EIGRP and OSPF are routing protocols. EIGRP uses the DUAL algorithm and metric to select fast, loop-free routes. It supports multiple network layers and rapid convergence. OSPF is an open standard link-state protocol that provides a common network view and calculates the shortest path. It can route between autonomous systems and uses link state updates and SPF algorithm. Configuring OSPF involves assigning networks to areas and defining the routing process. Verification includes checking neighbors, routes, and topology tables.
This chapter discusses layer-2 switching and the Spanning Tree Protocol. Layer-2 switching provides hardware-based bridging to break up collision domains and learn hosts' locations via MAC tables, but can cause switching loops without STP. STP solves switching loops by selecting a root bridge and designating ports to block or forward traffic, putting ports into blocking, listening, forwarding, or disabled states.
The document discusses various topics for managing a Cisco internetwork including Cisco router components, the boot sequence, configuration registers, backing up and restoring the IOS and configuration, Cisco Discovery Protocol, Telnet, resolving hostnames, and troubleshooting tools. It provides details on these topics such as how to back up and restore configurations and software, use CDP to view neighbor information, set Telnet passwords, build a host table or use DNS for name resolution, and check network connectivity.
This chapter discusses IPv6, the next-generation Internet protocol. IPv6 was created to address the impending exhaustion of IPv4 addresses as the number of internet-connected devices grows rapidly. IPv6 uses 128-bit addresses compared to 32-bit addresses in IPv4. It supports various address types including unicast, multicast, and anycast. IPv6 also introduces mechanisms for address autoconfiguration and tunneling to support transition from IPv4 to IPv6.
This document provides an overview of VLANs (virtual local area networks) including:
- What VLANs are and their benefits such as simplifying network management, providing security, and flexibility.
- How VLANs work by logically grouping network users and resources connected to switch ports.
- Methods for identifying VLANs including frame tagging and trunk links.
- The purpose and benefits of the VLAN Trunk Protocol (VTP) for managing VLAN configurations across switches.
- Examples of configuring VLANs, assigning ports, setting up trunking, and enabling inter-VLAN communication.
This chapter discusses wide area network (WAN) technologies including HDLC, PPP, Frame Relay, and virtual private networks (VPNs). It defines WAN terminology and components. PPP is described as a protocol used to transport network layer packets over point-to-point links. Frame Relay is introduced as a high-performance WAN protocol that uses virtual circuits to transmit data between network devices. Finally, VPNs are summarized as secured connections used for remote access, site-to-site networking, and business partnerships over public networks like the Internet.
This document provides a reference guide for the Time-Frequency Toolbox, which contains functions for time-frequency analysis using MATLAB. The guide includes a glossary of terms and lists over 70 functions organized by subject area, such as signal generation, time-frequency processing, and visualization. Each function entry includes a brief description. The toolbox allows users to perform tasks like linear and bilinear time-frequency transformations, ambiguity functions, and reassigned distributions.
El documento describe las características y estándares del WiMAX 802.16. WiMAX es una tecnología de red de área amplia basada en estándares IEEE que ofrece altas velocidades de transmisión de datos usando señales de radio. Soporta aplicaciones de voz, video y datos para redes fijas y móviles. Los estándares clave son 802.16d para redes fijas y 802.16e para redes móviles, los cuales especifican técnicas como OFDM, SOFDMA y QoS.
EIGRP and OSPF are routing protocols. EIGRP uses the DUAL algorithm and metric to select fast, loop-free routes. It supports multiple network layers and rapid convergence. OSPF is an open standard link-state protocol that provides a common network view and calculates the shortest path. It can route between autonomous systems and uses link state updates and SPF algorithm. Configuring OSPF involves assigning networks to areas and defining the routing process. Verification includes checking neighbors, routes, and topology tables.
This chapter discusses layer-2 switching and the Spanning Tree Protocol. Layer-2 switching provides hardware-based bridging to break up collision domains and learn hosts' locations via MAC tables, but can cause switching loops without STP. STP solves switching loops by selecting a root bridge and designating ports to block or forward traffic, putting ports into blocking, listening, forwarding, or disabled states.
