cascarrerabenefitcostanalysfinalPDF

The Economic Impact of
The Carrera Adolescent Pregnancy
Prevention Program
August 2013

Executive Summary
1. Background
2. Components
3. Overview
4. Evaluation
5. Approach
6. Findings
Tables
A-1 Highlights
A-2 Benefit Totals
A-3 Costs and Valuation
B-1 Discount Rate Sensitivity
Appendix
1. Individual component calculations
2. Discount rate sensitivity analysis
3. References

Executive Summary
Background
Despite a steady decline in the teen pregnancy rate
since the 1990’s, the United States continues to
have the highest rates of teenage pregnancy and
births among industrialized nations. The 750,000
adolescents who will become pregnant each year
create significant social and economic costs to our
communities:
▪ U.S. taxpayers spend $10.9 billion annually on
publicly financed medical care, foster care,
incarceration and lost tax revenue due to teen
childbearing1
▪ Children born to teen mothers are 10 times more
likely to live in poverty2
▪ Daughters born to teen mothers are 3 times more
likely to become teen mothers themselves3
More difficult to quantify are the lost educational
and vocational opportunities that teen parents and
their children will experience. Too frequently,
young people living in poverty lose their vision of
a hopeful, productive and healthy future; often
they become fatalistic, seeking comfort in sexual
intimacy which frequently results in teen
pregnancies
Overcoming this problem has become the mission
of many groups in the United States,one such
national nonprofit organization is the Children’s Aid
Society’s Carrera Adolescent Pregnancy Prevention
Program. For the last 30 years CAS Carrera has
become the national leader in teenage pregnancy
prevention. The program sees youth as “at promise”
rather than at risk”.

THE COMPONENTS:
Education
Daily tutoring, homework assistance and
remediation, led by an Academic team of
licensed, trained educators.
Family Life and Sexuality Education
Weekly age-appropriate lessons are taught by
licensed sexuality professionals.
Mental Health
Weekly Mental Health Power Group is led by
licensed social workers who provide group,
individual and family counseling
Financial Literacy
Weekly Job Club teaches financial literacy and
each student is given a funded savings account
Medical & Dental
With parental consent, CAS-Carrera provides
access to comprehensive Medical and Dental
services provided at low or no cost by local
partners
Self-Expression
Participants are exposed to creative
opportunities that allow young people to
express thoughts and feelings related to
individual identity through artistic outlets
Lifetime Sports
Participants learn sports that can be played for
a lifetime with the belief that the self-discipline
and impulse control learned here can be
transferred to other aspects of daily living.
Overview
The CAS-Carrera model is composed of the 7
components listed in the left column. The
Program is administered to students on a
daily, weekly and annual basis, year-round,
from 6th
through 12th
grade. Carrera’s
professional staff remains with an individual
cohort of students throughout middle and high
school providing the long term bonds believed
to have driven both the Program’s quantitative
and qualitative successes.
Evaluation
A 7 state, 12-site national random-assignment
evaluation of the Carrera Program, supported
by New York’s Robin Hood Foundation and
The Charles Stewart Mott Foundation of Flint,
Michigan was conducted over 3 years by
Philliber Research Associates, an
independent research and evaluation firm.
CAS Carrera’s holistic “above the waist”
approach was found to not only lower
teen births by 46.1%, but also showed a
30% increase in high school graduation
rates as well as a 37% rise in college
attendance.4
This national evaluation yielded extremely
promising findings, but it was only the first
step in CAS Carrera’s assessment process.
Philliber Research Associates continues to
update their data annually on the CAS
Carrera program and its students, and in 2011
CAS Carrera received a White House Social
Innovation award to evaluate the Program’s
in-school model and continue its national
expansion.
4

