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Amy Davis
Amy Davis

The document lists the element symbols of all 118 known elements in the periodic table, organized by their atomic number from 1 to 118. No other information is provided about the elements.

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Lr 103 No 102 Md 101 Fm 100 Es 99 Cf 98 Bk 97 Cm 96 Am 95 Pu 94 Np 93 U 92 Pa 91 Th 90 Lu 71 Tm 69 Yb 70 Er 68 Ho 67 Dy 66 Tb 65 Gd 64 Eu 63 Sm 62 Pm 61 Nd 60 Pr 59 Ce 58 He 2 Ne 10 Ar 18 Kr 36 Xe 54 Rn 86 At 85 I 53 Br 35 Cl 17 F 9 Po 84 Te 52 Se 34 O 8 Bi 83 Sb 51 As 33 N 7 Pb 82 Tc 43 Ta 73 Hg 80 Mt 109 Hs 108 Bh 107 Sg 106 Db 105 Rf 104 Ac 89 La 57 Hf 72 W 74 Re 75 Os 76 Ir 77 Rh 45 Ru 44 Mo 42 Nb 41 V 23 Li 3 Fr 87 Cs 55 H 1 Na 11 K 19 Rb 37 Mn 25 Co 27 Pd 46 Au 79 Cd 48 Zn 30 Cu 29 C 6 B 5 Al 13 S 16 P 15 Si 14 Ge 32 Sn 50 Ag 47 Pt 78 = Internet link( ) Fe 26 Ni 28 Cr 24 Ti 22 Sc 21 Zr 41 Y 39 Ga 31 In 49 Tl 81 Mg 12 Ca 20 Sr 38 Ba 56 Ra 88 Be 4 Select an element Other Physical DATA
Printable Periodic Tables All of the following tables are in Acrobat PDF format. To view and print these files, you will need to install the free Adobe Acrobat Reader program on your computer. The program can be downloaded from the Adobe Website. Click on the element symbol to download the PDF file. http://www.sciencegeek.net/index.html Click Here
Groups of Elements 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 * W W * Li 3 He 2 C 6 N 7 O 8 F 9 Ne 10 Na 11 B 5 Be 4 H 1 Al 13 Si 14 P 15 S 16 Cl 17 Ar 18 K 19 Ca 20 Sc 21 Ti 22 V 23 Cr 24 Mn 25 Fe 26 Co 27 Ni 28 Cu 29 Zn 30 Ga 31 Ge 32 As 33 Se 34 Br 35 Kr 36 Rb 37 Sr 38 Y 39 Zr 40 Nb 41 Mo 42 Tc 43 Ru 44 Rh 45 Pd 46 Ag 47 Cd 48 In 49 Sn 50 Sb 51 Te 52 I 53 Xe 54 Cs 55 Ba 56 Hf 72 Ta 73 W 74 Re 75 Os 76 Ir 77 Pt 78 Au 79 Hg 80 Tl 81 Pb 82 Bi 83 Po 84 At 85 Rn 86 Fr 87 Ra 88 Rf 104 Db 105 Sg 106 Bh 107 Hs 108 Mt 109 Mg 12 Ce 58 Pr 59 Nd 60 Pm 61 Sm 62 Eu 63 Gd 64 Tb 65 Dy 66 Ho 67 Er 68 Tm 69 Yb 70 Lu 71 Th 90 Pa 91 U 92 Np 93 Pu 94 Am 95 Cm 96 Bk 97 Cf 98 Es 99 Fm 100 Md 101 No 102 Lr 103 La 57 Ac 89 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 * W 1A 2A 1A 2A 3A 4A 5A 6A 7A 8A Alkali metals Alkaline earth metals Transition metals Inner transition metals Boron group Carbon group Nitrogen group Oxygen group Halogens Noble gases Hydrogen 3B 5B 6B 7B 8B 1B 2B 3A 4A 5A 6A 7A 8A 4B
Rn 86 Xe 54 Kr 36 Ar 18 Ne 10 He 2 Mt 109 Hs 108 Bh 107 Sg 106 Rf 104 Db 105 Hg 80 Au 79 Pt 78 Ir 77 Os 76 Re 75 W 74 Ta 73 Hf 72 Cd 48 Ag 47 Pd 46 Rh 45 Ru 44 Tc 43 Mo 42 Nb 41 B 5 Zr 40 Y 39 Zn 30 Cu 29 Co 27 Ni 28 Fe 26 Mn 25 Cr 24 V 23 Ti 22 Sc 21 Ac 89 Th 90 Pa 91 U 92 Np 93 Pu 94 Am 95 Cm 96 Bk 97 Cf 98 Es 99 Fm 100 Md 101 No 102 Lr 103 O 8 S 16 Se 34 Te 52 As 33 P 15 N 7 Sb 51 Bi 83 Po 84 Groups of Elements 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 * W W * Li 3 C 6 F 9 Na 11 Be 4 H 1 Al 13 Si 14 Cl 17 K 19 Ca 20 Ga 31 Ge 32 Br 35 Rb 37 Sr 38 In 49 Sn 50 I 53 Cs 55 Ba 56 Tl 81 Pb 82 At 85 Fr 87 Ra 88 Mg 12 Ce 58 Pr 59 Nd 60 Pm 61 Sm 62 Eu 63 Gd 64 Tb 65 Dy 66 Ho 67 Er 68 Tm 69 Yb 70 Lu 71 La 57 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 * W Alkali metals Alkaline earth metals Transition metals Other metals Lanthanides Halogens Other non-metals Noble gases Actinides 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 IA IIA IIIB IVB VB VIB VIIB VIIIB IB IIB IIIA IVA VA VIA VIIA VIIIA 18
Wikipedia Actinium Aluminum Americium Antimony Argon Arsenic Astatine Barium Berkelium Beryllium Bismuth Bohrium Boron Bromine Cadmium Cesium Calcium Californium Carbon Cerium Chlorine Chromium Cobalt Copper Curium Darmstadtium Dysprosium Dubnium Einsteinium Erbium Europium Fermium Fluorine Francium Gadolinium Gallium Germanium Gold Hafnium Hassium Helium Holmium Hydrogen Indium Iodine Iridium Iron Krypton Lanthanum Lawrencium Lead Lithium Lutetium Magnesium Manganese Meitnerium Mendelevium Mercury Molybdenum Neodymium Neon Neptunium Nickel Niobium Nitrogen Nobelium Osmium Oxygen Palladium Phosphorus Platinum Plutonium Polonium Potassium Praseodymium Promethium Protactinium Radium Radon Rhenium Rhodium Roentgenium Rubidium Rutherfordium Ruthenium Samarium Scandium Seaborgium Selenium Silicon Silver Sodium Strontium Sulfur Tantalum Technetium Tellurium Terbium Thallium Thorium Thulium Tin Titanium Tungsten Unnilhexium Unniloctium Unnilpentium Unnilquadium Unnilseptium Uranium Vanadium Xenon Ytterbium Yttrium Zinc Zirconium Elements listed Alphabetically Printable Periodic Table
Periodic Table 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Li 3 He 2 C 6 N 7 O 8 F 9 Ne 10 Na 11 B 5 Be 4 H 1 Al 13 Si 14 P 15 S 16 Cl 17 Ar 18 K 19 Ca 20 Sc 21 Ti 22 V 23 Cr 24 Mn 25 Fe 26 Co 27 Ni 28 Cu 29 Zn 30 Ga 31 Ge 32 As 33 Se 34 Br 35 Kr 36 Rb 37 Sr 38 Y 39 Zr 40 Nb 41 Mo 42 Tc 43 Ru 44 Rh 45 Pd 46 Ag 47 Cd 48 In 49 Sn 50 Sb 51 Te 52 I 53 Xe 54 Cs 55 Ba 56 Hf 72 Ta 73 W 74 Re 75 Os 76 Ir 77 Pt 78 Au 79 Hg 80 Tl 81 Pb 82 Bi 83 Po 84 At 85 Rn 86 Fr 87 Ra 88 Rf 104 Db 105 Sg 106 Bh 107 Hs 108 Mt 109 Mg 12 Ce 58 Pr 59 Nd 60 Pm 61 Sm 62 Eu 63 Gd 64 Tb 65 Dy 66 Ho 67 Er 68 Tm 69 Yb 70 Lu 71 Th 90 Pa 91 U 92 Np 93 Pu 94 Am 95 Cm 96 Bk 97 Cf 98 Es 99 Fm 100 Md 101 No 102 Lr 103 La 57 Ac 89 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1A 2A Alkali metals Alkaline earth metals Transition metals Boron group Nonmetals Noble gases 3B 5B 6B 7B 8B 1B 2B 3A 4A 5A 6A 7A 8A 4B Lanthanoid Series 6 7 Actinoid Series C Solid Br Liquid H Gas
Dutch Periodic Table 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 Strong, Journal of Chemical Education, Sept. 1989, page 743
Chinese Periodic Table
Stowe’s Periodic Table
Benfrey’s Periodic Table
developed by Mohd Abubakr, Hyderabad, India
How to Organize Elements… Periodic Table Designs
P Zn As Sb Pt Bi Midd. -1700 Cr Mn Li K N O F Na BBe H Al Si Cl Ca Ti V Co Ni Se Br Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Rh Pd Cd Te I Ba Ta W Os Ir Mg Ce Tb Er Th U 1735-1843 Discovering the Periodic Table C S Fe Cu Ag Sn Au Hg Pb Ancient Times He Sc Ga Ge Rb Ru In Cs Tl Pr Nd Sm Gd Dy Ho Tm Yb La 1843-1886 Ne Ar Kr Xe Po Rn Ra Eu Lu Pa Ac 1894-1918 Tc Hf Re At Fr Pm Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr 1923-1961 Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt 1965- Journal of Chemical Education, Sept. 1989
Metals and Nonmetals Li 3 He 2 C 6 N 7 O 8 F 9 Ne 10 Na 11 B 5 Be 4 H 1 Al 13 Si 14 P 15 S 16 Cl 17 Ar 18 K 19 Ca 20 Sc 21 Ti 22 V 23 Cr 24 Mn 25 Fe 26 Co 27 Ni 28 Cu 29 Zn 30 Ga 31 Ge 32 As 33 Se 34 Br 35 Kr 36 Rb 37 Sr 38 Y 39 Zr 40 Nb 41 Mo 42 Tc 43 Ru 44 Rh 45 Pd 46 Ag 47 Cd 48 In 49 Sn 50 Sb 51 Te 52 I 53 Xe 54 Cs 55 Ba 56 Hf 72 Ta 73 W 74 Re 75 Os 76 Ir 77 Pt 78 Au 79 Hg 80 Tl 81 Pb 82 Bi 83 Po 84 At 85 Rn 86 Fr 87 Ra 88 Rf 104 Db 105 Sg 106 Bh 107 Hs 108 Mt 109 Mg 12 Ce 58 Pr 59 Nd 60 Pm 61 Sm 62 Eu 63 Gd 64 Tb 65 Dy 66 Ho 67 Er 68 Tm 69 Yb 70 Lu 71 Th 90 Pa 91 U 92 Np 93 Pu 94 Am 95 Cm 96 Bk 97 Cf 98 Es 99 Fm 100 Md 101 No 102 Lr 103 La 57 Ac 89 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 * W METALS Nonmetals Metalloids
Li 3 H 1 He 2 C 6 N 7 O 8 F 9 Ne 10 Na 11 B 5 Be 4 H 1 Al 13 Si 14 P 15 S 16 Cl 17 Ar 18 K 19 Ca 20 Sc 21 Ti 22 V 23 Cr 24 Mn 25 Fe 26 Co 27 Ni 28 Cu 29 Zn 30 Ga 31 Ge 32 As 33 Se 34 Br 35 Kr 36 Rb 37 Sr 38 Y 39 Zr 40 Nb 41 Mo 42 Tc 43 Ru 44 Rh 45 Pd 46 Ag 47 Cd 48 In 49 Sn 50 Sb 51 Te 52 I 53 Xe 54 Cs 55 Ba 56 Hf 72 Ta 73 W 74 Re 75 Os 76 Ir 77 Pt 78 Au 79 Hg 80 Tl 81 Pb 82 Bi 83 Po 84 At 85 Rn 86 Fr 87 Ra 88 Rf 104 Db 105 Sg 106 Bh 107 Hs 108 Mt 109 Mg 12 Ce 58 Pr 59 Nd 60 Pm 61 Sm 62 Eu 63 Gd 64 Tb 65 Dy 66 Ho 67 Er 68 Tm 69 Yb 70 Lu 71 Th 90 Pa 91 U 92 Np 93 Pu 94 Am 95 Cm 96 Bk 97 Cf 98 Es 99 Fm 100 Md 101 No 102 Lr 103 La 57 Ac 89 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 * W hydrogen alkali metals alkaline earth metals transition metals poor metals nonmetals noble gases rare earth metals http://www.elementsdatabase.com/
The Periodic Table Li 3 He 2 C 6 N 7 O 8 F 9 Ne 10 Na 11 B 5 Be 4 H 1 Al 13 Si 14 P 15 S 16 Cl 17 Ar 18 K 19 Ca 20 Sc 21 Ti 22 V 23 Cr 24 Mn 25 Fe 26 Co 27 Ni 28 Cu 29 Zn 30 Ga 31 Ge 32 As 33 Se 34 Br 35 Kr 36 Rb 37 Sr 38 Y 39 Zr 40 Nb 41 Mo 42 Tc 43 Ru 44 Rh 45 Pd 46 Ag 47 Cd 48 In 49 Sn 50 Sb 51 Te 52 I 53 Xe 54 Cs 55 Ba 56 * Hf 72 Ta 73 W 74 Re 75 Os 76 Ir 77 Pt 78 Au 79 Hg 80 Tl 81 Pb 82 Bi 83 Po 84 At 85 Rn 86 Fr 87 Ra 88 Y Rf 104 Db 105 Sg 106 Bh 107 Hs 108 Mt 109 Mg 12 Ce 58 Pr 59 Nd 60 Pm 61 Sm 62 Eu 63 Gd 64 Tb 65 Dy 66 Ho 67 Er 68 Tm 69 Yb 70 Lu 71 Th 90 Pa 91 U 92 Np 93 Pu 94 Am 95 Cm 96 Bk 97 Cf 98 Es 99 Fm 100 Md 101 No 102 Lr 103 La 57 Ac 89 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 *Lanthanides Y Actinides Noble gases Halogens Transition metals Alkaline earth metals Alkalimetals 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 Uun 110 Uuu 111 Uub 112 Uuq 113 Uuh 116 Uuo 118