The document discusses various topics for managing a Cisco internetwork including Cisco router components, the boot sequence, configuration registers, backing up and restoring the IOS and configuration, Cisco Discovery Protocol, Telnet, resolving hostnames, and troubleshooting tools. It provides details on these topics such as how to back up and restore configurations and software, use CDP to view neighbor information, set Telnet passwords, build a host table or use DNS for name resolution, and check network connectivity.
This chapter discusses IPv6, the next-generation Internet protocol. IPv6 was created to address the impending exhaustion of IPv4 addresses as the number of internet-connected devices grows rapidly. IPv6 uses 128-bit addresses compared to 32-bit addresses in IPv4. It supports various address types including unicast, multicast, and anycast. IPv6 also introduces mechanisms for address autoconfiguration and tunneling to support transition from IPv4 to IPv6.
This document provides an overview of VLANs (virtual local area networks) including:
- What VLANs are and their benefits such as simplifying network management, providing security, and flexibility.
- How VLANs work by logically grouping network users and resources connected to switch ports.
- Methods for identifying VLANs including frame tagging and trunk links.
- The purpose and benefits of the VLAN Trunk Protocol (VTP) for managing VLAN configurations across switches.
- Examples of configuring VLANs, assigning ports, setting up trunking, and enabling inter-VLAN communication.
This chapter discusses wide area network (WAN) technologies including HDLC, PPP, Frame Relay, and virtual private networks (VPNs). It defines WAN terminology and components. PPP is described as a protocol used to transport network layer packets over point-to-point links. Frame Relay is introduced as a high-performance WAN protocol that uses virtual circuits to transmit data between network devices. Finally, VPNs are summarized as secured connections used for remote access, site-to-site networking, and business partnerships over public networks like the Internet.
This document provides a reference guide for the Time-Frequency Toolbox, which contains functions for time-frequency analysis using MATLAB. The guide includes a glossary of terms and lists over 70 functions organized by subject area, such as signal generation, time-frequency processing, and visualization. Each function entry includes a brief description. The toolbox allows users to perform tasks like linear and bilinear time-frequency transformations, ambiguity functions, and reassigned distributions.
El documento describe las características y estándares del WiMAX 802.16. WiMAX es una tecnología de red de área amplia basada en estándares IEEE que ofrece altas velocidades de transmisión de datos usando señales de radio. Soporta aplicaciones de voz, video y datos para redes fijas y móviles. Los estándares clave son 802.16d para redes fijas y 802.16e para redes móviles, los cuales especifican técnicas como OFDM, SOFDMA y QoS.
This document discusses configuring and troubleshooting wireless local area networks (WLANs). It describes the components and operations of basic WLAN topologies, including wireless standards, infrastructure components, and planning. It also covers securing WLANs against threats and configuring/verifying basic WLAN access by setting up access points and wireless network interface cards. Troubleshooting tips include checking for issues with access point firmware, channel settings, interference, antenna placement, and encryption/authentication problems.
This document discusses configuring inter-VLAN routing to enable communication between devices on different VLANs. It covers explaining how network traffic is routed between VLANs, configuring inter-VLAN routing on a router by adding subinterfaces for each VLAN and assigning IP addresses, and troubleshooting common inter-VLAN connectivity issues like misconfigured switches, routers, or incorrect IP addressing.
Spanning Tree Protocol (STP) is used to prevent loops from forming on redundant networks. STP uses different port states and timers to logically prevent loops by electing a root bridge and designating root ports on each switch. Rapid PVST+ is an enhancement of STP that provides faster convergence time of less than 6 seconds compared to 50 seconds for STP, while also supporting VLANs to prevent loops between redundant switches in a VLAN.
This document discusses VLAN Trunking Protocol (VTP) which allows switches to exchange VLAN configuration information and manage VLANs across multiple switches. It describes VTP domains, modes, advertisements and pruning. VTP is configured on switches to distribute VLAN information throughout a converged network and troubleshoot configuration issues. Proper VTP configuration ensures switches within the same VTP domain automatically update to reflect any new VLANs or changes made to existing VLANs.