Evaluation (cont’d)
While the CAS-Carrera Program is the only 3 year
fully-evaluated pregnancy prevention program in
the Country with statistically significant results, the
analysis that follows was completed to allow CAS-
Carrera to go to the next level in quantifying the
benefits and costs associated with continuing to
bring the Program to inner-city youth.
Approach
The benefit/cost analysis which follows evaluated
all 7 of the Carrera components where outcomes
could be specifically assigned. The costs include
direct CAS Carrera investment dollars. The
benefits include higher earnings for teenage girls
who choose not to get pregnant and along with
their classmates remain in high school, graduate,
and potentially go on to college; the taxpayer and
societal savings associated with avoiding teen
births (health and social services); the health
benefits of increased education; as well as
benefits derived from Carrera’s medical, dental
and mental health programs.
The analysis looks at a full 7 year implementation
of the integrated in-school model in 3 public and
charter schools in New York City. The integrated
school model is conducted daily during the school
week, most Saturdays (Saturday school), and
continues in a 6 week summer program with
students initially engaged in the 6th
grade up
through high school graduation and college
admission until the program is being administered
to the entire 6th
through 12th
grades in an individual
school at scale after 7 years.
Class time for components is provided during the
school day through advisory and guidance
periods, resource time, and other time slots where
our program staff can add its weekly dosage. All
staff are CAS employees paid by foundation and
individual support.
Because costs and benefits occur in the
future, both were discounted back to today’s
dollars via present value at a very
conservative 5% to account for the time value
of money. We used 5% because it is the rate
that is commonly used in the benefit/cost
research world, though rates are lower today
and using a lower discount rate such as 3%
would have raised the returns considerably.
A discount rate sensitivity analysis is included
in table B-1.
A conservative time horizon of 35 years was
used for earnings calculations in reference to
the length of an individual’s working career.
Though most published analyses in the liter-
ature tend to utilize a longer 45 year work life,
we felt that our target population tended to
earn for a shorter time period than a non –
poor population; they are generally in poorer
health; face periods of unemployment more
often; and tend to have a shorter lifespan.
Obviously, the returns and Cost / Benefit Ratio
would be considerably higher had a 45 year
earnings time frame been utilized.
While no estimates of the costs associated
with teen births, the value of an education, or
the benefits of mental and physical health
interventions can ever be perfect and beyond
critique, the benefits and costs presented
here reflect a deep canvassing of available
research on the topic, discussions with
leading economists in the field, along with
decades of experience and knowledge
accumulated by the CAS-Carrera staff.
5

Approach (cont’d)
This analysis attempts to reflect only those
costs and benefits clearly linked to an outcome
rather than any associated costs or benefits. In
each case 3rd
party, independent research was
used to quantify the shadow pricing of benefits for
outcomes included in the analysis.
It is important to note that Teen pregnancy
rates vary widely by race and ethnicity. In
2010, the pregnancy rate in New York for non–
Hispanic white teens as 23.5 per 1,000 women
15 – 19 years of age. The pregnancy rate for
Hispanic teens was 55.7, while the rate for African
– American teens was 51.5.5
CAS– Carrera
Program participants fall almost exclusively into
the 2 minority categories.
Findings
For Every Dollar Invested in the
CAS – Carrera Program, $9.83 in
Personal, Taxpayer and Societal
Economic benefit is created.
The key findings of the investment analysis are
shown in table A - 1 and summarized by the
following:
The net present value (the present value of the
benefits minus the present-value of the costs) of
the CAS-Carrera investment in the New York
City Schools is $1.56 billion. This means that
the benefits exceed costs by $1.56 billion in
today’s dollars.
The Benefit/Cost Ratio for the full 7 year Carrera
program in the 3 New York City Schools is 9.83
Table A-1
Total Benefit of the 7 year NYC
CAS-Carrera In-School
Program
Total Cost to Impement the 7
Year Carrera Program in NYC
Net Present Value of the
Carrera NYC Program
Benefit/Cost Ratio of the
Program
Average Annual Savings for
Avoiding a Single Teen Birth
Teen Births Avoided
Incremental High School
Graduates
Incremental College Attendees
Incremental Bank Accounts
Incremental students screened for
vision, needing and receiving eye-
glasses
6
8,334
$1,718.123,616
$1,559,475,723
$158,647,893
9.83
113
2,171
$17,531
1,867
3,750