Orbitals Being Filled 1s 2s 3s 4s 5s 6s 7s 3d 4d 5d 6d 2p 3p 4p 5p 6p 1s La Ac 1 3 4 5 6 7 4f 5f Lanthanide series Actinide series Groups 8 Periods 1 2 2 3 4 5 6 7 Zumdahl, Zumdahl, DeCoste, World of Chemistry 2002, page 345
Electron Filling in Periodic Table 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 s d p s f * W W *
Metallic Characteristic metallic character increases nonmetallic character increases metalliccharacterincreases nonmetalliccharacterincreases
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 s d p s f * W W * Li 3 H 1 He 2 C 6 N 7 O 8 F 9 Ne 10 Na 11 B 5 Be 4 H 1 Al 13 Si 14 P 15 S 16 Cl 17 Ar 18 K 19 Ca 20 Sc 21 Ti 22 V 23 Cr 24 Mn 25 Fe 26 Co 27 Ni 28 Cu 29 Zn 30 Ga 31 Ge 32 As 33 Se 34 Br 35 Kr 36 Rb 37 Sr 38 Y 39 Zr 40 Nb 41 Mo 42 Tc 43 Ru 44 Rh 45 Pd 46 Ag 47 Cd 48 In 49 Sn 50 Sb 51 Te 52 I 53 Xe 54 Cs 55 Ba 56 Hf 72 Ta 73 W 74 Re 75 Os 76 Ir 77 Pt 78 Au 79 Hg 80 Tl 81 Pb 82 Bi 83 Po 84 At 85 Rn 86 Fr 87 Ra 88 Rf 104 Db 105 Sg 106 Bh 107 Hs 108 Mt 109 Mg 12 Ce 58 Pr 59 Nd 60 Pm 61 Sm 62 Eu 63 Gd 64 Tb 65 Dy 66 Ho 67 Er 68 Tm 69 Yb 70 Lu 71 Th 90 Pa 91 U 92 Np 93 Pu 94 Am 95 Cm 96 Bk 97 Cf 98 Es 99 Fm 100 Md 101 No 102 Lr 103 La 57 Ac 89 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 * W Periodic Table
1 2 3 4 5 6 Li 180.5 He -269.7 C 4100 N -210.1 O -218.8 F -219.6 Ne -248.6 Na 98 B 2027 Be 1283 H -259.2 Al 660 Si 1423 P 44.2 S 119 Cl -101 Ar -189.6 K 63.2 Ca 850 Sc 1423 Ti 1677 V 1917 Cr 1900 Mn 1244 Fe 1539 Co 1495 Ni 1455 Cu 1083 Zn 420 Ga 29.78 Ge 960 As 817 Se 217.4 Br -7.2 Kr -157.2 Rb 38.8 Sr 770 Y 1500 Zr 1852 Nb 2487 Mo 2610 Tc 2127 Ru 2427 Rh 1966 Pd 1550 Ag 961 Cd 321 In 156.2 Sn 231.9 Sb 630.5 Te 450 I 113.6 Xe -111.9 Cs 28.6 Ba 710 Hf 2222 Ta 2997 W 3380 Re 3180 Os 2727 Ir 2454 Pt 1769 Au 1063 Hg -38.9 Tl 303.6 Pb 327.4 Bi 271.3 Po 254 At Rn -71 Mg 650 Mg 650 1 2 3 4 5 6 Melting Points Symbol Melting point oC > 3000 oC 2000 - 3000 oC La 920 Ralph A. Burns, Fundamentals of Chemistry , 1999, page 1999
1 2 3 4 5 6 W Li 0.53 He 0.126 C 2.26 N 0.81 O 1.14 F 1.11 Ne 1.204 Na 0.97 B 2.5 Be 1.8 H 0.071 Al 2.70 Si 2.4 P 1.82w S 2.07 Cl 1.557 Ar 1.402 K 0.86 Ca 1.55 Sc (2.5) Ti 4.5 V 5.96 Cr 7.1 Mn 7.4 Fe 7.86 Co 8.9 Ni 8.90 Cu 8.92 Zn 7.14 Ga 5.91 Ge 5.36 As 5,7 Se 4.7 Br 3.119 Kr 2.6 Rb 1.53 Sr 2.6 Y 5.51 Zr 6.4 Nb 8.4 Mo 10.2 Tc 11.5 Ru 12.5 Rh 12.5 Pd 12.0 Ag 10.5 Cd 8.6 In 7.3 Sn 7.3 Sb 6.7 Te 6.1 I 4.93 Xe 3.06 Cs 1.90 Ba 3.5 Hf 13.1 Ta 16.6 W 19.3 Re 21.4 Os 22.48 Ir 22.4 Pt 21.45 Au 19.3 Hg 13.55 Tl 11.85 Pb 11.34 Bi 9.8 Po 9.4 At --- Rn 4.4 Mg 1.74 1 2 3 4 5 6 Densities of Elements Mg 1.74 Symbol Density in g/cm3C, for gases, in g/L 8.0 – 11.9 g/cm3 12.0 – 17.9 g/cm3 > 18.0 g/cm3 La 6.7
1 2 3 4 5 6 1 2 3 4 5 6 Electronegativities 7 Be 1.5 Al 1.5 Si 1.8 Ti 1.5 V 1.6 Cr 1.6 Mn 1.5 Fe 1.8 Co 1.8 Ni 1.8 Cu 1.9 Zn 1.7 Ga 1.6 Ge 1.8 Nb 1.6 Mo 1.8 Tc 1.9 Ag 1.9 Cd 1.7 In 1.7 Sn 1.8 Sb 1.9 Ta 1.5 W 1.7 Re 1.9 Hg 1.9 Tl 1.8 Pb 1.8 Bi 1.9 1.5 - 1.9 N 3.0 O 3.5 F 4.0 Cl 3.0 3.0 - 4.0 C 2.5 S 2.5 Br 2.8 I 2.5 2.5 - 2.9 Na 0.9 K 0.8 Rb 0.8 Cs 0.7 Ba 0.9 Fr 0.7 Ra 0.9 Below 1.0 H 2.1 B 2.0 P 2.1 As 2.0 Se 2.4 Ru 2.2 Rh 2.2 Pd 2.2 Te 2.1 Os 2.2 Ir 2.2 Pt 2.2 Au 2.4 Po 2.0 At 2.2 2.0 - 2.4 Period Actinides: 1.3 - 1.5 Li 1.0 Ca 1.0 Sc 1.3 Sr 1.0 Y 1.2 Zr 1.4 Hf 1.3 Mg 1.2 La 1.1 Ac 1.1 1.0 - 1.4 Lanthanides: 1.1 - 1.3 * * y y 1A 2A 3B 4B 5B 6B 7B 1B 2B 3A 4A 5A 6A 7A 8A Hill, Petrucci, General Chemistry An Integrated Approach 2nd Edition, page 373 8B
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 s d p s f * W W * Electron Filling in Periodic Table Li 2s1 H 1s1 He 1s2 C 2p2 N 2p3 O 2p4 F 2p5 Ne 2p6 Na 3s1 B 2p1 Be 2s2 H 1s1 Al 3p1 Si 3p2 P 3p3 S 3p4 Cl 3p5 Ar 3p6 K 4s1 Ca 4s2 Sc 3d1 Ti 3d2 V 3d3 Cr 3d5 Mn 3d5 Fe 3d6 Co 3d7 Ni 3d8 Cu 3d10 Zn 3d10 Ga 4p1 Ge 4p2 As 4p3 Se 4p4 Br 4p5 Kr 4p6 Rb 5s1 Sr 5s2 Y 4d1 Zr 4d2 Nb 4d4 Mo 4d5 Tc 4d6 Ru 4d7 Rh 4d8 Pd 4d10 Ag 4d10 Cd 4p1 In 5p1 Sn 5p2 Sb 5p3 Te 5p4 I 5p5 Xe 5p6 Cs 6s1 Ba 6s2 Hf 5d2 Ta 5d3 W 5d4 Re 5d5 Os 5d6 Ir 5d7 Pt 5d9 Au 5d10 Hg 5d10 Tl 6p1 Pb 6p2 Bi 6p3 Po 6p4 At 6p5 Rn 6p6 Fr 7s1 Ra 7s2 Rf 6d2 Db 6d3 Sg 6d4 Bh 6d5 Hs 6d6 Mt 6d7 Mg 3s2 Ce 4f2 Pr 4f3 Nd 4f4 Pm 4f5 Sm 4f6 Eu 4f7 Gd 4f7 Tb 4f9 Dy 4f10 Ho 4f11 Er 4f12 Tm 4f13 Yb 4f14 Lu 4f114 Th 6d2 Pa 5f2 U 5f3 Np 5f4 Pu 5f6 Am 5f7 Cm 5f7 Bk 5f8 Cf 5f10 Es 5f11 Fm 5f14 Md 5f13 No 5f14 Lr 5f14 La 5d1 Ac 6d1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 s d p s f * W W *
Atomic Radii Li Na K Rb Cs ClSPSiAl BrSeAsGeGa ITeSbSnIn Tl Pb Bi Mg Ca Sr Ba Be FONCB 1.52 1.11 1.86 1.60 2.31 1.97 2.44 2.15 2.62 2.17 0.88 0.77 0.70 0.66 0.64 1.43 1.17 1.10 1.04 0.99 1.22 1.22 1.21 1.17 1.14 1.62 1.40 1.41 1.37 1.33 1.71 1.75 1.46 IA IIA IIIA IVA VA VIA VIIA = 1 Angstrom
Atomic Radii of Representative Elements (nm) LeMay Jr, Beall, Robblee, Brower, Chemistry Connections to Our Changing World , 1996, page 175 Li Na K Rb Cs ClSPSiAl BrSeAsGeGa ITeSbSnIn Tl Pb Bi Mg Ca Sr Ba Be FONCB 0.1.52 0.111 0.186 0.160 0.231 0.197 0.244 0.215 0.262 0.217 0.088 0.077 0.070 0.066 0.064 0.143 0.117 0.110 0.104 0.099 0.122 0.122 0.121 0.117 0.114 0.162 0.140 0.141 0.137 0.133 0.171 0.175 0.146 0.140 0.140 1A 2A 3A 4A 5A 6A 7A At Po
Atomic Radii Li Na K Rb Cs ClSPSiAl BrSeAsGeGa ITeSbSnIn Tl Pb Bi Mg Ca Sr Ba Be FONCB 1.52 1.11 1.86 1.60 2.31 1.97 2.44 2.15 2.62 2.17 0.88 0.77 0.70 0.66 0.64 1.43 1.17 1.10 1.04 0.99 1.22 1.22 1.21 1.17 1.14 1.62 1.40 1.41 1.37 1.33 1.71 1.75 1.46 IA IIA IIIA IVA VA VIA VIIA = 1 Angstrom 0.60 0.31 0.95 0.65 1.33 0.99 1.48 1.13 1.69 1.35 1.71 1.40 1.36 0.50 1.84 1.81 0.62 1.98 1.85 0.81 2.21 2.16 0.95 IA IIA IIIA IVA VA VIA VIIA = 1 Angstrom Li1+ Be2+ Na1+ Mg2+ Ba2+ Sr2+ Ca2+K1+ Rb1+ Cs1+ Cl1- N3- O2- F1- S2- Se2- Br1- Te2- I1- Al3+ Ga3+ In3+ Tl3+ Ionic Radii
1 2 3 4 5 6 1 2 3 4 5 6 Ionization Energies 7 Be 900 Al 578 Si 787 Ti 659 V 651 Cr 653 Mn 717 Fe 762 Co 760 Ni 737 Cu 746 Zn 906 Ga 579 Ge 762 Nb 652 Mo 684 Tc 702 Ag 731 Cd 868 In 558 Sn 709 Sb 834 Ta 761 W 770 Re 760 Hg 1007 Tl 589 Pb 716 Bi 703 N 1402 O 1314 F 1681 Cl 1251 C 1086 S 1000 Br 1140 I 1008 Na 496 K 419 Rb 403 Cs 376 Ba 503 Fr -- Ra 509 H 1312 B 801 P 1012 As 947 Se 941 Ru 710 Rh 720 Pd 804 Te 869 Os 839 Ir 878 Pt 868 Au 890 Po 812 At -- Period Actinide series Li 520 Ca 590 Sc 633 Sr 550 Y 600 Zr 640 Hf 659 Mg 738 La 538 Ac 490 Lanthanide series * * y y Group 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 9 Ne 2081 Ar 1521 Kr 1351 Xe 1170 Rn 1038 He 2372 Rf -- Db -- Sg -- Bh -- Hs -- Mt -- Ce 534 Pr 527 Nd 533 Pm 536 Sm 545 Eu 547 Gd 592 Tb 566 Dy 573 Ho 581 Er 589 Tm 597 Yb 603 Lu 523 Th 587 Pa 570 U 598 Np 600 Pu 585 Am 578 Cm 581 Bk 601 Cf 608 Es 619 Fm 627 Md 635 No 642 Lr -- Ds -- Uub -- Uut -- Uuq -- Uup -- Uuu -- Uuo -- Mg 738 Symbol First Ionization Energy (kJ/mol) 8 10
First Ionization Energies (in kilojoules per mole) H 1312.1 Li 520.3 Na 495.9 K 418.9 Be 899.5 Mg 737.8 Ca 589.9 B 800.7 Al 577.6 Ga 578.6 C 1086.5 Si 786.5 Ge 761.2 N 1402.4 P 1011.8 As 946.5 O 1314.0 S 999.7 Se 940.7 F 1681.1 Cl 1251.2 Br 1142.7 Ne 2080.8 Ar 1520.6 Kr 1350.8 He 2372.5 Rb 402.9 Sr 549.2 In 558.2 Sn 708.4 Sb 833.8 Te 869.0 I 1008.7 Xe 1170.3 Smoot, Price, Smith, Chemistry A Modern Course 1987, page 188
First Ionization Energies (kJ/mol) H 1312.1 Li 520.3 Na 495.9 K 418.9 Be 899.5 Mg 737.8 Ca 589.9 B 800.7 Al 577.6 Ga 578.6 C 1086.5 Si 786.5 Ge 761.2 N 1402.4 P 1011.8 As 946.5 O 1314.0 S 999.7 Se 940.7 F 1681.1 Cl 1251.2 Br 1142.7 Ne 2080.8 Ar 1520.6 Kr 1350.8 He 2372.5 Rb 402.9 Sr 549.2 In 558.2 Sn 708.4 Sb 833.8 Te 869.0 I 1008.7 Xe 1170.3 Smoot, Price, Smith, Chemistry A Modern Course 1987, page 188 s p
Ionization Energies (kJ/mol) Element Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar Herron, Frank, Sarquis, Sarquis, Cchrader, Kulka, Chemistry 1996, Heath, page 1st 498 736 577 787 1063 1000 1255 1519 2nd 4560 1445 1815 1575 1890 2260 2295 2665 3rd 6910 7730 2740 3220 2905 3375 3850 3945 4th 9540 10,600 11,600 4350 4950 4565 5160 5770 5th 13,400 13,600 15,000 16,100 6270 6950 6560 7320 6th 16,600 18,000 18,310 19,800 21,200 8490 9360 8780 Shaded area on table denotes core electrons.