This document discusses VLANs and trunking in converged networks. It explains that VLANs logically group devices to segment broadcast domains, reducing costs and improving security and performance. Types of VLAN traffic include data, voice, and network protocols. Communication between VLANs requires routers. Trunks are used for intra-VLAN communication and use 802.1Q tagging to identify frame VLANs, without tagging the native VLAN. The document also covers configuring and troubleshooting VLANs and trunks on Cisco switches.
El documento habla sobre la configuración de switches. Explica conceptos clave de redes Ethernet como dominios de colisión y de broadcast. Describe los métodos de envío de switches como store-and-forward y cut-through. También cubre temas como la autonegociación de puertos, tablas MAC, buffering y switching simétrico/asimétrico. Finalmente, detalla comandos CLI de Cisco IOS para navegar, configurar y verificar la seguridad básica de un switch.
El documento describe los conceptos clave detrás del diseño de redes jerárquicas, incluyendo las características y beneficios de una estructura jerárquica. Explica que una red jerárquica está compuesta de tres capas (acceso, distribución y núcleo) y cómo los switches de Cisco son adecuados para cada capa dependiendo de sus características como rendimiento, densidad de puertos y funciones.
This document discusses configuring and troubleshooting wireless local area networks (WLANs). It describes the components and operations of basic WLAN topologies, including wireless standards, infrastructure components, and planning. It also covers securing WLANs against threats and configuring/verifying basic WLAN access by setting up access points and wireless network interface cards. Troubleshooting tips include checking for issues with access point firmware, channel settings, interference, antenna placement, and encryption/authentication problems.
This document discusses configuring inter-VLAN routing to enable communication between devices on different VLANs. It covers explaining how network traffic is routed between VLANs, configuring inter-VLAN routing on a router by adding subinterfaces for each VLAN and assigning IP addresses, and troubleshooting common inter-VLAN connectivity issues like misconfigured switches, routers, or incorrect IP addressing.
Spanning Tree Protocol (STP) is used to prevent loops from forming on redundant networks. STP uses different port states and timers to logically prevent loops by electing a root bridge and designating root ports on each switch. Rapid PVST+ is an enhancement of STP that provides faster convergence time of less than 6 seconds compared to 50 seconds for STP, while also supporting VLANs to prevent loops between redundant switches in a VLAN.
This document discusses VLAN Trunking Protocol (VTP) which allows switches to exchange VLAN configuration information and manage VLANs across multiple switches. It describes VTP domains, modes, advertisements and pruning. VTP is configured on switches to distribute VLAN information throughout a converged network and troubleshoot configuration issues. Proper VTP configuration ensures switches within the same VTP domain automatically update to reflect any new VLANs or changes made to existing VLANs.
This document discusses VLANs and trunking in converged networks. It explains that VLANs logically group devices to segment broadcast domains, reducing costs and improving security and performance. Types of VLAN traffic include data, voice, and network protocols. Communication between VLANs requires routers. Trunks are used for intra-VLAN communication and use 802.1Q tagging to identify frame VLANs, without tagging the native VLAN. The document also covers configuring and troubleshooting VLANs and trunks on Cisco switches.
El documento describe los conceptos clave de las redes Ethernet y LAN, incluyendo la configuración básica de switches Cisco como la autonegociación, full-duplex y half-duplex. También cubre temas como direccionamiento MAC, tablas de direcciones MAC, dominios de broadcast, latencia de red, congestión de red, segmentación LAN y métodos de encaminamiento de switches como store-and-forward. Además, explica cómo configurar seguridad básica en un switch mediante contraseñas, banners de inicio de sesión y puertos seguros.
This chapter discusses wide area network (WAN) technologies including HDLC, PPP, Frame Relay, and virtual private networks (VPNs). It defines WAN terminology and components. PPP is described as a protocol used to transport layer 3 packets across point-to-point links. Frame Relay is introduced as a high-performance WAN encapsulation method that provides a connection-oriented data link layer. VPNs allow remote access, site-to-site, and extranet connectivity over public networks like the internet.
