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Spectrum Management: key issues and roadmap to 2015 - Gilles BREGANT, ANFR - ...
Gilles BREGANT, Directeur général, ANFR
Gilles BRÉGANT est né à Chambéry en septembre 1963. Il est diplômé de l’école Polytechnique (1986) et de l’Ecole nationale supérieure des Télécommunication (1988).
Après 8 ans au Centre National d’Etudes des Télécommunications de France Télécom, il a rejoint le cabinet du Secrétaire d’Etat à la Recherche comme conseiller technique en charge des dossiers internationaux des technologies de l’information et des sciences (1996-1997).
Il a ensuite rejoint la Direction générale de l’industrie où il s’est vu confier la sous-direction « Programmes et Prospective » du service des technologies de l’Information. En 2001, il est nommé secrétaire général de la « Mission pour l’Economie numérique ». En 2005 il rejoint le Conseil supérieur de l’audiovisuel (CSA) comme directeur des technologies.
Depuis janvier 2011, Gilles Brégant est le directeur général de l’Agence nationale des fréquences. Il a été élu président du RSPG en novembre 2012.
UK Spectrum Policy Forum - Chris Cheeseman, BT - UK Public Mobile Spectrum
UK Spectrum Policy Forum
Cluster 1: public (cellular) mobile - 8th December 2014
Chris Cheeseman, Head of Spectrum Strategy, BT Group Plc
UK Public Mobile Spectrum
More information at: http://www.techuk.org/about/uk-spectrum-policy-forum
All rights reserved
Cedula oficial conadems2013
El documento es una cédula oficial para los Juegos Nacionales de la Educación Media Superior 2013 que incluye espacios para registrar la información de los participantes como nombre, apellidos, CURP, fecha de nacimiento, semestre, matrícula, teléfono de emergencia y firmas del entrenador, asistente, director del plantel y presidente estatal de CONADEMS.
3 Septiembre
El documento describe diferentes tipos de maderas como roble, cerezo y granadillo que pueden usarse en ensambles y uniones. Propone un módulo interactivo con una estructura de paneles o listones cubiertos con una lámina de cobre. Incluye detalles sobre uniones de cobre y una división modular con iluminación y propiedades antibacterianas e higiénicas.
700MHz spectrum
This document discusses the 700MHz spectrum band, including:
1) Demand for mobile data is growing rapidly worldwide, putting pressure on regulators to release more spectrum to mobile networks.
2) The 700MHz band is well-suited for mobile due to its propagation characteristics, but faces challenges in being harmonized globally.
3) Regulators must balance the needs of mobile operators with broadcasters and other stakeholders in determining how to allocate this spectrum.
Spectrum mgmt forum 2013 jussi kahtava
The document discusses the evolving tools for spectrum licensing and administration. It outlines that licensed spectrum access remains important but new tools like Licensed Shared Access (LSA) can provide more flexible access. LSA allows additional licensees to use spectrum under an individual licensing framework and sharing rules to ensure quality of service for all users. Standardization bodies and regulators in Europe and the US are working to define LSA frameworks and identify spectrum bands that could be shared using LSA. Harmonization of allocations and sharing approaches is important to avoid fragmentation and enable economies of scale.
Digital Dividend
The document discusses the digital dividend spectrum in India that will be freed up after the switch from analog to digital television. It proposes allocating the 698-806 MHz band, known as the 700 MHz band, for mobile broadband services. Using this band would enable cost-effective rollout of services, especially in rural areas, and help bridge the digital divide. It outlines the benefits of mobile broadband and recommends a 2x50 MHz band plan in the 700 MHz range to maximize spectrum efficiency and facilitate deployment of LTE networks.
Thailand's Telecom Market Information Q1 2015
This free report includes: Figures, tables, information and statistics about Thailand's Telecom Market Q1 2015.