Ionization Energies (kJ/mol) Element Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar Herron, Frank, Sarquis, Sarquis, Cchrader, Kulka, Chemistry 1996, Heath, page 1st 498 736 577 787 1063 1000 1255 1519 2nd 4560 1445 1815 1575 1890 2260 2295 2665 3rd 6910 7730 2740 3220 2905 3375 3850 3945 4th 9540 10,600 11,600 4350 4950 4565 5160 5770 5th 13,400 13,600 15,000 16,100 6270 6950 6560 7320 6th 16,600 18,000 18,310 19,800 21,200 8490 9360 8780 Shaded area on table denotes core electrons.
Essential Elements Li 3 He 2 C 6 N 7 O 8 F 9 Ne 10 Na 11 B 5 Be 4 H 1 Al 13 Si 14 P 15 S 16 Cl 17 Ar 18 K 19 Ca 20 Sc 21 Ti 22 V 23 Cr 24 Mn 25 Fe 26 Co 27 Ni 28 Cu 29 Zn 30 Ga 31 Ge 32 As 33 Se 34 Br 35 Kr 36 Rb 37 Sr 38 Y 39 Zr 40 Nb 41 Mo 42 Tc 43 Ru 44 Rh 45 Pd 46 Ag 47 Cd 48 In 49 Sn 50 Sb 51 Te 52 I 53 Xe 54 Cs 55 Ba 56 Hf 72 Ta 72 W 74 Re 75 Os 76 Ir 77 Pt 78 Au 79 Hg 80 Tl 81 Pb 82 Bi 83 Po 84 At 85 Rn 86 Mg 12 La 57 Elements in organic matter Major minerals Trace elements Davis, Metcalfe, Williams, Castka, Modern Chemistry, 1999, page 748
Oxidation State of Elements Se2- Te2- 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 2 3 4 5 6 Al3+ Zn2+ Ag1+ N3- O2- F1- Cl1-S2- Br1- I1- Period Be2+ Na+ K+ Rb+ Cs+ Ba2+ H+ Li+ Ca2+ Sr2+ Mg2+ Group 1 2 13 14 15 16 17 18 N O B L E G A S E S Transition metals
Orbitals Being Filled 1 3 4 5 6 7 Groups 8 2 F1- Br1- I1- Cl1- Transition metals form cations with various charges. O2- S2- Se2- Te2- Be2+ Te2- Te2- Te2- Te2- Li1+ Na1+ K1+ Rb1+ Cs1+ Al3+ Ga3+ In3+ Zn2+ Ag1+
Summary of Periodic Trends Ionic size (cations) Ionic size (anions) decreases decreases Shielding is constant Atomic radius decreases Ionization energy increases Electronegativity increases Nuclear charge increases Nuclearchargeincreases Shieldingincreases Atomicradiusincreases Ionicsizeincreases Ionizationenergydecreases Electronegativitydecreases 1A 2A 3A 4A 5A 6A 7A 0
Li 3 H 1 He 2 C 6 N 7 O 8 F 9 Ne 10 Na 11 B 5 Be 4 H 1 Al 13 Si 14 P 15 S 16 Cl 17 Ar 18 K 19 Ca 20 Sc 21 Ti 22 V 23 Cr 24 Mn 25 Fe 26 Co 27 Ni 28 Cu 29 Zn 30 Ga 31 Ge 32 As 33 Se 34 Br 35 Kr 36 Rb 37 Sr 38 Y 39 Zr 40 Nb 41 Mo 42 Tc 43 Ru 44 Rh 45 Pd 46 Ag 47 Cd 48 In 49 Sn 50 Sb 51 Te 52 I 53 Xe 54 Cs 55 Ba 56 Hf 72 Ta 73 W 74 Re 75 Os 76 Ir 77 Pt 78 Au 79 Hg 80 Tl 81 Pb 82 Bi 83 Po 84 At 85 Rn 86 Fr 87 Ra 88 Rf 104 Db 105 Sg 106 Bh 107 Hs 108 Mt 109 Mg 12 Ce 58 Pr 59 Nd 60 Pm 61 Sm 62 Eu 63 Gd 64 Tb 65 Dy 66 Ho 67 Er 68 Tm 69 Yb 70 Lu 71 Th 90 Pa 91 U 92 Np 93 Pu 94 Am 95 Cm 96 Bk 97 Cf 98 Es 99 Fm 100 Md 101 No 102 Lr 103 La 57 Ac 89 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 * W
1 H Hydrogen Name: Hydrogen Symbol: H Atomic Number: 1 Atomic Mass: 1.00794 amu Melting Point: -259.14 °C (14.009985 °K, -434.45203 °F) Boiling Point: -252.87 °C (20.280005 °K, -423.166 °F) Electron Configuration N H = 1s1 Hydrogen What is Hydrogen? Colorless, odorless gaseous chemical element. Lightest and most abundant element in the universe. Present in water and in all organic compounds. Chemically reacts with most elements. Discovered by Henry Cavendish in 1776.
pslawinski, metal-halide.net Name: Helium Symbol: He Atomic Number: 2 Atomic Mass: 4.002602 amu Melting Point: -272.0 °C (1.15 °K, -457.6 °F) Boiling Point: -268.6 °C (4.549994 °K, -451.48 °F) N Helium Electron Configuration He = 1s2 2 He Helium What is Helium? Colorless, odorless gaseous nonmetallic element. Belongs to group 18 of the periodic table. Lowest boiling point of all elements and can only be solidified under pressure. Chemically inert, no known compounds. Discovered in the solar spectrum in 1868 by Lockyer.
3 Li Lithium Name: Lithium Symbol: Li Atomic Number: 3 Atomic Mass: 6.941 amu Melting Point: 180.54 °C (453.69 °K, 356.972 °F) Boiling Point: 1347.0 °C (1620.15 °K, 2456.6 °F) N Lithium Electron Configuration Li = 1s22s1 What is Lithium? Socket silvery metal. First member of group 1 of the periodic table. Lithium salts are used in psychomedicine.
4 Be Beryllium Name: Beryllium Symbol: Be Atomic Number: 4 Atomic Mass: 9.012182 amu Melting Point: 1278.0 °C (1551.15 °K, 2332.4 °F) Boiling Point: 2970.0 °C (3243.15 °K, 5378.0 °F) N Beryllium Electron Configuration Be = 1s22s2 What is Beryllium? Grey metallic element of group 2 of the periodic table. Is toxic and can cause severe lung diseases and dermatitis. Shows high covalent character. It was isolated independently by F. Wohler and A.A. Bussy in 1828.
5 B Boron Name: Boron Symbol: B Atomic Number: 5 Atomic Mass: 10.811 amu Melting Point: 2300.0 °C (2573.15 °K, 4172.0 °F) Boiling Point: 2550.0 °C (2823.15 °K, 4622.0 °F) N Boron Electron Configuration B = 1s22s22p1 What is Boron? An element of group 13 of the periodic table. There are two allotropes, amorphous boron is a brown power, but metallic boron is black. The metallic form is hard (9.3 on Mohs' scale) and a bad conductor in room temperatures. It is never found free in nature. Boron-10 is used in nuclear reactor control rods and shields. It was discovered in 1808 by Sir Humphry Davy and by J.L. Gay-Lussac and L.J. Thenard.
6 C Carbon Name: Carbon Symbol: C Atomic Number: 6 Atomic Mass: 12.0107 amu Melting Point: 3500.0 °C (3773.15 °K, 6332.0 °F) Boiling Point: 4827.0 °C (5100.15 °K, 8720.6 °F) N Carbon Electron Configuration C = 1s22s22p2 What is Carbon? Carbon is a member of group 14 of the periodic table. It has three allotropic forms of it, diamonds, graphite and fullerite. Carbon-14 is commonly used in radioactive dating. Carbon occurs in all organic life and is the basis of organic chemistry. Carbon has the interesting chemical property of being able to bond with itself, and a wide variety of other elements.
7 N Nitrogen Name: Nitrogen Symbol: N Atomic Number: 7 Atomic Mass: 14.00674 amu Melting Point: -209.9 °C (63.250008 °K, -345.81998 °F) Boiling Point: -195.8 °C (77.35 °K, -320.44 °F) N Nitrogen Electron Configuration N = 1s22s22p3 Link What is Nitrogen? Colorless, gaseous element which belongs to group 15 of the periodic table. Constitutes ~78% of the atmosphere and is an essential part of the ecosystem. Nitrogen for industrial purposes is acquired by the fractional distillation of liquid air. Chemically inactive, reactive generally only at high temperatures or in electrical discharges. It was discovered in 1772 by D. Rutherford.
8 O Oxygen Name: Oxygen Symbol: O Atomic Number: 8 Atomic Mass: 15.9994 amu Melting Point: -218.4 °C (54.75 °K, -361.12 °F) Boiling Point: -183.0 °C (90.15 °K, -297.4 °F) N Oxygen Electron Configuration O = 1s22s22p4 What is Oxygen? A colorless, odorless gaseous element belonging to group 16 of the periodic table. It is the most abundant element present in the earth's crust. It also makes up 20.8% of the Earth's atmosphere. For industrial purposes, it is separated from liquid air by fractional distillation. It is used in high temperature welding, and in breathing. It commonly comes in the form of Oxygen, but is found as Ozone in the upper atmosphere. It was discovered by Priestley in 1774.
9 F Fluorine Name: Fluorine Symbol: F Atomic Number: 9 Atomic Mass: 18.998404 amu Melting Point: -219.62 °C (53.53 °K, -363.316 °F) Boiling Point: -188.14 °C (85.01 °K, -306.652 °F) N Fluorine Electron Configuration F = 1s22s22p5 What is Fluorine? A poisonous pale yellow gaseous element belonging to group 17 of the periodic table (The halogens). It is the most chemically reactive and electronegative element. It is highly dangerous, causing severe chemical burns on contact with flesh. Fluorine was identified by Scheele in 1771 and first isolated by Moissan in 1886.
pslawinski, wikipedia.org Name: Neon Symbol: Ne Atomic Number: 10 Atomic Mass: 20.1797 amu Melting Point: -248.6 °C (24.549994 °K, -415.48 °F) Boiling Point: -246.1 °C (27.049994 °K, -410.98 °F) N Neon Electron Configuration Ne = 1s22s22p6 10 Ne Neon What is Neon? Colorless gaseous element of group 18 on the periodic table (noble gases). Neon occurs in the atmosphere, and comprises 0.0018% of the volume of the atmosphere. It has a distinct reddish glow when used in discharge tubes and neon based lamps. It forms almost no chemical compounds. Neon was discovered in 1898 by Sir William Ramsey and M.W. Travers.
