
Department of internal diseases №3
REPUBLIC OF UZBEKISTAN
MINISTRY OF HIGHER EDUCATION, SCIENCE AND INNOVATION
REPUBLIC OF UZBEKISTAN
MINISTRY OF HEALTH
SAMARKAND STATE MEDICAL UNIVERSITY

2. Understanding Chronic Hepatitis
Definition
Chronic hepatitis is defined as liver inflammation that persists for
at least six months. Unlike acute hepatitis, which resolves on its
own, chronic hepatitis can lead to long-term liver damage.
Types
• Viral hepatitis (B, C, D)
• Autoimmune hepatitis
• Metabolic hepatitis (e.g., non-alcoholic steatohepatitis - NASH)

3. Key Causes of Chronic Hepatitis
Viral Hepatitis
Hepatitis B, C, and D viruses are major causes. Chronic viral infections lead to ongoing liver damage.
Autoimmune Hepatitis
The body's immune system mistakenly attacks liver cells, causing inflammation and damage.
Metabolic Factors
Conditions like non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) can progress to chronic hepatitis.

4. Pathogenesis and Disease
Progression
Inflammation
Initial liver inflammation caused by viral infection, autoimmune response, or
metabolic factors.
Fibrosis
Prolonged inflammation leads to the formation of scar tissue in the liver.
Cirrhosis
Extensive scarring disrupts liver function, potentially leading to liver failure
and hepatocellular carcinoma.

5. Clinical Manifestations and Early Detection
Symptoms
• Fatigue
• Jaundice (yellowing of skin and eyes)
• Abdominal pain
• Dark urine
• Pale stools
Early Detection
Regular screening is crucial, especially for individuals at
high risk. Early diagnosis and treatment can prevent
progression to cirrhosis.
• Blood tests for liver enzymes
• Viral hepatitis screening

6. Diagnostic Methods
1 Laboratory Tests
• Liver function tests (ALT, AST, bilirubin)
• Viral serology (HBsAg, anti-HCV)
• Autoimmune markers (ANA, SMA)
2 Imaging Studies
• Ultrasound
• CT scan
• MRI
3 Liver Biopsy
Histological examination to assess the degree of inflammation and fibrosis.

7. Modern Treatment Approaches for Viral Hepatitis
Hepatitis B
• Antiviral medications (e.g., tenofovir, entecavir) to
suppress viral replication and prevent liver damage.
Hepatitis C
• Direct-acting antiviral agents (DAAs) offer high cure
rates with minimal side effects.

8. Managing Complications
Cirrhosis
Management includes lifestyle changes, medications to reduce portal hypertension,
and surveillance for hepatocellular carcinoma.
Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC)
Regular screening with ultrasound and alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) levels. Treatment
options include surgery, ablation, and liver transplantation.

9. Prevention and Lifestyle Modifications
Prevention
• Vaccination against hepatitis B.
• Safe injection practices.
• Screening blood products.
Lifestyle Modifications
• Avoid alcohol and smoking.
• Maintain a healthy weight.
• Eat a balanced diet.

10. Conclusion: Outlook and Importance of Timely Care
Chronic hepatitis is a serious condition requiring prompt diagnosis and treatment. With advances in antiviral therapies and
management strategies, the outlook for patients with chronic hepatitis has significantly improved. Early intervention and
lifestyle modifications can prevent disease progression and improve outcomes.