Blended MOU
Blended ARPU
AIS Highlights Q1 2015
DTAC Highlights Q1 2015
Mobile Revenue per/minute
True Move Highlights Q1 2015
Mobile Internet usage in Thailand
3G subscribers Q1 2015 Thailand
4G subscribers Q1 2015 Thailand
Thailand’s Mobile Subscriber Growth
MVNA's, MVNE's, MVNO's in Thailand
Smartphone sales in Thailand Q1 2015
Mobile Operator Market Shares: Q1 2015
Types of Internet connections in Thailand
Thailand’s Mobile user’s consumption and more…
✔ ส่วนแบ่งการตลาดของบริการโทรศัพท์เคลื่อนที่ (ร้อยละ) : MOBILE MARKET SHARE %
✔ จำนวนผู้ใช้บริการโทรศัพท์เคลื่อนที่ (MOBILE SUBSCRIBERS)
✔ สัดส่วนรายรับของผู้ให้บริการในตลาดบริการโทรศัพท์เคลื่อนที่ ( MOBILE REVENUE % )
✔ อัตราการขยายตัวของผู้ใช้บริการโทรศัพท์เคลื่อนที่ (ร้อยละ) : MOBILE GROWTH RATE %
✔ อัตราการเข้าถึง (การใช้) บริการโทรศัพท์เคลื่อนที่ : MOBILE PENETRATION
✔ รายรับเฉลี่ยจากบริการโทรศัพท์เคลื่อนที่โดยรวมการเชื่อมต่อ (บาท/เลขหมาย/เดือน) : MOBILE ARPU EXCLUDED IC
✔ MOBILE MOU (MINUTE/MONTH)
✔ รายรับเฉลี่ยจากการให้บริการโทรศัพท์เคลื่อนที่ต่อนาที : MOBILE REVENUE PER MINUTE (RPM)
✔ สัดส่วนบริการเสียงและไม่ใช่เสียง (Mobile Non-voice/Voice Ratio)
✔ จำนวนผู้ใช้บริการโทรศัพท์ประจำที่ (Fixed Line Subscribers)
✔ สัดส่วนการเข้าถึง (การใช้) บริการโทรศัพท์ประจำที่ต่อจำนวนประชากร (ร้อยละ) : Fixed Line Penetration per Population %
✔ สัดส่วนการเข้าถึง (การใช้) บริการโทรศัพท์ประจำที่ต่อจำนวนครัวเรือน(ร้อยละ) : Fixed Line Penetration per Household %
✔ เปรียบเทียบสัดส่วนจำนวนผู้ใช้บริการระหว่างโทรศัพท์เคลื่อนที่และโทรศัพท์ประจำที่ (Compare Mobile & Fixed Line Subscribers)
✔ จำนวนผู้ใช้งานอินเทอร์เน็ต (Internet Users)
✔ จำนวนผู้ลงทะเบียนใช้บริการอินเทอร์เน็ตความเร็วสูง (Broadband Subscribers)
✔ อัตราการเข้าถึงของบริการอินเทอร์เน็ตความเร็วสูงต่อจำนวนประชากร (Broadband Penetration per Population %)
✔ อัตราการเข้าถึงของบริการอินเทอร์เน็ตความเร็วสูงต่อจำนวนครัวเรือน (Broadband Penetration per Household %)
Recommended
Spectrum Management: key issues and roadmap to 2015 - Gilles BREGANT, ANFR - ...
Gilles BREGANT, Directeur général, ANFR
Gilles BRÉGANT est né à Chambéry en septembre 1963. Il est diplômé de l’école Polytechnique (1986) et de l’Ecole nationale supérieure des Télécommunication (1988).
Après 8 ans au Centre National d’Etudes des Télécommunications de France Télécom, il a rejoint le cabinet du Secrétaire d’Etat à la Recherche comme conseiller technique en charge des dossiers internationaux des technologies de l’information et des sciences (1996-1997).
Il a ensuite rejoint la Direction générale de l’industrie où il s’est vu confier la sous-direction « Programmes et Prospective » du service des technologies de l’Information. En 2001, il est nommé secrétaire général de la « Mission pour l’Economie numérique ». En 2005 il rejoint le Conseil supérieur de l’audiovisuel (CSA) comme directeur des technologies.