Name: Sodium Symbol: Na Atomic Number: 11 Atomic Mass: 22.98977 amu Melting Point: 97.8 °C (370.95 °K, 208.04001 °F) Boiling Point: 552.9 °C (826.05005 °K, 1027.2201 °F) N Sodium Electron Configuration Na = 1s22s22p63s1 11 Na Sodium What is Sodium? Soft silvery reactive element belonging to group 1 of the periodic table (alkali metals). It is highly reactive, oxidizing in air and reacting violently with water, forcing it to be kept under oil. It was first isolated by Humphrey Davy in 1807.
Name: Magnesium Symbol: Mg Atomic Number: 12 Atomic Mass: 24.305 amu Melting Point: 650.0 °C (923.15 °K, 1202.0 °F) Boiling Point: 1107.0 °C (1380.15 °K, 2024.6 °F) N Magnesium Electron Configuration Mg = 1s22s22p63s2 Link 12 MgMagnesium What is Magnesium? Silvery metallic element belonging to group 2 of the periodic table (alkaline-earth metals). It is essential for living organisms, and is used in a number of light alloys. Chemically very reactive, it forms a protective oxide coating when exposed to air and burns with an intense white flame. It also reacts with sulphur, nitrogen and the halogens. First isolated by Bussy in 1828.
Name: Aluminum Symbol: Al Atomic Number: 13 Atomic Mass: 26.981539 amu Melting Point: 660.37 °C (933.52 °K, 1220.666 °F) Boiling Point: 2467.0 °C (2740.15 °K, 4472.6 °F) N Aluminum Electron Configuration Al = 1s22s22p63s23p1 13 Al Aluminum What is Aluminum? Silvery-white lustrous metallic element of group 3 of the periodic table. Highly reactive but protected by a thin transparent layer of the oxide which quickly forms in air. There are many alloys of aluminum, as well as a good number of industrial uses. Makes up 8.1% of the Earth's crust, by weight. Isolated in 1825 by H.C. Oersted.
Name: Silicon Symbol: Si Atomic Number: 14 Atomic Mass: 28.0855 amu Melting Point: 1410.0 °C (1683.15 °K, 2570.0 °F) Boiling Point: 2355.0 °C (2628.15 °K, 4271.0 °F) N Silicon Electron Configuration Si = 1s22s22p63s23p2 Link 14 Si Silicon What is Silicon? Metalloid element belonging to group 14 of the periodic table. It is the second most abundant element in the Earth's crust, making up 25.7% of it by weight. Chemically less reactive than carbon. First identified by Lavoisier in 1787 and first isolated in 1823 by Berzelius.
Name: Phosphorus Symbol: P Atomic Number: 15 Atomic Mass: 30.97376 amu Melting Point: 44.1 °C (317.25 °K, 111.38 °F) Boiling Point: 280.0 °C (553.15 °K, 536.0 °F) N Phosphorus Electron Configuration P = 1s22s22p63s23p3 15 PPhosphorus What is Phosphorus? Non-metallic element belonging to group 15 of the periodic table. Has a multiple allotropic forms. Essential element for living organisms. It was discovered by Brandt in 1669.
Name: Sulfur Symbol: S Atomic Number: 16 Atomic Mass: 32.066 amu Melting Point: 112.8 °C (385.95 °K, 235.04001 °F) Boiling Point: 444.6 °C (717.75 °K, 832.28 °F) N Sulfur Electron Configuration S = 1s22s22p63s23p4 16 S Sulfur What is Sulfur? Yellow, nonmetallic element belonging to group 16 of the periodic table. It is an essential element in living organisms, needed in the amino acids cysteine and methionine, and hence in many proteins. Absorbed by plants from the soil as sulfate ion.
Name: Chlorine Symbol: Cl Atomic Number: 17 Atomic Mass: 35.4527 amu Melting Point: -100.98 °C (172.17 °K, -149.764 °F) Boiling Point: -34.6 °C (238.55 °K, -30.279997 °F) N Chlorine Electron Configuration Cl = 1s22s22p63s23p5 17 Cl Chlorine What is Chlorine? Halogen element. Poisonous greenish-yellow gas. Occurs widely in nature as sodium chloride in seawater. Reacts directly with many elements and compounds, strong oxidizing agent. Discovered by Karl Scheele in 1774. Humphrey David confirmed it as an element in 1810.
Name: Argon Symbol: Ar Atomic Number: 18 Atomic Mass: 39.948 amu Melting Point: -189.3 °C (83.85 °K, -308.74 °F) Boiling Point: -186.0 °C (87.15 °K, -302.8 °F) N Argon Electron Configuration Ar = 1s22s22p63s23p6 18 Ar Argon What is Argon? Monatomic noble gas. Makes up 0.93% of the air. Colorless, odorless. Is inert and has no true compounds. Lord Rayleigh and Sir William Ramsey identified argon in 1894. pslawinski, wikipedia.org
Name: Potassium Symbol: K Atomic Number: 19 Atomic Mass: 39.0983 amu Melting Point: 63.65 °C (336.8 °K, 146.57 °F) Boiling Point: 774.0 °C (1047.15 °K, 1425.2 °F) N Potassium Electron Configuration K = 1s22s22p63s23p6 4s1 Link 19 K Potassium What is Potassium? Soft silvery metallic element belonging to group 1 of the periodic table (alkali metals). Occurs naturally in seawater and a many minerals. Highly reactive, chemically, it resembles sodium in its behavior and compounds. Discovered by Sir Humphry Davy in 1807.
Name: Calcium Symbol: Ca Atomic Number: 20 Atomic Mass: 40.078 amu Melting Point: 839.0 °C (1112.15 °K, 1542.2 °F) Boiling Point: 1484.0 °C (1757.15 °K, 2703.2 °F) N Calcium Electron Configuration Ca = 1s22s22p63s23p6 4s2 20 Ca Calcium What is Calcium? Soft grey metallic element belonging to group 2 of the periodic table. Used a reducing agent in the extraction of thorium, zirconium and uranium. Essential element for living organisms.
21 Sc Scandium Name: Scandium Symbol: Sc Atomic Number: 21 Atomic Mass: 44.95591 amu Melting Point: 1539.0 °C (1812.15 °K, 2802.2 °F) Boiling Point: 2832.0 °C (3105.15 °K, 5129.6 °F) N Scandium Electron Configuration Sc = 1s22s22p63s23p6 4s23d1 What is Scandium? Rare soft silvery metallic element belonging to group 3 of the periodic table. There are ten isotopes, nine of which are radioactive and have short half-lives. Predicted in 1869 by Mendeleev, isolated by Nilson in 1879.
Name: Titanium Symbol: Ti Atomic Number: 22 Atomic Mass: 47.867 amu Melting Point: 1660.0 °C (1933.15 °K, 3020.0 °F) Boiling Point: 3287.0 °C (3560.15 °K, 5948.6 °F) N Titanium Electron Configuration Ti = 1s22s22p63s23p6 4s23d2 22 Ti Titanium What is Titanium? White metallic transition element. Occurs in numerous minerals. Used in strong, light corrosion-resistant alloys. Forms a passive oxide coating when exposed to air. First discovered by Gregor in 1789.
Name: Vanadium Symbol: V Atomic Number: 23 Atomic Mass: 50.9415 amu Melting Point: 1890.0 °C (2163.15 °K, 3434.0 °F) Boiling Point: 3380.0 °C (3653.15 °K, 6116.0 °F) N Vanadium Electron Configuration V = 1s22s22p63s23p6 4s23d3 23 V Vanadium What is Vanadium? Soft and ductile, bright white metal. Good resistance to corrosion by alkalis, sulphuric and hydrochloric acid. It oxidizes readily about 933K. There are two naturally occurring isotopes of vanadium, and 5 radioisotopes, V-49 having the longest half-life at 337 days. Vanadium has nuclear applications, the foil is used in cladding titanium to steel, and vanadium-gallium tape is used to produce a superconductive magnet. Originally discovered by Andres Manuel del Rio of Mexico City in 1801. His discovery went unheeded, however, and in 1820, Nils Gabriel Sefstron of Sweden rediscovered it. Metallic vanadium was isolated by Henry Enfield Roscoe in 1867. The name vanadium comes from Vanadis, a goddess of Scandinavian mythology. Silvery-white metallic transition element. Vanadium is essential to ascidians. Rats and chickens are also known to require it. Metal powder is a fire hazard, and vanadium compounds should be considered highly toxic. May cause lung cancer if inhaled.
Name: Chromium Symbol: Cr Atomic Number: 24 Atomic Mass: 51.9961 amu Melting Point: 1857.0 °C (2130.15 °K, 3374.6 °F) Boiling Point: 2672.0 °C (2945.15 °K, 4841.6 °F) Electron Configuration Cr = 1s22s22p63s23p6 4s13d5 N 24 Cr Chromium Link What is Chromium? Hard silvery transition element. Used in decorative electroplating. Discovered in 1797 by Vauquelin. Chromium
Name: Manganese Symbol: Mn Atomic Number: 25 Atomic Mass: 54.93805 amu Melting Point: 1245.0 °C (1518.15 °K, 2273.0 °F) Boiling Point: 1962.0 °C (2235.15 °K, 3563.6 °F) Electron Configuration Mn = 1s22s22p63s23p6 4s23d5 N 25 MnManganese What is Manganese? Grey brittle metallic transition element. Rather electropositive, combines with some non-metals when heated. Discovered in 1774 by Scheele. Manganese
Name: Iron Symbol: Fe Atomic Number: 26 Atomic Mass: 55.845 amu Melting Point: 1535.0 °C (1808.15 °K, 2795.0 °F) Boiling Point: 2750.0 °C (3023.15 °K, 4982.0 °F) Electron Configuration Fe = 1s22s22p63s23p6 4s23d6 N 26 Fe Iron What is Iron? Silvery malleable and ductile metallic transition element. Has nine isotopes and is the fourth most abundant element in the earth's crust. Required by living organisms as a trace element (used in hemoglobin in humans.) Quite reactive, oxidizes in moist air, displaces hydrogen from dilute acids and combines with nonmetallic elements. Iron
Name: Cobalt Symbol: Co Atomic Number: 27 Atomic Mass: 58.9332 amu Melting Point: 1495.0 °C (1768.15 °K, 2723.0 °F) Boiling Point: 2870.0 °C (3143.15 °K, 5198.0 °F) Electron Configuration Co = 1s22s22p63s23p6 4s23d7 N 27 Co Cobalt What is Cobalt? Light grey transition element. Some meteorites contain small amounts of metallic cobalt. Generally alloyed for use. Mammals require small amounts of cobalt salts. Cobalt-60, an artificially produced radioactive isotope of Cobalt is an important radioactive tracer and cancer-treatment agent. Discovered by G. Brandt in 1737. Cobalt
Name: Nickel Symbol: Ni Atomic Number: 28 Atomic Mass: 58.6934 amu Melting Point: 1453.0 °C (1726.15 °K, 2647.4 °F) Boiling Point: 2732.0 °C (3005.15 °K, 4949.6 °F) Electron Configuration Ni = 1s22s22p63s23p6 4s23d8 N 28 Ni Nickel Link What is Nickel? Malleable ductile silvery metallic transition element. Discovered by A.F. Cronstedt in 1751. Nickel
Name: Copper Symbol: Cu Atomic Number: 29 Atomic Mass: 63.546 amu Melting Point: 1083.0 °C (1356.15 °K, 1981.4 °F) Boiling Point: 2567.0 °C (2840.15 °K, 4652.6 °F) Electron Configuration Cu = 1s22s22p63s23p6 4s13d10 N 29 Cu Copper Link What is Copper? Red-brown transition element. Known by the Romans as 'cuprum.' Extracted and used for thousands of years. Malleable, ductile and an excellent conductor of heat and electricity. When in moist conditions, a greenish layer forms on the outside. Copper
Name: Zinc Symbol: Zn Atomic Number: 30 Atomic Mass: 65.39 amu Melting Point: 419.58 °C (692.73 °K, 787.24396 °F) Boiling Point: 907.0 °C (1180.15 °K, 1664.6 °F) Electron Configuration Zn = 1s22s22p63s23p6 4s23d10 N 30 Zn Zinc What is Zinc? Blue-white metallic element. Occurs in multiple compounds naturally. Five stable isotopes are six radioactive isotopes have been found. Chemically a reactive metal, combines with oxygen and other non- metals, reacts with dilute acids to release hydrogen. Zinc
Foobar, wikipedia.org Name: Gallium Symbol: Ga Atomic Number: 31 Atomic Mass: 69.723 amu Melting Point: 29.78 °C (302.93 °K, 85.604004 °F) Boiling Point: 2403.0 °C (2676.15 °K, 4357.4 °F) N Electron Configuration Ga = 1s22s22p63s23p6 4s23d104p1 31 Ga Gallium What is Gallium? Soft silvery metallic element, belongs to group 13 of the periodic table. The two stable isotopes are Ga-69 and Ga-71. Eight radioactive isotopes are known, all having short half-lives. Gallium Arsenide is used as a semiconductor. Corrodes most other metals by diffusing into their lattice. First identified by Francois Lecoq de Boisbaudran in 1875. Gallium