Table A-2
Benefit Totals
DOLLAR BENEFIT OF CARRERA:
$1,125,070,258
DOLLAR BENEFIT/COST RATIO:
6.10
QALY BENEFIT OF CARRERA:
$593,053,358
QALY BENEFIT/COST RATIO:
3.73
Total Benefits to
Participants,
Families and
Taxpayers Due to
Carrera Program
$1,718,123,616
Total Benefit/Cost
Ratio of the Carrera
Program
9.83
Teen Pregnancy
$ 158,647,893

7
Table A-3
Program Costs
and Valuation
Benefit/Cost Ratio
of $1 Invested in
the CAS-Carrera
Program:
($1,718,123,616 - $158,647,893) = 9.83
$158,647,893
Net Present Value
of the CAS-
CARRERA
Program
Average cost per pupil in Carrera’s
3 NYC Schools:
Year 1 = $2,758
Year 2 = $2,745
Year 3 = $2,512
Year 4 = $2,409
Year 5 = $2,355
Year 6 = $2,396
Year 7 = $2,438
Average Cost per Participant for
Carrera Program Implementation
over the full 7 year life of the
Program: = $2,500
Total Annual Cost of the
Carrera Program over the 7 year
in– school implementation period:
10,967 participants* 2,500 per year
= $27,417,500
Present Value of Total Program
Cost, 7 Years, Discounted at 5%
= $158,647,893
Present Value of Total Benefits to
Participants and Their Families:
= $1,718,123,616
Net Present Value of Program:
($1,739,075,329 - $158,647,893)
= $1,559,475,723
8
$1,559,475,723

Appendix:
Benefit Components
QALY
Health related benefits can be measured in QALY
(Quality of Life Years) according to the Mailman
School of Health at Columbia University in New
York City. The QALY is a measure of the value of
Health outcomes. Since health is a function of
length and quality of life, the QALY was developed
in an attempt to combine the value of these
attributes into a single index number. The basic
idea underlying the QALY assumes that a year of
life lived in perfect health is worth 1 QALY (1 year
of life * 1 utility value = 1 QALY) vs. something
less than perfect being worth less than 16. The
range and views of what the “true” value of a
single QALY should be are hotly debated and
extremely diverse in the literature. We have
observed research valuing a single QALY from
as low as $50,000, to others growing to a value
of $3 million in some studies. We hose to be
very conservative in our approach and valued a
single QALY at $100,0007 for this analysis.
Assumptions
Health related benefits stretch to a 65 year
lifetime (when Medicare can be accessed)8
Earnings related benefits extend for 35 years9
Total Carrera Students in 3 NYC Schools
Today – 1,186
Total Females today: 781 - 65.8%
Total Males today: 405 – 34.2%
Total Students in 3 NYC Schools projected over
7 year Carrera Program – 10,967
• Total Females projected – 7,216 at 65.8%
• Total Males projected – 3,750 at 34.2%
Lost Earnings Due to Teen Pregnancy
•
High School Graduation Effect
•
Number of Females in Carrera’s 3 NY Schools:
7,21610
Female Carrera Students are 46.1%11 less likely to
give birth then the NYC population 1.57% vs. 3.4%12
Births prevented by the Carrera Program:
(7,216*0.034*0.461)=113 fewer births with program.
Percentage of teen mothers who receive a high
school diploma: 35%13
Incremental HS graduates due to Carrera’s
pregnancy prevention = [113 * (100%-35%)]= 73
Incremental HS graduates due to Carrera Program’s
educational value: (30% more HS graduates)14
[(113 - 73) * (0.3 * 0.66)] = 8
Total incremental HS graduates due to Carrera
Program pregnancy avoidance = 73 + 8 = 81
High School graduation increases earnings by
$8,00015 for each year of employment : (8,000 *
(81 incremental grads / 113 births prevented ) =
$5,735 per teen birth avoided
$5,735 * 113 = $648,055 incremental earnings
per year
PV of $648,055 incremental annual earnings,
35 years @ 5% = $10,611,378
Cost to Teen Mother/Father and Taxpayers
due to a Teen Pregnancy
Economic cost of teen vs. older child bearers:16
Teen Mom Taxpayers
And Dad
Mother’s earnings: (above) -
Spouse’s earnings: ($13,722) -
Father’s earnings: ($5,291) -
Mother’s income & tax: $1,840 ($1,840)
Spouse’s income and tax: $3,156 -
Father’s income and tax:
TANF Benefits:
Child Support:
Food Stamp Benefits
Rent Subsidies
($1,217)
$1,000 ($1,000)
$254 -
$682 ($682)
$187 ($187)
Medical Assistance: parents: $390 ($390)
Medical Assistance:children: - ($760)
Public Assistance admin costs - ($252)
Children’s healthcare out
of pocket: $312 -
Foster Care - ($ 667)
Incarceration of young men - ($1,360)
Incone & consumption tax of
young adult children - ($213)
Diffference between older &
adolescent child bearers $11,092 + 8,568
=$19,660
9