Depuis janvier 2011, Gilles Brégant est le directeur général de l’Agence nationale des fréquences. Il a été élu président du RSPG en novembre 2012.
UK Spectrum Policy Forum - Chris Cheeseman, BT - UK Public Mobile Spectrum
UK Spectrum Policy Forum
Cluster 1: public (cellular) mobile - 8th December 2014
Chris Cheeseman, Head of Spectrum Strategy, BT Group Plc
UK Public Mobile Spectrum
More information at: http://www.techuk.org/about/uk-spectrum-policy-forum
All rights reserved
Cedula oficial conadems2013
El documento es una cédula oficial para los Juegos Nacionales de la Educación Media Superior 2013 que incluye espacios para registrar la información de los participantes como nombre, apellidos, CURP, fecha de nacimiento, semestre, matrícula, teléfono de emergencia y firmas del entrenador, asistente, director del plantel y presidente estatal de CONADEMS.
3 Septiembre
El documento describe diferentes tipos de maderas como roble, cerezo y granadillo que pueden usarse en ensambles y uniones. Propone un módulo interactivo con una estructura de paneles o listones cubiertos con una lámina de cobre. Incluye detalles sobre uniones de cobre y una división modular con iluminación y propiedades antibacterianas e higiénicas.
700MHz spectrum
This document discusses the 700MHz spectrum band, including:
1) Demand for mobile data is growing rapidly worldwide, putting pressure on regulators to release more spectrum to mobile networks.
2) The 700MHz band is well-suited for mobile due to its propagation characteristics, but faces challenges in being harmonized globally.
3) Regulators must balance the needs of mobile operators with broadcasters and other stakeholders in determining how to allocate this spectrum.
Spectrum mgmt forum 2013 jussi kahtava
The document discusses the evolving tools for spectrum licensing and administration. It outlines that licensed spectrum access remains important but new tools like Licensed Shared Access (LSA) can provide more flexible access. LSA allows additional licensees to use spectrum under an individual licensing framework and sharing rules to ensure quality of service for all users. Standardization bodies and regulators in Europe and the US are working to define LSA frameworks and identify spectrum bands that could be shared using LSA. Harmonization of allocations and sharing approaches is important to avoid fragmentation and enable economies of scale.
Digital Dividend
The document discusses the digital dividend spectrum in India that will be freed up after the switch from analog to digital television. It proposes allocating the 698-806 MHz band, known as the 700 MHz band, for mobile broadband services. Using this band would enable cost-effective rollout of services, especially in rural areas, and help bridge the digital divide. It outlines the benefits of mobile broadband and recommends a 2x50 MHz band plan in the 700 MHz range to maximize spectrum efficiency and facilitate deployment of LTE networks.
Thailand's Telecom Market Information Q1 2015
This free report includes: Figures, tables, information and statistics about Thailand's Telecom Market Q1 2015.
Blended MOU
Blended ARPU
AIS Highlights Q1 2015
DTAC Highlights Q1 2015
Mobile Revenue per/minute
True Move Highlights Q1 2015
Mobile Internet usage in Thailand
3G subscribers Q1 2015 Thailand
4G subscribers Q1 2015 Thailand
Thailand’s Mobile Subscriber Growth
MVNA's, MVNE's, MVNO's in Thailand
Smartphone sales in Thailand Q1 2015
Mobile Operator Market Shares: Q1 2015
Types of Internet connections in Thailand
Thailand’s Mobile user’s consumption and more…
✔ ส่วนแบ่งการตลาดของบริการโทรศัพท์เคลื่อนที่ (ร้อยละ) : MOBILE MARKET SHARE %
✔ จำนวนผู้ใช้บริการโทรศัพท์เคลื่อนที่ (MOBILE SUBSCRIBERS)