Name: Germanium Symbol: Ge Atomic Number: 32 Atomic Mass: 72.61 amu Melting Point: 937.4 °C (1210.55 °K, 1719.3201 °F) Boiling Point: 2830.0 °C (3103.15 °K, 5126.0 °F) N Electron Configuration Ge = 1s22s22p63s23p6 4s23d104p2 32 GeGermanium What is Germanium? Lustrous hard metalloid element, belongs to group 14 of the periodic table. Forms a large number of organometallic compounds. Predicted by Mendeleev in 1871, it was actually found in 1886 by Winkler. Germanium
Name: Arsenic Symbol: As Atomic Number: 33 Atomic Mass: 74.9216 amu Melting Point: 817.0 °C (1090.15 °K, 1502.6 °F) Boiling Point: 613.0 °C (886.15 °K, 1135.4 °F) Electron Configuration As = 1s22s22p63s23p6 4s23d104p3 N 33 As Arsenic What is Arsenic? Metalloid element of group 15. There are three allotropes, yellow, black, and grey. Reacts with halogens, concentrated oxidizing acids and hot alkalis. Albertus Magnus is believed to have been the first to isolate the element in 1250. Arsenic
Name: Selenium Symbol: Se Atomic Number: 34 Atomic Mass: 78.96 amu Melting Point: 217.0 °C (490.15 °K, 422.6 °F) Boiling Point: 684.9 °C (958.05005 °K, 1264.8201 °F) Electron Configuration Se = 1s22s22p63s23p6 4s23d104p4 N 34 Se Selenium What is Selenium? Metalloid element, belongs to group 16 of the periodic table. Multiple allotropic forms exist. Chemically resembles sulfur. Discovered in 1817 by Jons J. Berzelius. Selenium
Name: Bromine Symbol: Br Atomic Number: 35 Atomic Mass: 79.904 amu Melting Point: -7.2 °C (265.95 °K, 19.04 °F) Boiling Point: 58.78 °C (331.93 °K, 137.804 °F) Electron Configuration Br = 1s22s22p63s23p6 4s23d104p5 N 35 Br Bromine What is Bromine? Halogen element. Red volatile liquid at room temperature. Its reactivity is somewhere between chlorine and iodine. Harmful to human tissue in a liquid state, the vapor irritates eyes and throat. Discovered in 1826 by Antoine Balard. Bromine RTC, wikipedia.org
Name: Krypton Symbol: Kr Atomic Number: 36 Atomic Mass: 83.8 amu Melting Point: -157.2 °C (115.950005 °K, -250.95999 °F) Boiling Point: -153.4 °C (119.75001 °K, -244.12 °F) Electron Configuration Kr = 1s22s22p63s23p6 4s23d104p6 N 36 Kr Krypton What is Krypton? Colorless gaseous element, belongs to the noble gases. Occurs in the air, 0.0001% by volume. It can be extracted from liquid air by fractional distillation. Generally not isolated, but used with other inert gases in fluorescent lamps. Five natural isotopes, and five radioactive isotopes. Kr-85, the most stable radioactive isotope, has a half-life of 10.76 years and is produced in fission reactors. Practically inert, though known to form compounds with fluorine. Krypton
Name: Rubidium Symbol: Rb Atomic Number: 37 Atomic Mass: 85.4678 amu Melting Point: 38.89 °C (312.04 °K, 102.002 °F) Boiling Point: 688.0 °C (961.15 °K, 1270.4 °F) N 37 Rb Rubidium What is Rubidium? Soft silvery metallic element, belongs to group 1 of the periodic table. Rb-97, the naturally occurring isotope, is radioactive. It is highly reactive, with properties similar to other elements in group 1, like igniting spontaneously in air. Discovered spectroscopically in 1861 by W. Bunsen and G.R. Kirchoff. Rb = [Kr]5s1 Rubidium
Name: Strontium Symbol: Sr Atomic Number: 38 Atomic Mass: 87.62 amu Melting Point: 769.0 °C (1042.15 °K, 1416.2 °F) Boiling Point: 1384.0 °C (1657.15 °K, 2523.2 °F) N 38 Sr Strontium What is Strontium? Soft yellowish metallic element, belongs to group 2 of the periodic table. Highly reactive chemically. Sr-90 is present in radioactive fallout and has a half-life of 28 years. Discovered in 1798 by Klaproth and Hope, isolated in 1808 by Humphry Davy. Sr = [Kr]5s2 Strontium
Name: Yttrium Symbol: Y Atomic Number: 39 Atomic Mass: 88.90585 amu Melting Point: 1523.0 °C (1796.15 °K, 2773.4 °F) Boiling Point: 3337.0 °C (3610.15 °K, 6038.6 °F) N 39 Y Yttrium What is Yttrium? Silvery-grey metallic element of group 3 on the periodic table. Found in uranium ores. The only natural isotope is Y-89, there are 14 other artificial isotopes. Chemically resembles the lanthanoids. Stable in the air below 400 degrees, Celsius. Discovered in 1828 by Friedrich Wohler. Y = [Kr]5s24d1 Yttrium
Name: Zirconium Symbol: Zr Atomic Number: 40 Atomic Mass: 91.224 amu Melting Point: 1852.0 °C (2125.15 °K, 3365.6 °F) Boiling Point: 4377.0 °C (4650.15 °K, 7910.6 °F) N 40 Zr Zirconium What is Zirconium? Grey-white metallic transition element. Five natural isotopes and six radioactive isotopes are known. Used in nuclear reactors for a neutron absorber. Discovered in 1789 by Martin Klaproth, isolated in 1824 by Berzelius. Zr = [Kr]5s24d2 Zirconium
Name: Niobium Symbol: Nb Atomic Number: 41 Atomic Mass: 92.90638 amu Melting Point: 2468.0 °C (2741.15 °K, 4474.4 °F) Boiling Point: 4927.0 °C (5200.15 °K, 8900.6 °F) N 41 Nb Niobium What is Niobium? Soft, ductile grey-blue metallic transition element. Used in special steels and in welded joints to increase strength. Combines with halogens and oxidizes in air at 200 degrees Celsius. Discovered by Charles Hatchett in 1801 and isolated by Blomstrand in 1864. Called columbium originally. Nb = [Kr]5s14d5 Niobium
Name: Molybdenum Symbol: Mo Atomic Number: 42 Atomic Mass: 95.94 amu Melting Point: 2617.0 °C (2890.15 °K, 4742.6 °F) Boiling Point: 4612.0 °C (4885.15 °K, 8333.6 °F) N 42 MoMolybdenum What is Molybdenum? Silvery-white, hard metallic transition element. It is chemically unreactive and is not affected by most acids. It oxidizes at high temperatures. There are seven natural isotopes, and four radioisotopes, Mo-93 being the most stable with a half-life of 3500 years. Molybdenum is used in almost all high-strength steels, it has nuclear applications, and is a catalyst in petroleum refining. Discovered in 1778 by Carl Welhelm Scheele of Sweden. Impure metal was prepared in 1782 by Peter Jacob Hjelm. Mo = [Kr]5s14d5 Molybdenum
Name: Technetium Symbol: Tc Atomic Number: 43 Atomic Mass: (98.0) amu Melting Point: 2200.0 °C (2473.15 °K, 3992.0 °F) Boiling Point: 4877.0 °C (5150.15 °K, 8810.6 °F) N 43 TcTechnetium What is Technetium? Radioactive metallic transition element. Can be detected in some stars and the fission products of uranium. First made by Perrier and Segre by bombarding molybdenum with deutrons, giving them Tc-97. Tc-99 is the most stable isotope with a half-life of 2.6x106 years. Sixteen isotopes are known. Organic technetium compounds are used in bone imaging. Chemical properties are intermediate between rhenium and manganese. Tc = [Kr]5s24d5 Technetium
Name: Ruthenium Symbol: Ru Atomic Number: 44 Atomic Mass: 101.07 amu Melting Point: 2250.0 °C (2523.15 °K, 4082.0 °F) Boiling Point: 3900.0 °C (4173.15 °K, 7052.0 °F) N 44 Ru Ruthenium What is Ruthenium? Hard white metallic transition element. Found with platinum, used as a catalyst in some platinum alloys. Dissolves in fused alkalis, and is not attacked by acids. Reacts with halogens and oxygen at high temperatures. Isolated in 1844 by K.K. Klaus. Ru = [Kr]5s14d7 Ruthenium
Name: Rhodium Symbol: Rh Atomic Number: 45 Atomic Mass: 102.9055 amu Melting Point: 1966.0 °C (2239.15 °K, 3570.8 °F) Boiling Point: 3727.0 °C (4000.15 °K, 6740.6 °F) N 45 Rh Rhodium What is Rhodium? Silvery white metallic transition element. Found with platinum and used in some platinum alloys. Not attacked by acids, dissolves only in aqua regia. Discovered in 1803 by W.H. Wollaston. Rh = [Kr]5s14d8 Rhodium
Name: Palladium Symbol: Pd Atomic Number: 46 Atomic Mass: 106.42 amu Melting Point: 1552.0 °C (1825.15 °K, 2825.6 °F) Boiling Point: 2927.0 °C (3200.15 °K, 5300.6 °F) N 46 Pd Palladium What is Palladium? Soft white ductile transition element. Found with some copper and nickel ores. Does not react with oxygen at normal temperatures. Dissolves slowly in hydrochloric acid. Discovered in 1803 by W.H. Wollaston. Pd = [Kr]4d10 Palladium
Name: Silver Symbol: Ag Atomic Number: 47 Atomic Mass: 107.8682 amu Melting Point: 961.93 °C (1235.08 °K, 1763.474 °F) Boiling Point: 2212.0 °C (2485.15 °K, 4013.6 °F) N 47 Ag Silver What is Silver? White lustrous soft metallic transition element. Found in both its elemental form and in minerals. Used in jewelry, tableware and so on. Less reactive than silver, chemically. Ag = [Kr]5s14d10 Silver
Name: Cadmium Symbol: Cd Atomic Number: 48 Atomic Mass: 112.411 amu Melting Point: 320.9 °C (594.05 °K, 609.62 °F) Boiling Point: 765.0 °C (1038.15 °K, 1409.0 °F) N 48 Cd Cadmium What is Cadmium? Soft bluish metal belonging to group 12 of the periodic table. Extremely toxic even in low concentrations. Chemically similar to zinc, but lends itself to more complex compounds. Discovered in 1817 by F. Stromeyer. Cd = [Kr]5s24d10 Cadmium
Name: Indium Symbol: In Atomic Number: 49 Atomic Mass: 114.818 amu Melting Point: 156.61 °C (429.76 °K, 313.898 °F) Boiling Point: 2000.0 °C (2273.15 °K, 3632.0 °F) N 49 In Indium What is Indium? Soft silvery element belonging to group 13 of the periodic table. The most common natural isotope is In-115, which has a half-life of 6x104 years. Five other radioisotopes exist. Discovered in 1863 by Reich and Richter. In = [Kr]5s24d105p1 Indium
Name: Tin Symbol: Sn Atomic Number: 50 Atomic Mass: 118.71 amu Melting Point: 231.9 °C (505.05 °K, 449.41998 °F) Boiling Point: 2270.0 °C (2543.15 °K, 4118.0 °F) N 50 Sn Tin What is Tin? Silvery malleable metallic element belonging to group 14 of the periodic table. Twenty-six isotopes are known, five of which are radioactive. Chemically reactive. Combines directly with chlorine and oxygen and displaces hydrogen from dilute acids. Sn = [Kr]5s24d105p2 Tin
Name: Antimony Symbol: Sb Atomic Number: 51 Atomic Mass: 121.76 amu Melting Point: 630.0 °C (903.15 °K, 1166.0 °F) Boiling Point: 1750.0 °C (2023.15 °K, 3182.0 °F) N 51 Sb Antimony What is Antimony? Element of group 15. Multiple allotropic forms. The stable form of antimony is a blue-white metal. Yellow and black antimony are unstable non-metals. Used in flame-proofing, paints, ceramics, enamels, and rubber. Attacked by oxidizing acids and halogens. First reported by Tholden in 1450. Sb = [Kr]5s24d105p3 Antimony
Name: Tellurium Symbol: Te Atomic Number: 52 Atomic Mass: 127.6 amu Melting Point: 449.5 °C (722.65 °K, 841.1 °F) Boiling Point: 989.8 °C (1262.95 °K, 1813.64 °F) N 52 Te Tellurium What is Tellurium? Silvery metalloid element of group 16. Eight natural isotopes, nine radioactive isotopes. Used in semiconductors and to a degree in some steels. Chemistry is similar to sulfur. Discovered in 1782 by Franz Miller. Te = [Kr]5s24d105p4 Tellurium
Name: Iodine Symbol: I Atomic Number: 53 Atomic Mass: 126.90447 amu Melting Point: 113.5 °C (386.65 °K, 236.3 °F) Boiling Point: 184.0 °C (457.15 °K, 363.2 °F) N 53 I Iodine What is Iodine? Dark violet nonmetallic element, belongs to group 17 of the periodic table. Insoluble in water. Required as a trace element for living organisms. One stable isotope, I-127 exists, in addition to fourteen radioactive isotopes. Chemically the least reactive of the halogens, and the most electropositive metallic halogen. Discovered in 1812 by Courtois. I = [Kr]5s24d105p5 Iodine
Name: Xenon Symbol: Xe Atomic Number: 54 Atomic Mass: 131.29 amu Melting Point: -111.9 °C (161.25 °K, -169.42 °F) Boiling Point: -108.1 °C (165.05 °K, -162.58 °F) 54 Xe Xenon What is Xenon? Colorless, odorless gas belonging to group 18 on the periodic table (the noble gases.) Nine natural isotopes and seven radioactive isotopes are known. Xenon was part of the first noble-gas compound synthesized. Several others involving Xenon have been found since then. Xenon was discovered by Ramsey and Travers in 1898. Xe = [Kr]5s24d105p6 Xenon pslawinski, wikipedia.org