This chapter discusses IPv6, the next-generation Internet protocol. IPv6 was created to address the impending exhaustion of IPv4 addresses as the number of internet-connected devices grows rapidly. IPv6 uses 128-bit addresses compared to 32-bit addresses in IPv4. It supports various address types including unicast, multicast, and anycast. IPv6 also introduces mechanisms for address autoconfiguration and supports tunneling techniques for transitioning to IPv6, such as 6to4 tunnels.
NAT (Network Address Translation) allows private IP addresses to be translated to public IP addresses to allow access to the internet. There are three types of NAT: static NAT maps a single private IP to a single public IP; dynamic NAT maps multiple private IPs to multiple public IPs; and PAT (Port Address Translation) maps multiple private IPs to a single public IP by multiplexing client ports. The document provides configuration examples for static NAT, dynamic NAT, and PAT on Cisco routers to translate private to public IP addresses and allow internal hosts internet access.
This chapter discusses network security concepts like types of attacks, mitigation techniques, and access control lists. Standard access lists filter based on source IP addresses while extended lists can filter on additional attributes like destination IP, protocol, and port numbers. Access lists are applied to router interfaces to permit or deny traffic and are evaluated sequentially from top to bottom. They help control access to router VTY lines and filter inbound or outbound traffic.
This document discusses configuring and troubleshooting wireless local area networks (WLANs). It describes the components and operations of basic WLAN topologies, including wireless standards, infrastructure components, and planning. It also covers securing WLANs against threats and configuring/verifying basic WLAN access by setting up access points and wireless network interface cards. Troubleshooting tips include checking for issues with access point firmware, channel settings, interference, antenna placement, and encryption/authentication problems.
This document discusses configuring inter-VLAN routing to enable communication between devices on different VLANs. It covers explaining how network traffic is routed between VLANs, configuring inter-VLAN routing on a router by adding subinterfaces for each VLAN and assigning IP addresses, and troubleshooting common inter-VLAN connectivity issues like misconfigured switches, routers, or incorrect IP addressing.
Spanning Tree Protocol (STP) is used to prevent loops from forming on redundant networks. STP uses different port states and timers to logically prevent loops by electing a root bridge and designating root ports on each switch. Rapid PVST+ is an enhancement of STP that provides faster convergence time of less than 6 seconds compared to 50 seconds for STP, while also supporting VLANs to prevent loops between redundant switches in a VLAN.
This document discusses VLAN Trunking Protocol (VTP) which allows switches to exchange VLAN configuration information and manage VLANs across multiple switches. It describes VTP domains, modes, advertisements and pruning. VTP is configured on switches to distribute VLAN information throughout a converged network and troubleshoot configuration issues. Proper VTP configuration ensures switches within the same VTP domain automatically update to reflect any new VLANs or changes made to existing VLANs.
This document discusses VLANs and trunking in converged networks. It explains that VLANs logically group devices to segment broadcast domains, reducing costs and improving security and performance. Types of VLAN traffic include data, voice, and network protocols. Communication between VLANs requires routers. Trunks are used for intra-VLAN communication and use 802.1Q tagging to identify frame VLANs, without tagging the native VLAN. The document also covers configuring and troubleshooting VLANs and trunks on Cisco switches.
El documento habla sobre la configuración de switches. Explica conceptos clave de redes Ethernet como dominios de colisión y de broadcast. Describe los métodos de envío de switches como store-and-forward y cut-through. También cubre temas como la autonegociación de puertos, tablas MAC, buffering y switching simétrico/asimétrico. Finalmente, detalla comandos CLI de Cisco IOS para navegar, configurar y verificar la seguridad básica de un switch.
El documento describe los conceptos clave detrás del diseño de redes jerárquicas, incluyendo las características y beneficios de una estructura jerárquica. Explica que una red jerárquica está compuesta de tres capas (acceso, distribución y núcleo) y cómo los switches de Cisco son adecuados para cada capa dependiendo de sus características como rendimiento, densidad de puertos y funciones.