✔ สัดส่วนรายรับของผู้ให้บริการในตลาดบริการโทรศัพท์เคลื่อนที่ ( MOBILE REVENUE % )
✔ อัตราการขยายตัวของผู้ใช้บริการโทรศัพท์เคลื่อนที่ (ร้อยละ) : MOBILE GROWTH RATE %
✔ อัตราการเข้าถึง (การใช้) บริการโทรศัพท์เคลื่อนที่ : MOBILE PENETRATION
✔ รายรับเฉลี่ยจากบริการโทรศัพท์เคลื่อนที่โดยรวมการเชื่อมต่อ (บาท/เลขหมาย/เดือน) : MOBILE ARPU EXCLUDED IC
✔ MOBILE MOU (MINUTE/MONTH)
✔ รายรับเฉลี่ยจากการให้บริการโทรศัพท์เคลื่อนที่ต่อนาที : MOBILE REVENUE PER MINUTE (RPM)
✔ สัดส่วนบริการเสียงและไม่ใช่เสียง (Mobile Non-voice/Voice Ratio)
✔ จำนวนผู้ใช้บริการโทรศัพท์ประจำที่ (Fixed Line Subscribers)
✔ สัดส่วนการเข้าถึง (การใช้) บริการโทรศัพท์ประจำที่ต่อจำนวนประชากร (ร้อยละ) : Fixed Line Penetration per Population %
✔ สัดส่วนการเข้าถึง (การใช้) บริการโทรศัพท์ประจำที่ต่อจำนวนครัวเรือน(ร้อยละ) : Fixed Line Penetration per Household %
✔ เปรียบเทียบสัดส่วนจำนวนผู้ใช้บริการระหว่างโทรศัพท์เคลื่อนที่และโทรศัพท์ประจำที่ (Compare Mobile & Fixed Line Subscribers)
✔ จำนวนผู้ใช้งานอินเทอร์เน็ต (Internet Users)
✔ จำนวนผู้ลงทะเบียนใช้บริการอินเทอร์เน็ตความเร็วสูง (Broadband Subscribers)
✔ อัตราการเข้าถึงของบริการอินเทอร์เน็ตความเร็วสูงต่อจำนวนประชากร (Broadband Penetration per Population %)
✔ อัตราการเข้าถึงของบริการอินเทอร์เน็ตความเร็วสูงต่อจำนวนครัวเรือน (Broadband Penetration per Household %)
17the civil war
The document provides background information on the American Civil War. It discusses key events from 1861 to 1862, including major battles like Bull Run, Fort Henry, Fort Donelson, Shiloh, and Antietam. It also summarizes the goals and strategies of the Union and Confederacy, such as the Union's Anaconda Plan to blockade Southern ports and split the Confederacy. Additionally, it covers the Emancipation Proclamation issued by President Lincoln on January 1, 1863, which freed enslaved people in Confederate states.
18the reconstruction era
The document provides background information on Reconstruction plans after the Civil War. It discusses:
- Lincoln's Ten Percent Plan to bring Southern states back into the Union which required voter oaths and banning slavery. Congress opposed this plan.
- The Radical Republican's harsher Wade-Davis Bill which required a majority voter oath and banned Confederates from office. This bill did not become law.
- After Lincoln's assassination, Andrew Johnson had a less radical Reconstruction plan than Congress. This caused tensions between the branches of government.
- The Radicals gained power in 1866 and passed the Reconstruction Acts, dividing the South into military districts overseen by generals. This marked the start of Radical Reconstruction.
16toward civil war
The document provides background information on the political conflicts over slavery in the United States leading up to the Civil War. It discusses several compromises made in an attempt to balance slave and free states, including the Missouri Compromise of 1820 and the Compromise of 1850. Tensions increased with the passage of the Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854, which allowed settlers to vote on slavery in the new territories and led to violent conflict between pro-slavery and anti-slavery settlers in "Bleeding Kansas." The Republican Party was formed in 1854 in opposition to the expansion of slavery.
15the spirit of_reform
The document summarizes social reforms that took place in the United States during the 1800s. It discusses the Second Great Awakening religious revival movement and the emergence of utopian communities. It also describes various reform efforts including the temperance movement, education reforms like the establishment of normal schools to train teachers, and reforms to help people with disabilities. The document outlines the development of transcendentalist literature and art during this period of social change in America.