Name: Cesium Symbol: Cs Atomic Number: 55 Atomic Mass: 132.90546 amu Melting Point: 28.5 °C (301.65 °K, 83.3 °F) Boiling Point: 678.4 °C (951.55005 °K, 1253.12 °F) N 55 Cs Cesium What is Cesium? Soft silvery-white metallic element belonging to group 1 of the periodic table. One of the three metals which are liquid at room temperature. Cs-133 is the natural, and only stable, isotope. Fifteen other radioisotopes exist. Cesium reacts explosively with cold water, and ice at temperatures above 15 K. Cesium hydroxide is the strongest base known. Cs = [Xe]6s1 Cesium
Name: Barium Symbol: Ba Atomic Number: 56 Atomic Mass: 137.327 amu Melting Point: 725.0 °C (998.15 °K, 1337.0 °F) Boiling Point: 1140.0 °C (1413.15 °K, 2084.0 °F) N 56 Ba Barium What is Barium? Silvery-white reactive element, belonging to group 2 of the periodic table. Soluble barium compounds are extremely poisonous. Identified in 1774 by Karl Scheele and extracted in 1808 by Humphry Davy. Ba = [Xe]6s2 Barium
57 LaLanthanum Name: Lanthanum Symbol: La Atomic Number: 57 Atomic Mass: 138.9055 amu Melting Point: 920.0 °C (1193.15 °K, 1688.0 °F) Boiling Point: 3469.0 °C (3742.15 °K, 6276.2 °F) N What is Lanthanum? (From the Greek word lanthanein, to line hidden) Silvery metallic element belonging to group 3 of the periodic table and oft considered to be one of the lanthanoids. Found in some rare-earth minerals. Twenty-five natural isotopes exist. La-139 which is stable, and La-138 which has a half-life of 1010 to 1015 years. The other twenty-three isotopes are radioactive. It resembles the lanthanoids chemically. Lanthanum has a low to moderate level of toxicity, and should be handled with care. Discovered in 1839 by C.G. Mosander. La = [Xe]5d16s2 Lanthanum
Name: Cerium Symbol: Ce Atomic Number: 58 Atomic Mass: 140.116 amu Melting Point: 795.0 °C (1068.15 °K, 1463.0 °F) Boiling Point: 3257.0 °C (3530.15 °K, 5894.6 °F) N 58 Ce Cerium What is Cerium? Silvery metallic element, belongs to the lanthanoids. Four natural isotopes exist, and fifteen radioactive isotopes have been identified. Used in some rare-earth alloys. The oxidized form is used in the glass industry. Discovered by Martin .H. Klaproth in 1803. Ce = [Xe] 6s24f15d1 Cerium
Name: Praseodymium Symbol: Pr Atomic Number: 59 Atomic Mass: 140.90765 amu Melting Point: 935.0 °C (1208.15 °K, 1715.0 °F) Boiling Point: 3127.0 °C (3400.15 °K, 5660.6 °F) N 59 PrPraseodymium What is Praseodymium? Soft silvery metallic element, belongs to the lanthanoids. Only natural isotope is Pr-141 which is not radioactive. Fourteen radioactive isotopes have been artificially produced. Used in rare-earth alloys. Discovered in 1885 by C.A. von Welsbach. Pr = [Xe] 6s24f3 Praseodymium
Name: Neodymium Symbol: Nd Atomic Number: 60 Atomic Mass: 144.24 amu Melting Point: 1010.0 °C (1283.15 °K, 1850.0 °F) Boiling Point: 3127.0 °C (3400.15 °K, 5660.6 °F) N 60 NdNeodymium What is Neodymium? Soft bright silvery metallic element, belongs to the lanthanoids. Seven natural isotopes, Nd-144 being the only radioactive one with a half-life of 1010 to 1015 years. Six artificial radioisotopes have been produced. The metal is used in glass works to color class a shade of violet-purple and make it dichroic. One of the more reactive rare-earth metals, quickly reacts with air. Used in some rare-earth alloys. Neodymium is used to color the glass used in welder's glasses. Neodymium is also used in very powerful, permanent magnets (Nd2Fe14B). Discovered by Carl F. Auer von Welsbach in Austria in 1885 by separating didymium into its elemental components praseodymium and neodymium. Nd = [Xe] 6s24f4 Neodymium
Name: Promethium Symbol: Pm Atomic Number: 61 Atomic Mass: (145.0) amu Melting Point: Unknown Boiling Point: Unknown N 61 PmPromethium What is Promethium? Soft silvery metallic element, belongs to the lanthanoids. Pm- 147, the only natural isotope, is radioactive and has a half-life of 252 years. Eighteen radioisotopes have been produced, but all have very short half-lives. Found only in nuclear decay waste. Pm-147 is of interest as a beta-decay source, however Pm-146 and Pm-148 have to be removed from it first, as they generate gamma radiation. Discovered by J.A. Marinsky, L.E. Glendenin and C.D. Coryell in 1947. Pm = [Xe] 6s24f5 Promethium
Name: Samarium Symbol: Sm Atomic Number: 62 Atomic Mass: 150.36 amu Melting Point: 1072.0 °C (1345.15 °K, 1961.6 °F) Boiling Point: 1900.0 °C (2173.15 °K, 3452.0 °F) N 62 Sm Samarium What is Samarium? Soft silvery metallic element, belongs to the lanthanoids. Seven natural isotopes, Sm-147 is the only radioisotope, and has a half-life of 2.5x1011 years. Used for making special alloys needed in the production of nuclear reactors. Also used as a neutron absorber. Small quantities of samarium oxide is used in special optical glasses. The largest use of the element is its ferromagnetic alloy which produces permanent magnets that are five times stronger than magnets produced by any other material. Discovered by Francois Lecoq de Boisbaudran in 1879. Sm = [Xe] 6s24f6 Samarium
Name: Europium Symbol: Eu Atomic Number: 63 Atomic Mass: 151.964 amu Melting Point: 822.0 °C (1095.15 °K, 1511.6 °F) Boiling Point: 1597.0 °C (1870.15 °K, 2906.6 °F) N 63 Eu Europium What is Europium? Soft silvery metallic element belonging to the lanthanoids. Eu-151 and Eu-153 are the only two stable isotopes, both of which are neutron absorbers. Discovered in 1889 by Sir William Crookes. Eu = [Xe] 6s24f7 Europium
Name: Gadolinium Symbol: Gd Atomic Number: 64 Atomic Mass: 157.25 amu Melting Point: 1311.0 °C (1584.15 °K, 2391.8 °F) Boiling Point: 3233.0 °C (3506.15 °K, 5851.4 °F) N 64 GdGadolinium What is Gadolinium? Soft silvery metallic element belonging to the lanthanoids. Seven natural, stable isotopes are known in addition to eleven artificial isotopes. Gd-155 and Gd-157 and the best neutron absorbers of all elements. Gadolinium compounds are used in electronics. Discovered by J.C.G Marignac in 1880. Gd = [Xe] 6s25d14f7 Gadolinium
Name: Terbium Symbol: Tb Atomic Number: 65 Atomic Mass: 158.92534 amu Melting Point: 1360.0 °C (1633.15 °K, 2480.0 °F) Boiling Point: 3041.0 °C (3314.15 °K, 5505.8 °F) N 65 Tb Terbium What is Terbium? Silvery metallic element belonging to the lanthanoids. Tb-159 is the only stable isotope, there are seventeen artificial isotopes. Discovered by G.G. Mosander in 1843. Tb = [Xe] 6s24f9 Terbium
Name: Dysprosium Symbol: Dy Atomic Number: 66 Atomic Mass: 162.5 amu Melting Point: 1412.0 °C (1685.15 °K, 2573.6 °F) Boiling Point: 2562.0 °C (2835.15 °K, 4643.6 °F) 66 DyDysprosium What is Dysprosium? Metallic with a bright silvery-white luster. Dysprosium belongs to the lanthanoids. It is relatively stable in air at room temperatures, it will however dissolve in mineral acids, evolving hydrogen. It is found in from rare-earth minerals. There are seven natural isotopes of dysprosium, and eight radioisotopes, Dy-154 being the most stable with a half-life of 3x106 years. Dysprosium is used as a neutron absorber in nuclear fission reactions, and in compact disks. It was discovered by Paul Emile Lecoq de Boisbaudran in 1886 in France. Its name comes from the Greek word dysprositos, which means hard to obtain. Dy = [Xe] 6s24f10 N Dysprosium
Name: Holmium Symbol: Ho Atomic Number: 67 Atomic Mass: 164.93031 amu Melting Point: 1470.0 °C (1743.15 °K, 2678.0 °F) Boiling Point: 2720.0 °C (2993.15 °K, 4928.0 °F) N 67 Ho Holmium What is Holmium? Relatively soft and malleable silvery-white metallic element, which is stable in dry air at room temperature. It oxidizes in moist air and at high temperatures. It belongs to the lanthanoids. A rare-earth metal, it is found in the minerals monazite and gadolinite. It possesses unusual magnetic properties. One natural isotope, Ho- 165 exists, six radioisotopes exist, the most stable being Ho-163 with a half-life of 4570 years. Holmium is used in some metal alloys, it is also said to stimulate the metabolism. Discovered by Per Theodor Cleve and J.L. Soret in Switzerland in 1879. The name homium comes from the Greek word Holmia which means Sweden. While all holmium compounds should be considered highly toxic, initial evidence seems to indicate that they do not pose much danger. The metal's dust however, is a fire hazard. Holmium
Name: Erbium Symbol: Er Atomic Number: 68 Atomic Mass: 167.26 amu Melting Point: 1522.0 °C (1795.15 °K, 2771.6 °F) Boiling Point: 2510.0 °C (2783.15 °K, 4550.0 °F) 68 Er Erbium What is Erbium? Soft silvery metallic element which belongs to the lanthanoids. Six natural isotopes that are stable. Twelve artificial isotopes are known. Used in nuclear technology as a neutron absorber. It is being investigated for other possible uses. Discovered by Carl G. Mosander in 1843. Erbium
Name: Thulium Symbol: Tm Atomic Number: 69 Atomic Mass: 168.9342 amu Melting Point: 1545.0 °C (1818.15 °K, 2813.0 °F) Boiling Point: 1727.0 °C (2000.15 °K, 3140.6 °F) 69 Tm Thulium What is Thulium? Soft grey metallic element that belongs to the lanthanoids. One natural isotope exists, Tm-169, and seventeen artificial isotopes have been produced. No known uses for the element. Discovered in 1879 by Per Theodor Cleve. Thulium
Name: Ytterbium Symbol: Yb Atomic Number: 70 Atomic Mass: 173.04 amu Melting Point: 824.0 °C (1097.15 °K, 1515.2 °F) Boiling Point: 1466.0 °C (1739.15 °K, 2670.8 °F) 70 Yb Ytterbium What is Ytterbium? Silvery metallic element of the lanthanoids. Seven natural isotopes and ten artificial isotopes are known. Used in certain steels. Discovered by J.D.G. Marignac in 1878. Ytterbium
Name: Lutetium Symbol: Lu Atomic Number: 71 Atomic Mass: 174.967 amu Melting Point: 1656.0 °C (1929.15 °K, 3012.8 °F) Boiling Point: 3315.0 °C (3588.15 °K, 5999.0 °F) 71 Lu Lutetium What is Lutetium? Silvery-white rare-earth metal which is relatively stable in air. It happens to be the most expensive rare-earth metal. Its found with almost all rare-earth metals, but is very difficult to separate from other elements. Least abundant of all natural elements. Used in metal alloys, and as a catalyst in various processes. There are two natural, stable isotopes, and seven radioisotopes, the most stable being Lu-174 with a half-life of 3.3 years. The separation of lutetium from ytterbium was described by Georges Urbain in 1907. It was discovered at approximately the same time by Carl Auer von Welsbach. The name comes from the Greek word lutetia which means Paris. Lutetium
Name: Hafnium Symbol: Hf Atomic Number: 72 Atomic Mass: 178.49 amu Melting Point: 2150.0 °C (2423.15 °K, 3902.0 °F) Boiling Point: 5400.0 °C (5673.15 °K, 9752.0 °F) 72 Hf Hafnium What is Hafnium? Silvery lustrous metallic transition element. Used in tungsten alloys in filaments and electrodes, also acts as a neutron absorber. First reported by Urbain in 1911, existence was finally established in 1923 by D. Coster, G.C. de Hevesy in 1923. Hafnium
Name: Tantalum Symbol: Ta Atomic Number: 73 Atomic Mass: 180.9479 amu Melting Point: 2996.0 °C (3269.15 °K, 5424.8 °F) Boiling Point: 5425.0 °C (5698.15 °K, 9797.0 °F) 73 Ta Tantalum What is Tantalum? Heavy blue-grey metallic transition element. Ta-181 is a stable isotope, and Ta-180 is a radioactive isotope, with a half-life in excess of 10^7 years. Used in surgery as it is unreactive. Forms a passive oxide layer in air. Identified in 1802 by Ekeberg and isolated in 1820 by Jons J. Berzelius. Tantalum