Cost to Teen Mothers/Fathers and Taxpayers
due to Teen Pregnancy – (cont’d)
We pro-rate the $19,660 annual cost by 40%
to conservatively account for the impact of the
Carrera Program on these women.17
(19,660 * (100-40%) = $11,796 associated parent/
tax-payer cost savings per pregnancy prevented
per year
113 * $11,796= $1,332,948 economic cost savings
for all 113 pregnancies prevented per year
Costs to taxpayers are measured for 15 years
after a teen birth18
PV of annual savings for 15 years, discounted at 5%
= $13,835,544
Total PV of individual and taxpayer savings
due to pregnancy prevention:
$10,611,378 + $13,835,544 = $24,446,922
Average annual savings due to avoiding a
single teen birth: $5,735 + $11,796 = $17,531
Education
High School Graduation
Personal Earning Benefit
Number of Carrera students in 3 NYC Schools over 7
year program: 10,96719
High School graduation increases earnings by
$8,00020 for each year of employment
Carrera graduates 30% more high school students
than the rest of NYC high schools: 86% vs. 66%21.
Number of incremental high school graduates due to
program: [(0.3 * 0.66 * 10,967)] = 2,171
Incremental high school graduates (2,171) –
incremental grads from teen birth avoidance (81) =
2,090 incremental high school grads (to avoid double
counting).
Incremental earnings for a single year related to
high school graduation due to Carrera Program:
2,090 * $8,000 = $16,720,000
PV of incremental high school earnings, 35 years at
5%. $273,776,528
High School Graduation
Benefits to Tax-Payers and Society
Taxes
The average lifetime benefit in terms of
additional taxes paid per high school
graduate is $109,900 (discounted at 5%).22
Public Health System Usage Savings
Over the lifetime, the average saving to the
public health system per expected high school
graduate is $31,995. (discounted at 5%)23
Criminal Justice System
Reduced crime reduces costs associated with
policing, state - funded victim costs and
Government programs to combat crime. In
addition each arrest imposes costs in terms of
trials, sentencing and incarceration.
Lifetime cost - savings to the criminal justice
system due to high school graduation is
$21,010 (discounted at 5%).24
Welfare
Greater educational attainment is associated with
lower receipt of public assistance payments or
subsidies. (Based on non – elderly welfare receipt
from Temporary Assistance for Needy
Families (TANF), food stamps and
housing assistance.
Expected lifetime welfare savings per
individual is $2,370 (discounted at 5%).25
Total benefits to Tax - Payers and Society
per incremental high school graduate:
$109,900+$31,995+$21,010+$2,370 =
$165,275
Total Benefits to Tax-Payers and Society Due to HS
Graduation ( 2,090 incremental High School Grads *
$165,275) = $345,424,750
10