14north and south
1) In the early 1800s, many new technologies and industrial processes transformed manufacturing in the North. Factories used machinery and specialized workers to mass produce goods. Transportation also improved with canals, steamboats, railroads, and clipper ships connecting regions.
2) Working conditions in factories were difficult, with long hours, unsafe machinery, and no child labor laws. Workers joined unions and went on strikes to demand better treatment. Women and African Americans also faced discrimination.
3) Northern cities grew rapidly due to industrialization and large waves of European immigration, especially from Ireland and Germany fleeing famine and problems at home. However, some nativists opposed immigration, believing it threatened American jobs and culture.
13manifest destiny
- The document discusses the Oregon Country in the early 1800s, which included modern-day Oregon, Washington, Idaho, parts of Montana and Wyoming. It was claimed by the United States, Great Britain, Spain, and Russia.
- Americans began migrating west to the Oregon Country in large numbers in the 1840s due to reports of fertile land and poor economic conditions back east. They traveled along routes like the Oregon Trail using covered wagons called "prairie schooners."
- The idea of "Manifest Destiny," that the US was destined to stretch from coast to coast, fueled American desires to control the Oregon Country and motivated politicians like James K. Polk during the 1844 presidential election.
12the jackson era
1. Andrew Jackson's victory in the 1828 presidential election represented the rise of a new Democratic party and the decline of the old Democratic-Republican party.
2. The election highlighted divisions between those who favored a stronger federal government and those who favored states' rights. Jackson supported states' rights while Adams supported a stronger federal government.
3. Jackson's presidency made the American political system more democratic by expanding voting rights and replacing many government workers with political supporters through the spoils system.
11growth and expansion
1) New technologies like the cotton gin and interchangeable parts helped drive industrialization and economic growth in the early 1800s.
2) Cities grew along major rivers and canals as these transportation routes helped industry and trade flourish.
3) Improved transportation like steamboats, turnpikes, and the Erie Canal made moving goods and people across long distances faster and easier, further fueling economic expansion.
10the jefferson era
The document appears to be a textbook passage about the Jefferson era from 1801-1809. It discusses several key events:
- Thomas Jefferson was elected president in 1800, defeating John Adams in a contested election that went to the House of Representatives.
- Jefferson enacted policies to reduce the size and spending of the federal government. He also cut many taxes.
- In 1803, Jefferson approved the Louisiana Purchase, doubling the size of the United States by acquiring French-controlled territory west of the Mississippi River for $15 million.
- Jefferson commissioned the Lewis and Clark Expedition to explore the new western lands from 1804-1806, helping to encourage further western expansion.
9the federalist era
The document summarizes the development of political parties during the Federalist Era in the United States. It explains that Alexander Hamilton and Thomas Jefferson disagreed on economic and foreign policy issues, as well as the degree of power held by the federal government. These disagreements led to the formation of the first two political parties - the Federalists led by Hamilton and the Republicans led by Jefferson. The election of 1796 was the first in which presidential candidates openly identified with political parties, with John Adams elected as the Federalist candidate and Thomas Jefferson becoming Vice President as the Republican candidate.
8the constitution
This document provides an overview of the key principles and structures established by the U.S. Constitution. It discusses the Constitution's establishment of popular sovereignty, a republican form of government, limited government, federalism, separation of powers, checks and balances, and individual rights. It describes the three branches of government and their roles according to Articles I, II, and III of the Constitution. It also discusses citizens' rights, the process of amending the Constitution, and judicial review powers.
7a more perfect_union
The document discusses the Articles of Confederation government and its weaknesses. It led to problems at home like Shays' Rebellion in Massachusetts as well as problems abroad regarding trade with Britain and control of the Mississippi River by Spain. Leaders realized changes were needed and convened the Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia in 1787 to draft a new constitution creating a stronger central government. Key compromises included proportional representation in the House but equal representation of two senators per state in the Senate.
6the american revolution
The document provides background information on the American Revolution, including key battles, locations, dates, and opposing sides. It discusses early Patriot victories against the British at Trenton and Princeton in 1776, as well as the British capture of Philadelphia in 1777 and their defeat at the Battle of Saratoga under General Burgoyne. The summary also notes that the document will cover how the Patriots gained allies like France and Spain, the hard winter they faced at Valley Forge, and life on the home front during the Revolutionary War.