Name: Tungsten Symbol: W Atomic Number: 74 Atomic Mass: 183.84 amu Melting Point: 3410.0 °C (3683.15 °K, 6170.0 °F) Boiling Point: 5660.0 °C (5933.15 °K, 10220.0 °F) 74 W Tungsten What is Tungsten? White or grey metallic transition element, formerly called wolfram. Forms a protective oxide in air and can be oxidized at high temperature. First isolated by Jose and Fausto de Elhuyer in 1783. Tungsten
Name: Rhenium Symbol: Re Atomic Number: 75 Atomic Mass: 186.207 amu Melting Point: 3180.0 °C (3453.15 °K, 5756.0 °F) Boiling Point: 5627.0 °C (5900.15 °K, 10160.6 °F) 75 Re Rhenium What is Rhenium? Silvery-white metallic transition element. Obtained as a by-product of molybdenum refinement. Rhenium- molybdenum alloys are superconducting. Rhenium
Name: Osmium Symbol: Os Atomic Number: 76 Atomic Mass: 190.23 amu Melting Point: 3045.0 °C (3318.15 °K, 5513.0 °F) Boiling Point: 5027.0 °C (5300.15 °K, 9080.6 °F) 76 Os Osmium What is Osmium? Hard blue-white metallic transition element. Found with platinum and used in some alloys with platinum and iridium. Osmium
Name: Iridium Symbol: Ir Atomic Number: 77 Atomic Mass: 192.217 amu Melting Point: 2410.0 °C (2683.15 °K, 4370.0 °F) Boiling Point: 4527.0 °C (4800.15 °K, 8180.6 °F) 77 Ir Iridium What is Iridium? Very hard and brittle, silvery metallic transition element. It has a yellowish cast to it. Salts of iridium are highly colored. It is the most corrosion resistant metal known, not attacked by any acid, but is attacked by molten salts. There are two natural isotopes of iridium, and 4 radioisotopes, the most stable being Ir-192 with a half-life of 73.83 days. Ir-192 decays into platinum, while the other radioisotopes decay into osmium. Iridium is used in high temperature apparatus, electrical contacts, and as a hardening agent for platinum. Discovered in 1803 by Smithson Tennant in England. The name comes from the Greek word iris, which means rainbow. Iridium metal is generally non-toxic due to its relative unreactivity, but iridium compounds should be considered highly toxic. Iridium
Name: Platinum Symbol: Pt Atomic Number: 78 Atomic Mass: 195.078 amu Melting Point: 1772.0 °C (2045.15 °K, 3221.6 °F) Boiling Point: 3827.0 °C (4100.15 °K, 6920.6 °F) 78 Pt Platinum What is Platinum? Attractive greyish-white metal. When pure, it is malleable and ductile. Does not oxidize in air, insoluble in hydrochloric and nitric acid. Corroded by halogens, cyandies, sulphur and alkalis. Hydrogen and oxygen react explosively in the presence of platinum. There are six stable isotopes and three radioisotopes, the most stable being Pt-193 with a half-life of 60 years. Platinum is used in jewelry, laboratory equipment, electrical contacts, dentistry, and anti-pollution devices in cars. PtCl2(NH3)2 is used to treat some forms of cancer. Platinum-cobalt alloys have magnetic properties. It is also used in the definition of the Standard Hydrogen Electrode. Discovered by Antonio de Ulloa in South America in 1735. The name comes from the Spanish word platina which means silver. Platinum metal is generally not a health concern due to its unreactivity, however platinum compounds should be considered highly toxic. Platinum
Name: Gold Symbol: Au Atomic Number: 79 Atomic Mass: 196.96655 amu Melting Point: 1064.43 °C (1337.5801 °K, 1947.9741 °F) Boiling Point: 2807.0 °C (3080.15 °K, 5084.6 °F) 79 Au Gold What is Gold? Gold is gold colored. It is the most malleable and ductile metal known. There is only one stable isotope of gold, and five radioisotopes of gold, Au-195 being the most stable with a half-life of 186 days. Gold is used as a monetary standard, in jewelry, dentistry, electronics. Au-198 is used in treating cancer and some other medical conditions. Gold has been known to exist as far back as 2600 BC. Gold comes from the Anglo-Saxon word gold. Its symbol, Au, comes from the Latin word aurum, which means gold. Gold is not particularly toxic, however it is known to cause damage to the liver and kidneys in some. Gold
Name: Mercury Symbol: Hg Atomic Number: 80 Atomic Mass: 200.59 amu Melting Point: -38.87 °C (234.28 °K, -37.966 °F) Boiling Point: 356.58 °C (629.73 °K, 673.844 °F) 80 Hg Mercury What is Mercury? Heavy silvery liquid metallic element, belongs to the zinc group. Used in thermometers, barometers and other scientific apparatus. Less reactive than zinc and cadmium, does not displace hydrogen from acids. Forms a number of complexes and organomercury compounds. Mercury
Name: Thallium Symbol: Tl Atomic Number: 81 Atomic Mass: 204.3833 amu Melting Point: 303.5 °C (576.65 °K, 578.3 °F) Boiling Point: 1457.0 °C (1730.15 °K, 2654.6 °F) 81 Tl Thallium What is Thallium? Pure, unreacted thallium appears silvery-white and exhibits a metallic lustre. Upon reacting with air, it begins to turn bluish-grey and looks like lead. It is very malleable, and can be cut with a knife. There are two stable isotopes, and four radioisotopes, Tl-204 being the most stable with a half-life of 3.78 years. Thallium sulfate was used as a rodenticide. Thallium sulphine's conductivity changes with exposure to infrared light, this gives it a use in infrared detectors. Discovered by Sir William Crookes via spectroscopy. Its name comes from the Greek word thallos, which means green twig. Thallium and its compounds are toxic and can cause cancer. Thallium
Name: Lead Symbol: Pb Atomic Number: 82 Atomic Mass: 207.2 amu Melting Point: 327.5 °C (600.65 °K, 621.5 °F) Boiling Point: 1740.0 °C (2013.15 °K, 3164.0 °F) 82 Pb Lead What is Lead? Heavy dull grey ductile metallic element, belongs to group 14. Used in building construction, lead-place accumulators, bullets and shot, and is part of solder, pewter, bearing metals, type metals and fusible alloys. Lead
Dschwen, wikipedia.org Name: Bismuth Symbol: Bi Atomic Number: 83 Atomic Mass: 208.98038 amu Melting Point: 271.3 °C (544.45 °K, 520.33997 °F) Boiling Point: 1560.0 °C (1833.15 °K, 2840.0 °F) 83 Bi Bismuth What is Bismuth? White crystalline metal with a pink tinge, belongs to group 15. Most diamagnetic of all metals and has the lowest thermal conductivity of all the elements except mercury. Lead-free bismuth compounds are used in cosmetics and medical procedures. Burns in the air and produces a blue flame. In 1753, C.G. Junine first demonstrated that it was different from lead. Bismuth
Name: Polonium Symbol: Po Atomic Number: 84 Atomic Mass: (209.0) amu Melting Point: 254.0 °C (527.15 °K, 489.2 °F) Boiling Point: 962.0 °C (1235.15 °K, 1763.6 °F) 84 Po Polonium What is Polonium? Rare radioactive metallic element, belongs to group 16 of the periodic table. Over 30 known isotopes exist, the most of all elements. Po-209 has a half-life of 103 years. Possible uses in heating spacecraft. Discovered by Marie Curie in 1898 in a sample of pitchblende. Polonium
Name: Astatine Symbol: At Atomic Number: 85 Atomic Mass: (210.0) amu Melting Point: 302.0 °C (575.15 °K, 575.6 °F) Boiling Point: 337.0 °C (610.15 °K, 638.6 °F) 85 At Astatine What is Astatine? Radioactive halogen element. Occurs naturally from uranium and thorium decay. At least 20 known isotopes. At-210, the most stable, has a half-life of 8.3 hours. Synthesized by nuclear bombardment in 1940 by D.R. Corson, K.R. MacKenzie and E. Segre at the University of California. Astatine
86 Rn Radon Name: Radon Symbol: Rn Atomic Number: 86 Atomic Mass: (222.0) amu Melting Point: -71.0 °C (202.15 °K, -95.8 °F) Boiling Point: -61.8 °C (211.35 °K, -79.24 °F) Link What is Radon? Colorless radioactive gaseous element, belongs to the noble gases. Of the twenty known isotopes, the most stable is Rn-222 with a half-life of 3.8 days. Formed by the radioactive decay of Radium-226. Radon itself decays into polonium. Used in radiotherapy. As a noble gas, it is effectively inert, though radon fluoride has been synthesized. First isolated in 1908 by Ramsey and Gray. Radon
Name: Francium Symbol: Fr Atomic Number: 87 Atomic Mass: (223.0) amu Melting Point: 27.0 °C (300.15 °K, 80.6 °F) Boiling Point: 677.0 °C (950.15 °K, 1250.6 °F) 87 Fr Francium What is Francium? Radioactive element, belongs to group 1 of the periodic table. Found in uranium and thorium ores. The 22 known isotopes are all radioactive, with the most stable being Fr-223. Its existence was confirmed in 1939 by Marguerite Perey. Francium
Name: Radium Symbol: Ra Atomic Number: 88 Atomic Mass: (226.0) amu Melting Point: 700.0 °C (973.15 °K, 1292.0 °F) Boiling Point: 1737.0 °C (2010.15 °K, 3158.6 °F) Link 88 Ra Radium What is Radium? Radioactive metallic element, belongs to group 2 of the periodic table. Most stable isotope, Ra-226 has a half- life of 1602 years, which decays into radon. Isolated from pitchblende in 1898 Marie and Pierre Curie. Radium
89 Ac Actinium Name: Actinium Symbol: Ac Atomic Number: 89 Atomic Mass: (227.0) amu Melting Point: 1050.0 °C (1323.15 °K, 1922.0 °F) Boiling Point: 3200.0 °C (3473.15 °K, 5792.0 °F) What is Actinium? Silvery radioactive metallic element, belongs to group 3 of the periodic table. The most stable isotope, Ac-227, has a half-life of 217 years. Ac- 228 (half-life of 6.13 hours) also occurs in nature. There are 22 other artificial isotopes, all radioactive and having very short half-lives. Chemistry similar to lanthanum. Used as a source of alpha particles. Discovered by A. Debierne in 1899. Actinium
Name: Thorium Symbol: Th Atomic Number: 90 Atomic Mass: 232.0381 amu Melting Point: 1750.0 °C (2023.15 °K, 3182.0 °F) Boiling Point: 4790.0 °C (5063.15 °K, 8654.0 °F) 90 Th Thorium What is Thorium? Grey radioactive metallic element. Belongs to actinoids. Found in monazite sand in Brazil, India and the US. Thorium-232 has a half-life of 1.39x10^10 years. Can be used as a nuclear fuel for breeder reactors. Thorium- 232 captures slow neutrons and breeds uranium-233. Discovered by Jons J. Berzelius in 1829. Thorium
Name: Protactinium Symbol: Pa Atomic Number: 91 Atomic Mass: 231.03587 amu Melting Point: 1600.0 °C (1873.15 °K, 2912.0 °F) Boiling Point: Unknown 91 PaProtactinium What is Protactinium? Radioactive metallic element, belongs to the actinoids. The most stable isotope, Pa-231 has a half-life of 2.43x104 years. At least 10 other radioactive isotopes are known. No practical applications are known. Discovered in 1917 by Lise Meitner and Otto Hahn. Protactinium
Name: Uranium Symbol: U Atomic Number: 92 Atomic Mass: 238.0289 amu Melting Point: 1132.0 °C (1405.15 °K, 2069.6 °F) Boiling Point: 3818.0 °C (4091.15 °K, 6904.4 °F) 92 U Uranium What is Uranium? White radioactive metallic element belonging to the actinoids. Three natural isotopes, U-238, U-235 and U-234. Uranium-235 is used as the fuel for nuclear reactors and weapons. Discovered by Martin H. Klaproth in 1789. Uranium
Name: Neptunium Symbol: Np Atomic Number: 93 Atomic Mass: (237.0) amu Melting Point: 640.0 °C (913.15 °K, 1184.0 °F) Boiling Point: 3902.0 °C (4175.15 °K, 7055.6 °F) 93 Np Neptunium What is Neptunium? Radioactive metallic transuranic element, belongs to the actinoids. Np-237, the most stable isotope, has a half-life of 2.2x106 years and is a by product of nuclear reactors. The other known isotopes have mass numbers 229 through 236, and 238 through 241. Np-236 has a half-life of 5x103 years. First produced by Edwin M. McMillan and P.H. Abelson in 1940. Neptunium