College
63% of Carrera program participants attend
college vs. 46%26 for the NYC average
(increase of 37%).
Of our incremental high school graduates, 370
of them attend college: (1,849 + 322) * 0.37 *
0.46 = 370
Of the remaining 8,796 students (10,967 –
2,171) an incremental 1,497 go to college:
8,796 * 0.37 * 0.46 = 1,497
Total incremental college students:
370 + 1,497 = 1,867
75% of graduates attend some college:
1,867 * 0.75 = 1,400 students
25% of high school graduates receive a
Bachelor’s degree: 1,867 * 0.25 = 467
Attending some college adds $5,000 in
additional annual earnings (75% of enrollees)27
Receiving a Bachelors Degree adds $25,000
in extra annual earnings (25% of enrollees)28
Incremental annual earnings:
1,400 (some college) * $5,00029 = $7,000,000
467 (Bachelors) * $25,00030 = $11,675,000
Total annual incremental college earnings:
$18,675,000
PV of incremental earnings due to increased
College – 35 years, 5% = $305,788,078
College Graduation–Incremental Tax Revenue
Males who graduate from college pay an
additional $395,000 - $533,000 in taxes over their
lifetime. (discounted at 5% for an average of
$435,000).31
Females who graduate from college pay an
additional $275,000 - $321,000 in taxes over their
lifetime (discounted at 5% for an average of
$290,000).32
65.8% of our students in the program are female.33
and there are 467 incremental Bachelor’s Degrees.
Male: ( 34.2% * 467) = (160 * incremental
taxes of $435,000) = $69,600,000
Female: (65.8%* 467) = (307 * incremental
taxes of $290,000) = $89,030,000
Total incremental tax revenue due to college
graduation:
$69,600,000 + $89,030,000 = $158,630,000
Financial – Bank Accounts
Check cashing fees cost poor individuals
an average of $250.0034 per year
76%35 of our students open bank accounts:
10,967 * 76% = 8,334 with accounts
75%36 of the newly banked take advantage
and cut their use of money orders and
check cashing by 75%, saving $188 per
year:75% * $250 = $188
Average annual savings due to accounts:
8,334 * 75% * $188 = $1,175,094
PV of annual savings due to bank accounts
for 7 years of Program plus 13 additional
years = 20 years discounted at 5% =
$14,644,268
Medical Related
Lifetime Health:
High School graduation leads to higher job
satisfaction and better access to healthcare
resulting in better lifetime health.
According to the Mailman School of Health
at Columbia University ,health related
benefits can be measured in Quality of Life
Years (QALY).
High School graduation boosts the health of
our incremental graduates by 1.837 QALY.
We value an average QALY at $100,00038.
Incremental High School graduates (2,171:
[(81 from teen pregnancy prevention) +
(2,090 of the balance of students)] * 1.8
QALY * $100,000 = $390,780,000
11

Reproductive Health Services:
Number of students receiving reproductive health
services today: 68 39 (8.7% of females)
Total number over 7 year Program: 628
Percentage receiving services solely due to
Carrera Program: 75%40
0.10 QALY is the estimate based on the average
value of reproductive health services to adole-
scents related to several different aspects of the
care. (Lesion HPV, symptomatic Chlamydia,
pelvic inflammatory disease & urinary tract
infection)41.
(Participants receiving services: 628) * (Percent
receiving services solely due to Carrera: 75%) *
(0.10 QALY increase) * ($100,00042 per QALY) =
$4,710,000
Medical Assessments & Referrals:
Of Carrera’s10,967students, 30%43 have parental
consent for medical services = 3,290 students
Of those 3,290, 65%44 receive services solely due
to Carrera – 2,139 students
The 0.0745 QALY value is the estimate of one
year access to health care.
2,139 * 0.07 QALY * $100,000 = $14,973,000
Mental Health Support:
100% of Carrera participants make use of
mental health services through Power Group.
The benefit accrues to those students who
would not have access to mental health
services but for the Carrrera Program. (60%)46.
Mental Health intervention boosts mental health of
students by an average of 0.0447 QALY.
10,967 * 60%* 0.04QALY * $100,000= $26,320,800
Female Mood Disorder – Impact on Earnings:
Number of students getting treatment for Mood
Disorder: 233 today of 781 total females (29.8%)
Total number over 7 year Program: 2,15048.
Percentage receiving treatment solely due to
Carrera: 75%49
Percentage of girls who respond to
treatment:60%50
We estimate average future earnings of those
teenage girls who suffer from depression will earn
about 15%52 less over their lifetimes than their
peers, but if provided with effective treatment the
earnings decrease will likely not accrue.
[(2,150 students with mood disorder) * (75%
who get treatment solely due to the Carrera
Program) * (60% responders) * ($20k
average wage) * (15% decrease prevented)]
= $2,902,500 annually
PV of $2,902,500 annually for 45 years at
discount rate of 5%= $51,589,238
ADHD:
Number of students being treated for ADHD
in Our 3 NYC schools today: 271 or 22.8%53
Total number over 7 year Program: 2,500
Children treated for Attention Deficit or hyper-
activity solely due to program: 80%54 or 2,000
0.3855 estimated value of a QALY for ADHD
intervention.
Percentage who respond to treatment – 100%56
(Number treated: 2,500) * (Percentage
who get treated solely from program:
80%) * (percentage who respond to
treatment: 100%) * (0.38QALY) *
($100,000 per QALY) = $76,000,000
12