5the spirit of_independence
The document is a passage from a textbook about the growing tensions between the American colonies and Britain in the late 18th century. It discusses several key events:
1) In 1774, the First Continental Congress met to discuss colonial grievances with new British taxes and laws. This united the colonies in opposition to Britain.
2) In April 1775, the Battles of Lexington and Concord marked the first armed conflicts between colonial minutemen and British soldiers. This marked the unofficial start of the American Revolutionary War.
3) In June 1775, the Battle of Bunker Hill saw colonial forces engage British troops on Breed's Hill in a bloody battle that demonstrated the colonists' resolve
4life in the_american_colonies
The document provides information about the economies and systems of government that developed in the American colonies. It discusses how geography influenced farming practices in the three main regions (New England, Middle, and Southern colonies). New England farmers mostly did subsistence farming due to poor soil and long winters. The Middle and Southern colonies grew cash crops like tobacco, rice, and wheat due to richer soil and warmer climates. Enslaved Africans were brought to the Southern colonies to work the large plantations and cash crops. The document also discusses how English principles of protected rights and representative government influenced the colonial governments, and how England instituted economic policies like mercantilism and the Navigation Acts to control trade.
3colonial america
The document provides background information on the colonial settlements of Roanoke, Jamestown, and the New England colonies. It discusses the founding of the Roanoke colony in 1585 and its mysterious disappearance. It then covers the founding of Jamestown in 1607 and the early struggles it faced before eventually succeeding through the growth of tobacco and alliances with local Powhatan people. Finally, it examines the founding of colonies in New England, including Plymouth colony by the Pilgrims in 1620 and the Massachusetts Bay colony by Puritans in 1629, as well as the establishment of other colonies like Connecticut and Rhode Island by dissenting Puritans seeking religious freedom.
2exploring the americas
1) Portugal led early European exploration in the 1400s, seeking new trade routes to Asia. Prince Henry established a school of navigation to aid exploration. Bartolomeu Dias sailed around the Cape of Good Hope in 1487, and Vasco da Gama reached India by sailing around Africa in 1497.
2) Christopher Columbus sailed west in 1492 hoping to reach Asia, but landed in the Americas instead. He incorrectly believed he had reached Asia and called the native people "Indians."
3) Spain funded Columbus's voyage seeking new trade routes and hoping to spread Christianity. His successful first voyage led to three more trips, establishing the first permanent European colony in the Americas.
1the first americans
The document summarizes the migration of early peoples to North and South America from Asia over 15,000 years ago. It describes how during the last ice age, lower sea levels exposed a land bridge called Beringia that connected Asia and Alaska. Many scientists believe the first Americans crossed this land bridge on foot, while others believe they arrived by boat. They hunted large ice age animals and eventually spread throughout the Americas. Around 10,000 years ago, some early Americans in Mexico began farming maize and other crops, leading them to establish permanent settlements and develop unique cultures across the Americas.
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17the civil war
The document provides background information on the American Civil War. It discusses key events from 1861 to 1862, including major battles like Bull Run, Fort Henry, Fort Donelson, Shiloh, and Antietam. It also summarizes the goals and strategies of the Union and Confederacy, such as the Union's Anaconda Plan to blockade Southern ports and split the Confederacy. Additionally, it covers the Emancipation Proclamation issued by President Lincoln on January 1, 1863, which freed enslaved people in Confederate states.
18the reconstruction era
The document provides background information on Reconstruction plans after the Civil War. It discusses:
- Lincoln's Ten Percent Plan to bring Southern states back into the Union which required voter oaths and banning slavery. Congress opposed this plan.
- The Radical Republican's harsher Wade-Davis Bill which required a majority voter oath and banned Confederates from office. This bill did not become law.
- After Lincoln's assassination, Andrew Johnson had a less radical Reconstruction plan than Congress. This caused tensions between the branches of government.