Name: Plutonium Symbol: Pu Atomic Number: 94 Atomic Mass: (244.0) amu Melting Point: 639.5 °C (912.65 °K, 1183.1 °F) Boiling Point: 3235.0 °C (3508.15 °K, 5855.0 °F) 94 Pu Plutonium What is Plutonium? Dense silvery radioactive metallic transuranic element, belongs to the actinoids. Pu- 244 is the most stable isotope with a half-life of 7.6x107 years. Thirteen isotopes are known. Pu-239 is the most important, it undergoes nuclear fission with slow neutrons and is hence important to nuclear weapons and reactors. Plutonium production is monitored down to the gram to prevent military misuse. First produced by Gleen T. Seaborg, Edwin M. McMillan, J.W. Kennedy and A.C. Wahl in 1940. Plutonium
Lawrence Berkeley National Lab Name: Americium Symbol: Am Atomic Number: 95 Atomic Mass: (243.0) amu Melting Point: 994.0 °C (1267.15 °K, 1821.2 °F) Boiling Point: 2607.0 °C (2880.15 °K, 4724.6 °F) 95 AmAmericium What is Americium? Radioactive metallic transuranic element, belongs to the actinoids. Ten known isotopes. Am-243 is the most stable isotope, with a half-life of 7.95x103 years. Discovered by Glenn T. Seaborg and associates in 1945, it was obtained by bombarding uranium-238 with alpha particles. Americium
Name: Curium Symbol: Cm Atomic Number: 96 Atomic Mass: (247.0) amu Melting Point: 1340.0 °C (1613.15 °K, 2444.0 °F) Boiling Point: Unknown Link 96 Cm Curium What is Curium? Radioactive metallic transuranic element. Belongs to actinoid series. Nine known isotopes, Cm-247 has a half-life of 1.64x107 years. First identified by Glenn T. Seaborg and associates in 1944, first produced by L.B. Werner and I. Perlman in 1947 by bombarding americium-241 with neutrons. Named for Marie Curie. Curium
Name: Berkelium Symbol: Bk Atomic Number: 97 Atomic Mass: (247.0) amu Melting Point: Unknown Boiling Point: Unknown 97 Bk Berkelium What is Berkelium? Radioactive metallic transuranic element. Belongs to actinoid series. Eight known isotopes, the most common Bk-247, has a half-life of 1.4x103 years. First produced by Glenn T. Seaborg and associates in 1949 by bombarding americium-241 with alpha particles. Berkelium
Name: Californium Symbol: Cf Atomic Number: 98 Atomic Mass: (251.0) amu Melting Point: Unknown Boiling Point: Unknown 98 CfCalifornium What is Californium? Radioactive metallic transuranic element. Belongs to actinoid series. Cf- 251 has a half life of about 700 years. Nine isotopes are known. Cf-252 is an intense neutron source, which makes it an intense neutron source and gives it a use in neutron activation analysis and a possible use as a radiation source in medicine. First produced by Glenn T. Seaborg and associates in 1950. Californium
Name: Einsteinium Symbol: Es Atomic Number: 99 Atomic Mass: (252.0) amu Melting Point: Unknown Boiling Point: Unknown 99 EsEinsteinium What is Einsteinium? Appearance is unknown, however it is most probably metallic and silver or gray in color. Radioactive metallic transuranic element belonging to the actinoids. Es-254 has the longest half-life of the eleven known isotopes at 270 days. First identified by Albert Ghiorso and associates in the debris of the 1952 hydrogen bomb explosion. In 1961 the first microgram quantities of Es-232 were separated. While einsteinium never exists naturally, if a sufficient amount was assembled, it would pose a radiation hazard. Einsteinium
Name: Fermium Symbol: Fm Atomic Number: 100 Atomic Mass: (257.0) amu Melting Point: Unknown Boiling Point: Unknown 100 Fm Fermium What is Fermium? Radioactive metallic transuranic element, belongs to the actinoids. Ten known isotopes, most stable is Fm- 257 with a half-life of 10 days. First identified by Albert Ghiorso and associates in the debris of the first hydrogen-bomb explosion in 1952. Fermium
Name: Mendelevium Symbol: Md Atomic Number: 101 Atomic Mass: (258.0) amu Melting Point: Unknown Boiling Point: Unknown 101 MdMendelevium What is Mendelevium? Radioactive metallic transuranic element. Belongs to the actinoid series. Only known isotope, Md-256 has a half-life of 1.3 hours. First identified by Glenn T. Seaborg, Albert Ghiorso and associates in 1955. Alternative name unnilunium has been proposed. Named after the 'inventor' of the periodic table, Dmitri Mendeleev. Mendelevium
Name: Nobelium Symbol: No Atomic Number: 102 Atomic Mass: (259.0) amu Melting Point: Unknown Boiling Point: Unknown Link 102 No Nobelium What is Nobelium? Radioactive metallic transuranic element, belongs to the actinoids. Seven known isotopes exist, the most stable being No-254 with a half-life of 255 seconds. First identified with certainty by Albert Ghiorso and Glenn T. Seaborg in 1966. Unnilbium has been proposed as an alternative name. Nobelium
Name: Lawrencium Symbol: Lr Atomic Number: 103 Atomic Mass: (262.0) amu Melting Point: Unknown Boiling Point: Unknown 103 LrLawrencium What is Lawrencium? Appearance unknown, however it is most likely silvery-white or grey and metallic. Lawrencium is a synthetic rare-earth metal. There are eight known radioisotopes, the most stable being Lr-262 with a half-life of 3.6 hours. Due to the short half-life of lawrencium, and its radioactivity, there are no known uses for it. Identified by Albert Ghiorso in 1961 at Berkeley. It was produced by bombarding californium with boron ions. The name is temporary IUPAC nomenclature, the origin of the name comes from Ernest O. Lawrence, the inventor of the cyclotron. If sufficient amounts of lawrencium were produced, it would pose a radiation hazard. Lawrencium
Name: Rutherfordium Symbol: Rf Atomic Number: 104 Atomic Mass: (261.0) amu Melting Point: Unknown Boiling Point: Unknown 104 RfRutherfordium What is Rutherfordium (Unnilquadium)? Radioactive transactinide element. Expected to have similar chemical properties to those displayed by hafnium. Rf-260 was discovered by the Joint Nuclear Research Institute at Dubna (U.S.S.R.) in 1964. Researchers at Berkeley discovered Unq-257 and Unq-258 in 1964. Rutherfordium
Name: Dubnium Symbol: Db Atomic Number: 105 Atomic Mass: (262.0) amu Melting Point: Unknown Boiling Point: Unknown 105 Db Dubnium What is Dubnium (Unnilpentium)? Radioactive transactinide element. Half-life of 1.6s. Discovered in 1970 by Berkeley researchers. So far, seven isotopes have been discovered. Dubnium
Name: Seaborgium Symbol: Sg Atomic Number: 106 Atomic Mass: (263.0) amu Melting Point: Unknown Boiling Point: Unknown Link 106 SgSeaborgium What is Seaborgium (Unnilhexium)? Half-life of 0.9 +/- 0.2 s. Discovered by the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research at Dubna (U.S.S.R.) in June of 1974. Its existence was confirmed by the Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory and Livermore National Laboratory in September of 1974. Seaborgium
Name: Bohrium Symbol: Bh Atomic Number: 107 Atomic Mass: (262.0) amu Melting Point: Unknown Boiling Point: Unknown 107 Bh Bohrium What is Bohrium (Unnilseptium)? Radioactive transition metal. Half-life of approximately 1/500 s. Discovered by the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research at Dubna (U.S.S.R.) in 1976. Confirmed by West German physicists at the Heavy Ion Research Laboratory at Darmstadt. Bohrium
Name: Hassium Symbol: Hs Atomic Number: 108 Atomic Mass: (265.0) amu Melting Point: Unknown Boiling Point: Unknown 108 Hs Hassium Hassium
Name: Meitnerium Symbol: Mt Atomic Number: 109 Atomic Mass: (266.0) amu Melting Point: Unknown Boiling Point: Unknown 109 MtMeitnerium Meitnerium
Einsteinium (Es) Albert Einstein – Relativity – E = mc2 – Offered Presidency of Israel – Element 99 – Photoelectric effect • Solar calculator
Curium (Cm) • Madame Curie – Pioneer in radioactivity • (Ra = radium) – 25 pounds of pitchblende ore yields 1/1000 of a gram of radium – Emits 2 millions times as much radiation as uranium • (Rn = radon gas) – Discovered 5 elements – Nobel Prize (5 in Curie family) – Born in Poland • (Po = polonium) Marie Curie (1876–1934)
Radium (Ra) Radium was used as a fluorescent paint on watch dials. It was applied with thin brushes that workers would lick to keep a fine tip. Many people died from the exposure to radium.
Radon Gas Radon gas occurs naturally from the radioactive decay of radium. Radium is found in small amounts in rock. Ra  Rn + radiation Predicted fraction of homes over 4 picocuries/liter radon
Nobelium (No) Element 102 Alfred Nobel Nobel PrizeInventor: dynamite (TNT) blasting gelatin “Merchant of Death” CH3 NO2 NO2 O2N Trinitrotoluene
Seaborgium (Sg) Glenn Seaborg – Separated f-block from rest of periodic table – Worked on Manhattan Project (Atomic bomb) – Classified until after WW II – Element 106 • Only living person to have an element named for them
Silicon vs. Silicone • Silicon (Si) element • Silicone (…Si – O – Si…) polymer – Sealant (caulk) prevents leaks – Breast augmentation No cause-and-effect relationship exists between breast enlargement and breast cancer. Only one researcher found a causal link.
Magnesium Atomic Mass 24 amu melting point = silver gray metal used in flash bulbs, bombs,and flares 8th most abundant element (2.2% of Earth’s crust) lack of Mg produces same biological effect as alcoholism (delirium tremens) Mg 24.305 12
Potassium Metal in Water Newmark, CHEMISTRY, 1993, page 25
Li 3 H 1 He 2 C 6 N 7 O 8 F 9 Ne 10 Na 11 B 5 Be 4 H 1 Al 13 Si 14 P 15 S 16 Cl 17 Ar 18 K 19 Ca 20 Sc 21 Ti 22 V 23 Cr 24 Mn 25 Fe 26 Co 27 Ni 28 Cu 29 Zn 30 Ga 31 Ge 32 As 33 Se 34 Br 35 Kr 36 Rb 37 Sr 38 Y 39 Zr 40 Nb 41 Mo 42 Tc 43 Ru 44 Rh 45 Pd 46 Ag 47 Cd 48 In 49 Sn 50 Sb 51 Te 52 I 53 Xe 54 Cs 55 Ba 56 Hf 72 Ta 73 W 74 Re 75 Os 76 Ir 77 Pt 78 Au 79 Hg 80 Tl 81 Pb 82 Bi 83 Po 84 At 85 Rn 86 Fr 87 Ra 88 Rf 104 Db 105 Sg 106 Bh 107 Hs 108 Mt 109 Mg 12 Ce 58 Pr 59 Nd 60 Pm 61 Sm 62 Eu 63 Gd 64 Tb 65 Dy 66 Ho 67 Er 68 Tm 69 Yb 70 Lu 71 Th 90 Pa 91 U 92 Np 93 Pu 94 Am 95 Cm 96 Bk 97 Cf 98 Es 99 Fm 100 Md 101 No 102 Lr 103 La 57 Ac 89 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 * W Ir 77 O 8 N 7 Mn 25 e
Elements Database Actinium Aluminum Americium Antimony Argon Arsenic Astatine Barium Berkelium Beryllium Bismuth Boron Bromine Cadmium Cesium Calcium Californium Carbon Cerium Chlorine Chromium Cobalt Copper Curium Dysprosium Einsteinium Erbium Europium Fermium Fluorine Francium Gadolinium Gallium Germanium Gold Hafnium Helium Holmium Hydrogen Indium Iodine Iridium Iron Krypton Lanthanum Lawrencium Lead Lithium Lutetium Magnesium Manganese Meitnerium Mendelevium Mercury Molybdenum Neodymium Neon Neptunium Nickel Niobium Nitrogen Nobelium Osmium Oxygen Palladium Phosphorus Platinum Plutonium Polonium Potassium Praseodymium Promethium Protactinium Radium Radon Rhenium Rhodium Rubidium Ruthenium Samarium Scandium Selenium Silicon Silver Sodium Strontium Sulfur Tantalum Technetium Tellurium Terbium Thallium Thorium Thulium Tin Titanium Tungsten Unnilhexium Unniloctium Unnilpentium Unnilquadium Unnilseptium Uranium Vanadium Xenon Ytterbium Yttrium Zinc Zirconium Get free Chemistry and Physics images for your school projects and/or research work. Feel free to use the periodic table images below in your school projects and/or research work. Elements listed Alphabetically Printable Periodic Table
Periodic Table of the Elements Images from: http://www.chemsoc.org/viselements/pages/pertable_j.htm Data from: http://www.chemicalelements.com/ http://www.elementsdatabase.com/ Periodic Table of the Elements Written by: Bill Byles - bylesb@internet4classrooms.com & Jeff Christopherson – unit5.org/chemistry http://www.periodictable.com

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