Schizophrenia & Severe Mental Illness:
Number of students treated for Severe Mental
Illness in our NYC schools today: 10 (0.84%) 57
Percentage treated due to Carrera Program:
100%58
0.13 59 QALY – estimated value of treatment for
Severe Mental Illness (Number treated:92) * (%
getting treatment solely due to Program: 100) *
(0.13QALY) * ($100,000 per QALY) = $1,196,000
Child Abuse Identification and Reduction:
Number of students in Carrera Program
identified as abused today: 3460 (2.9%).
Percentage receiving treatment solely due to
Program: 80%61 or 88 students
We estimate 65%62 future abuse rate for abused
children based on research findings that the re-
assault rate for women suffering from inter-
personal violence is about 65%, with higher
rates when a pattern has been established. We
extra- polate findings to students in similar
situations.
We put a success rate for the program aiding
at further abuse at 50%63.
We estimate the value of avoiding abuse at
$24,00064 (npv) which estimates the cost of a
case of childhood abuse on the abused child’s
future quality of life and individual health care
costs, including mental health and decreased
earnings.
(Children identified as abused: 318) * (% getting
help solely due to Carrera: 80%) * (65% re-
abuse rate) * (50% success rate) * ($24,000
value of avoided abuse) = $1,984,320
Vision screening:
Total Carrera students screened for vision:
8,44565 (77%)
Number of students needing glasses: 3,75066
We estimate that if students don’t have
glasses by age 13, 85%67 of them would
never have received them but for the
program.
0.0868 QALY – estimated value of improved vision
3,750 students * (85% ) * (0.08 QALY increase) *
$100,000 per QALY) = $25,500,000
Eye Glasses:
3,75069 students receive glasses over 7
years of which 85% received them by virtue
of Carrera.
$15070 average cost of glasses
3,750 students * 85% * $150 = $478,125
$478,125 discounted @ 5% f 7 years=$339,795
Dental and Orthodontic Care:
Number of students receiving preventive
dental care today: 100 (8.43%)71
Percentage of students who receive care
solely due to Carrera: 60%72
Percent of low income children who are
susceptible to dental disease: 40%73
Average74 earnings of a low – income population:
$20,000 Research shows that for children, every
year of preventive oral health care increases future
earnings by about 1%75
[(Number of students receiving dental care: 925) *
(40% of children susceptible) * 60% receiving care
due to program * ($20k) * ( 1% increase in
earnings)] = $44,400 per year, discounted at 5% for
47 years = $798,357 13

Emergency Room Usage:
ER Visit is $58076 more expensive than an office
healthcare visit
Carrera Program lowered ER usage from 23%
to 3%77
10,967 participants * 23% = 2,522 previously
used ER
10,967 participants * 3% = 329 now using ER
2,193 reduced participants * $580 =
$1,271,940 per year in savings
PV of annual savings for 2078 years,
(7 years of the program plus 13 years) discounted
at a 5% = $15,851,184
14

Table B-1: Sensitivity Analysis of Discount Rate
15
$ 1,559,475,723
9.83
NPV Investment $2,568,538,010 $1,972,175,042 $1,350,980,056
Benefit/CostRatio 13.92 11.55 9.14
7 %5 %3 %1 %
Base Case