- The Radicals gained power in 1866 and passed the Reconstruction Acts, dividing the South into military districts overseen by generals. This marked the start of Radical Reconstruction.
16toward civil war
The document provides background information on the political conflicts over slavery in the United States leading up to the Civil War. It discusses several compromises made in an attempt to balance slave and free states, including the Missouri Compromise of 1820 and the Compromise of 1850. Tensions increased with the passage of the Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854, which allowed settlers to vote on slavery in the new territories and led to violent conflict between pro-slavery and anti-slavery settlers in "Bleeding Kansas." The Republican Party was formed in 1854 in opposition to the expansion of slavery.
15the spirit of_reform
The document summarizes social reforms that took place in the United States during the 1800s. It discusses the Second Great Awakening religious revival movement and the emergence of utopian communities. It also describes various reform efforts including the temperance movement, education reforms like the establishment of normal schools to train teachers, and reforms to help people with disabilities. The document outlines the development of transcendentalist literature and art during this period of social change in America.
14north and south
1) In the early 1800s, many new technologies and industrial processes transformed manufacturing in the North. Factories used machinery and specialized workers to mass produce goods. Transportation also improved with canals, steamboats, railroads, and clipper ships connecting regions.
2) Working conditions in factories were difficult, with long hours, unsafe machinery, and no child labor laws. Workers joined unions and went on strikes to demand better treatment. Women and African Americans also faced discrimination.
3) Northern cities grew rapidly due to industrialization and large waves of European immigration, especially from Ireland and Germany fleeing famine and problems at home. However, some nativists opposed immigration, believing it threatened American jobs and culture.
13manifest destiny
- The document discusses the Oregon Country in the early 1800s, which included modern-day Oregon, Washington, Idaho, parts of Montana and Wyoming. It was claimed by the United States, Great Britain, Spain, and Russia.
- Americans began migrating west to the Oregon Country in large numbers in the 1840s due to reports of fertile land and poor economic conditions back east. They traveled along routes like the Oregon Trail using covered wagons called "prairie schooners."
- The idea of "Manifest Destiny," that the US was destined to stretch from coast to coast, fueled American desires to control the Oregon Country and motivated politicians like James K. Polk during the 1844 presidential election.
12the jackson era
1. Andrew Jackson's victory in the 1828 presidential election represented the rise of a new Democratic party and the decline of the old Democratic-Republican party.
2. The election highlighted divisions between those who favored a stronger federal government and those who favored states' rights. Jackson supported states' rights while Adams supported a stronger federal government.
3. Jackson's presidency made the American political system more democratic by expanding voting rights and replacing many government workers with political supporters through the spoils system.
11growth and expansion
1) New technologies like the cotton gin and interchangeable parts helped drive industrialization and economic growth in the early 1800s.
2) Cities grew along major rivers and canals as these transportation routes helped industry and trade flourish.
3) Improved transportation like steamboats, turnpikes, and the Erie Canal made moving goods and people across long distances faster and easier, further fueling economic expansion.
10the jefferson era
The document appears to be a textbook passage about the Jefferson era from 1801-1809. It discusses several key events:
- Thomas Jefferson was elected president in 1800, defeating John Adams in a contested election that went to the House of Representatives.
- Jefferson enacted policies to reduce the size and spending of the federal government. He also cut many taxes.
- In 1803, Jefferson approved the Louisiana Purchase, doubling the size of the United States by acquiring French-controlled territory west of the Mississippi River for $15 million.
- Jefferson commissioned the Lewis and Clark Expedition to explore the new western lands from 1804-1806, helping to encourage further western expansion.
9the federalist era
The document summarizes the development of political parties during the Federalist Era in the United States. It explains that Alexander Hamilton and Thomas Jefferson disagreed on economic and foreign policy issues, as well as the degree of power held by the federal government. These disagreements led to the formation of the first two political parties - the Federalists led by Hamilton and the Republicans led by Jefferson. The election of 1796 was the first in which presidential candidates openly identified with political parties, with John Adams elected as the Federalist candidate and Thomas Jefferson becoming Vice President as the Republican candidate.