This document discusses configuring and troubleshooting wireless local area networks (WLANs). It describes the components and operations of basic WLAN topologies, including wireless standards, infrastructure components, and planning. It also covers securing WLANs against threats and configuring/verifying basic WLAN access by setting up access points and wireless network interface cards. Troubleshooting tips include checking for issues with access point firmware, channel settings, interference, antenna placement, and encryption/authentication problems.
This document discusses configuring inter-VLAN routing to enable communication between devices on different VLANs. It covers explaining how network traffic is routed between VLANs, configuring inter-VLAN routing on a router by adding subinterfaces for each VLAN and assigning IP addresses, and troubleshooting common inter-VLAN connectivity issues like misconfigured switches, routers, or incorrect IP addressing.
Spanning Tree Protocol (STP) is used to prevent loops from forming on redundant networks. STP uses different port states and timers to logically prevent loops by electing a root bridge and designating root ports on each switch. Rapid PVST+ is an enhancement of STP that provides faster convergence time of less than 6 seconds compared to 50 seconds for STP, while also supporting VLANs to prevent loops between redundant switches in a VLAN.
This document discusses VLAN Trunking Protocol (VTP) which allows switches to exchange VLAN configuration information and manage VLANs across multiple switches. It describes VTP domains, modes, advertisements and pruning. VTP is configured on switches to distribute VLAN information throughout a converged network and troubleshoot configuration issues. Proper VTP configuration ensures switches within the same VTP domain automatically update to reflect any new VLANs or changes made to existing VLANs.
This document discusses VLANs and trunking in converged networks. It explains that VLANs logically group devices to segment broadcast domains, reducing costs and improving security and performance. Types of VLAN traffic include data, voice, and network protocols. Communication between VLANs requires routers. Trunks are used for intra-VLAN communication and use 802.1Q tagging to identify frame VLANs, without tagging the native VLAN. The document also covers configuring and troubleshooting VLANs and trunks on Cisco switches.
El documento describe los conceptos clave de las redes Ethernet y LAN, incluyendo la configuración básica de switches Cisco como la autonegociación, full-duplex y half-duplex. También cubre temas como direccionamiento MAC, tablas de direcciones MAC, dominios de broadcast, latencia de red, congestión de red, segmentación LAN y métodos de encaminamiento de switches como store-and-forward. Además, explica cómo configurar seguridad básica en un switch mediante contraseñas, banners de inicio de sesión y puertos seguros.
This chapter discusses wide area network (WAN) technologies including HDLC, PPP, Frame Relay, and virtual private networks (VPNs). It defines WAN terminology and components. PPP is described as a protocol used to transport layer 3 packets across point-to-point links. Frame Relay is introduced as a high-performance WAN encapsulation method that provides a connection-oriented data link layer. VPNs allow remote access, site-to-site, and extranet connectivity over public networks like the internet.
This chapter discusses IPv6, the next-generation Internet protocol. IPv6 was created to address the impending exhaustion of IPv4 addresses as the number of internet-connected devices grows rapidly. IPv6 uses 128-bit addresses compared to 32-bit addresses in IPv4. It supports various address types including unicast, multicast, and anycast. IPv6 also introduces mechanisms for address autoconfiguration and supports tunneling techniques for transitioning to IPv6, such as 6to4 tunnels.
NAT (Network Address Translation) allows private IP addresses to be translated to public IP addresses to allow access to the internet. There are three types of NAT: static NAT maps a single private IP to a single public IP; dynamic NAT maps multiple private IPs to multiple public IPs; and PAT (Port Address Translation) maps multiple private IPs to a single public IP by multiplexing client ports. The document provides configuration examples for static NAT, dynamic NAT, and PAT on Cisco routers to translate private to public IP addresses and allow internal hosts internet access.
This chapter discusses network security concepts like types of attacks, mitigation techniques, and access control lists. Standard access lists filter based on source IP addresses while extended lists can filter on additional attributes like destination IP, protocol, and port numbers. Access lists are applied to router interfaces to permit or deny traffic and are evaluated sequentially from top to bottom. They help control access to router VTY lines and filter inbound or outbound traffic.