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8. Levin, Belfield, Muennig & Rouse – The Costs & Benefits of an excellent education for all America’s Children –
2007
9. Weinstein, 2009 – Measuring Success: How Robin Hood Estimates the Impact of Grants, pg. 80.
10. Carrera Program Actuals extrapolated to full 7 year program
16

13. Kids Having Kids, Economic Costs and Social Consequences of Teen Pregnancy; Rebecca Maynard 2nd Edition
–
2008
15. Weinstein, 2009 – Measuring Success: How Robin Hood Estimates the Impact of Grants
– 2010
Chair, Department of Economics, University of Delaware
– 2010
18. Kids Having Kids, Economic Costs and Social Consequences of Teen Pregnancy; Rebecca Maynard Saul
Hoffman, 2nd Edition – 2008
19. Carrera Program Actuals 2012-13 School Year and extrapolated to 7 year life of the Program
20. Saul Hoffman – Kids Having Kids Volume 2, 2008 - University of Delaware
21. Guttmacher Institute – 2008
22. Kids Having Kids, Economic Costs and Social Consequences of Teen Pregnancy; Rebecca Maynard 2nd Edition
–
2008
Alliance for Excellent Education – 2008 – The High Cost of High School Dropouts: What the Nation pays for
Inadequate High Schools
– 2010
Correspondence with Kelleen Kaye of the National Campaign.Org
– 2010
34
Number 5 September/October 2002
Carrera Program Actuals 2012-13 School Year and extrapolated to 7 year life of the Program
26. Levin, Belfield, Muennig & Rouse – The Costs & Benefits of an excellent education for all America’s Children –
2007
Philliber Research Study of the Carrera Program – Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health – Volume
Discussion with Cynthia Esposito Lamy, PhD – Metrics Manager- the Robin Hood Foundation 17

31. Jacobson & Mohker – 2009 – Pathways to boosting the earnings of low-income students by increasing their
educational attainment. Report to Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation
Levin, Belfield, Muennig & Rouse – 2007 – The Costs and Benefits of an Excellent Education for all of America’s
Children – NY Teachers College – Columbia University
32. Jacobson & Mohker – 2009 – Pathways to boosting the earnings of low-income students by increasing their
educational attainment. Report to Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation
Levin, Belfield, Muennig & Rouse – 2007 – The Costs and Benefits of an Excellent Education for all of America’s
33. Carrera Program Actuals 2012-13 School Year extrapolated over 7 year full program
34. Fannie Mae Foundation – 2001: Financial Services in Distressed Communities: Framing the Issue, Finding
Solutions
36. Fannie Mae Foundation – 2001: Financial Services in Distressed Communities: Framing the Issue, Finding
Solutions
2001 vol. 20 no 5 11-29
2007
Weinstein, 2009 – Measuring Success: How Robin Hood Estimates the Impact of Grants
2001 vol. 20 no 5 11-29
2007
Correspondence with Dylan Robertson PhD. – Director of Research and Evaluation at Program in Education,
After School and Resiliency (PEAR)
Discussion with Cynthia Esposito Lamy, PhD – Metrics Manager – The Robin Hood Foundation
40. Carrera Program Experience
18