8the constitution
This document provides an overview of the key principles and structures established by the U.S. Constitution. It discusses the Constitution's establishment of popular sovereignty, a republican form of government, limited government, federalism, separation of powers, checks and balances, and individual rights. It describes the three branches of government and their roles according to Articles I, II, and III of the Constitution. It also discusses citizens' rights, the process of amending the Constitution, and judicial review powers.
7a more perfect_union
The document discusses the Articles of Confederation government and its weaknesses. It led to problems at home like Shays' Rebellion in Massachusetts as well as problems abroad regarding trade with Britain and control of the Mississippi River by Spain. Leaders realized changes were needed and convened the Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia in 1787 to draft a new constitution creating a stronger central government. Key compromises included proportional representation in the House but equal representation of two senators per state in the Senate.
6the american revolution
The document provides background information on the American Revolution, including key battles, locations, dates, and opposing sides. It discusses early Patriot victories against the British at Trenton and Princeton in 1776, as well as the British capture of Philadelphia in 1777 and their defeat at the Battle of Saratoga under General Burgoyne. The summary also notes that the document will cover how the Patriots gained allies like France and Spain, the hard winter they faced at Valley Forge, and life on the home front during the Revolutionary War.
5the spirit of_independence
The document is a passage from a textbook about the growing tensions between the American colonies and Britain in the late 18th century. It discusses several key events:
1) In 1774, the First Continental Congress met to discuss colonial grievances with new British taxes and laws. This united the colonies in opposition to Britain.
2) In April 1775, the Battles of Lexington and Concord marked the first armed conflicts between colonial minutemen and British soldiers. This marked the unofficial start of the American Revolutionary War.
3) In June 1775, the Battle of Bunker Hill saw colonial forces engage British troops on Breed's Hill in a bloody battle that demonstrated the colonists' resolve
4life in the_american_colonies
The document provides information about the economies and systems of government that developed in the American colonies. It discusses how geography influenced farming practices in the three main regions (New England, Middle, and Southern colonies). New England farmers mostly did subsistence farming due to poor soil and long winters. The Middle and Southern colonies grew cash crops like tobacco, rice, and wheat due to richer soil and warmer climates. Enslaved Africans were brought to the Southern colonies to work the large plantations and cash crops. The document also discusses how English principles of protected rights and representative government influenced the colonial governments, and how England instituted economic policies like mercantilism and the Navigation Acts to control trade.
3colonial america
The document provides background information on the colonial settlements of Roanoke, Jamestown, and the New England colonies. It discusses the founding of the Roanoke colony in 1585 and its mysterious disappearance. It then covers the founding of Jamestown in 1607 and the early struggles it faced before eventually succeeding through the growth of tobacco and alliances with local Powhatan people. Finally, it examines the founding of colonies in New England, including Plymouth colony by the Pilgrims in 1620 and the Massachusetts Bay colony by Puritans in 1629, as well as the establishment of other colonies like Connecticut and Rhode Island by dissenting Puritans seeking religious freedom.
2exploring the americas
1) Portugal led early European exploration in the 1400s, seeking new trade routes to Asia. Prince Henry established a school of navigation to aid exploration. Bartolomeu Dias sailed around the Cape of Good Hope in 1487, and Vasco da Gama reached India by sailing around Africa in 1497.
2) Christopher Columbus sailed west in 1492 hoping to reach Asia, but landed in the Americas instead. He incorrectly believed he had reached Asia and called the native people "Indians."
3) Spain funded Columbus's voyage seeking new trade routes and hoping to spread Christianity. His successful first voyage led to three more trips, establishing the first permanent European colony in the Americas.
1the first americans
The document summarizes the migration of early peoples to North and South America from Asia over 15,000 years ago. It describes how during the last ice age, lower sea levels exposed a land bridge called Beringia that connected Asia and Alaska. Many scientists believe the first Americans crossed this land bridge on foot, while others believe they arrived by boat. They hunted large ice age animals and eventually spread throughout the Americas. Around 10,000 years ago, some early Americans in Mexico began farming maize and other crops, leading them to establish permanent settlements and develop unique cultures across the Americas.