41. Cost Effectiveness Analysis Registry
Is Technological Change in Medicine Worth It? David M. Cutler and Mark McClellan, Health Affairs, September
2001 vol. 20 no 5 11-29
The Robin Hood Foundation - 2013
42. Cost Effectiveness Analysis Registry
Is Technological Change in Medicine Worth It? David M. Cutler and Mark McClellan, Health Affairs, Septe
mber 2001 vol. 20 no 5 11-29
43. Carrera Actuals 2012-13 extrapolated to full program
45. P. Muennig – 2005 - The Cost Effectiveness of Health Insurance – American Journal of Preventive Medicine 46.
Carrera Program Experience
47. Muennig, Glied and Simon – 2005 – Estimation of the health benefits produced by Robin Hood Grant recipients.
48. Carrera Program Actual Numbers extrapolating over the full 7 years
49. Carrera Program experience
50. Berndt, Koran, Finkelstein, Geleberg, Kornstein, Miller, Thase, Trapp & Keller – 2000: Lost human capital from
early onset chronic depression, The American Journal of Psychiatry, 157.
51. Levin, Belfield, Muennig & Rouse – 2007 – The Costs and Benefits of an Excellent Education for all of America’s
52. Berndt, Koran, Finkelstein, Geleberg, Kornstein, Miller, Thase, Trapp & Keller – 2000: Lost human capital from
early onset chronic depression, The American Journal of Psychiatry, 157.
53. Carrera Program Actuals 2012-13 School Year extrapolating at same percentage over 7 year life of the program
55. Matza, Secnik, Rentz, Mannix, Sallee, Gilbert & Ravicki – 2005; Assessment of health state utilities for attention-
deficit/hyperactivity disorder in children using parent proxy. Quality of Life Research, 14(3)
59. Andrews, Issakidis, Sanderson, Corry & Lapsley – 2004; Utilizing survey data to inform public policy: comparison
of the cost-effectiveness of treatment of 10 mental disorders. British Journal of Psychiatry, 184
62. McFarlane, Malecha, Watson, Gist, Batten, Hall & Smith (2005) – Intimate partner sexual assault against women:
frequency, health consequences and treatment outcomes, Obstetrics & Gynecology 105 (1)
19

63. Cohen, Deblinger, Mannarino & Steer (2004). A multisite randomized controlled trial for children with sexual
abuse-related PTSD symptoms. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 43(4)
64. Aos, Lieb, Mayfield, Miller & Pennucci (2004). Benefits and Costs of prevention and early intervention programs
for youth. Washington State Institute for Public Policy
65. Carrera Actuals – School year 2012-13 extrapolated at same percentage over 7 year life of program 66. Carrera
Program Experience
68. Carrera Actuals – School year 2012-13 extrapolated at same percentage over 7 year life of program
69. Carrera Actuals – School year 2012-13 extrapolated at same percentage over 7 year life of program 70. Carrera
Program Experience
74. Assumption that by age 12 85% of students who would have been checked without Carrera would have done so
75. Clemons, Chew, Bressler & McBee – 2003: National Eye Institute Visual Function Questionnaire in the Age-
Related Eye Disease Study. NIH Public Access Author Manuscript, Report Number 10
76. Carrera Program Actuals 2012-13 School Year extrapolated at same percentage over 7 year life of program 77.
Medicaid
78. Carrera Program Actuals 2012-13 School Year extrapolated at same percentage over 7 year life of program
80. GAO, 2000. Oral Health; Dental disease is a chronic problem among low-income populations. Report to
Congressional Requestors. USGAO
Glied & Neidell – 2008: The economic value of Teeth – National Bureau of Economic Research
Correspondence with Sherry Glied, PhD – Professor of Health Policy and Management at the Mailman School of
Public Health at Columbia University
81. Levin, Belfield, Muennig & Rouse – 2007 – The Costs and Benefits of an Excellent Education for all of America’s
82. Glied & Neidell – 2008: The economic value of Teeth – National Bureau of Economic Research
Correspondence with Sherry Glied, PhD – Professor of Health Policy and Management at the Mailman School of
Public Health at Columbia University
83. Machlin, SR, Medical Expenditure Panel Survey – Statistical Brief III: Expenses for a Hospital Emergency Room
Visit, 2003, adjusted to 2007 data
85. Health related savings extend to age 65
20

This analysis was compiled by Michael Weitzner, Associate Director of the CAS-Carrera Adolescent Pregnancy
Prevention Program. An analysis this size could not have been constructed without the help and effort of the entire
CAS-CARRERA team. Numerous foundations and their metrics’ staffs, along with leading economists in each of
the various fields this analysis explores (teen pregnancy, education, health, statistics etc.) were consulted during
the design and development of this analysis. All involved are referenced in the end-notes section. Their interest and
willingness to give the project their time and expertise is greatly appreciated.
For questions or comments:
Michael Weitzner | Associate Director, Business Development and Major Gifts|
The Children's Aid Society Carrera Adolescent Pregnancy Prevention Program
350 East 88th Street | New York, NY 10128 | Phone: 212.876.9716

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