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Shanta Carter
Rechelle Christie
English 1302
2/16/2019
Why are The US Citizens Rapidly Becoming More Obese?
Comment by Julie Jones: It’s not necessary to include
extra space between your paper’s heading, title, and body.
A report by the US Department of Agriculture (USDA) indicates
that in the period between 1983 and 2000, the average American
increased the calories intake by 20%. The increase was mainly
driven by increased meat consumption. The same report
indicates that currently, the Americans consume 195lbs of
meat each year compared to 138lbs six decades ago. In the
same period, the consumption of fat increased by more than
60% while grain consumption has risen to 45% in the last 50
years. Further, the data from the World Health Organization
(WHO) indicates that an increase in the use of the fast foods in
US has marked an increase in body mass index (BMI). The same
report indicates that fast and junk foods make up to 11% of
diets for the average Americans further compounding the issue
of obesity. Comment by Julie Jones: Use MLA guidelines to
format in-text citations.
In another study, the impact of the added sugars in energy
drinks and soda is apparent and has been responsible for
increasing the waistline of the Americans. Hence the changes in
eating patterns and increased consumption of processed foods
have been the main contributing factors in making the American
citizens more obese. This paper argues that drastic changes in
dietary qualities, change of eating behaviors, technological
advances and increased consumption of fast and processed food
items explain why the American citizens are increasingly
becoming more obese. Comment by Julie Jones: This paper
isn’t where you make your argument.
Research on obesity of Americans is crucial for providing
critical statistics for planning health matters. Such information
lays the foundation for the formulation of policies and
regulations to guide the operations of health insurance
companies as well as advising the general public on the
precaution measures to overcome obesity. The study provides
comprehensive information on the impact of obesity on society.
For example, obesity has harmed the health care costs, with
indications that between $147 billion and $210billion indirect
and direct expenses annually are incurredto manage the problem
(Kim and Anirban 2016). Research on the topic enlightens the
Americans about the increasing health costs at the individual
level due to the complications associated with obesity.
Personal medical cost linked to obesity stands at $1430 higher
than the cost for people in the standard weight categories. The
same study also indicates that a child who is obese by age of ten
years incurs $19,000 more lifetime medical costs compared with
the children with healthy weights (Murray, et al. 2014). Such
information compels the parents to have control and regulation
of the food items that their children consume. The data is also
vital in the creation of the education curricula as students at all
the levels should be equipped with nutrition information to help
check the dietary intake. As a whole, it costs a lifetime health
expenses of $14 billion to treat 10 year olds with obesity
(Philipson, 2014). Therefore, the research on the topic provides
the government health agencies with the statistics required for
the management of the problem.
An understanding of why the American citizens are suddenly
becoming obese offers vital data for both the employers and the
employees. In the US contexts, obesity has been found to reduce
productivity as an increased rate of absenteeism is recorded in
workplaces with high numbers of obese workers. Total losses
associated with the dwindling productivity in the workplaces
cost the businesses up to $4.3 each year indicating the gravity
of the issue (Public Health, 2018). At the individual level, each
obese employeecost the market up to $506 per year due to
declined productivity. The medical costs for the obese
employees further escalate the operation costs for the
companies. Increased BMI among the employees indicates an
increase in the medical claims and number of sick days, hence
increasing the entire medical costs for each worker.
Further, obese employees make high workers-compensation
claims. If the obesity trend in the US continues the medical
expenses for treating the resulting complications will increase
by an average of $50billion daily by 2030. The total losses
associated with obesity could grow to approximately $400
billion each year (Kim and Anirban 2016). Health reports
indicate that obesity leads to early mortality and increases
susceptibility to other ailments and impact the quality of life for
entire families. Increased research on obesity can enlighten
different segments of the public about the dangers associated
with the condition.
Increasing and widespread poverty among some segments
of the US population due to corporate downsizing and
outsourcing of jobs to developing countries have on an impact
on the rates of rising obesity. Lack of reliable sources of
incomes suggests that the quality of the food among the low-
income earners is compromised which leads to obesity.
Following the economic crash in 2008 the number of people
relying on food stamps increased to 47 million (Kim and
Anirban 2016). Although it is possible to eat healthy on the
offered allocations, it could be quite challenging. The problem
is further compounded by the fact that unhealthy foods are
cheap and convenient to access. In a study entitled obesity in
Rio Grande Valley in Texas, most of the low-income obese
earners mainly live on processed food.
Limited access to fresh fruits, vegetables or whole grains
confines the people to consumption of unprocessed food. The
practice is mainly apparent in the food deserts in the rural,
suburban and urban areas (Kim and Anirban 2016). In such
areas, stores stocking the whole grains could be quite far from
the living areas making accessibility quite tricky. In some
instances, the consumers are compelled to travel up to 15 miles
from their homes to the stores that sell unprocessed foods.
Unavailability of fresh grains and the vegetables have an impact
on the number of obese populations in the US.
In the situations among the Americans who do not live in
the food deserts, there is the question of the availability of the
fresh and whole grains. Frozen corn and other processed food
items are more affordable than fresh fruits and the vegetables,
leading to increased obesity rates in the country. In one of the
studies conducted in California, results indicated that a mother
of two spent a dollar or less on macaroni and cheese while
bananas of same quantity would cost more than a dollar (Cusi,
2017). Concerned that the children may not get enough calories
by purchasing fresh foods, households opt for processed foods.
Due to the huge price discrepancies between the fresh and
processed foods the families are finding it more economical to
buy the latter.
Further, having to work with constrained food budgets imply
that microwaving boxed food is less time consuming, requires
less energy than cooking fresh and healthy meals.
Obese people are encouraged to develop a walking and work
out culture, but the practice is almost impossible in some cities
due to lack of physical spaces (Public Health, 2018). Most of
the low-income Americans live in small towns, rural areas, and
suburbs which are not pedestrian-friendly. Such areas encourage
more driving than walking and thus contributing to the obese
cases. However some cities such as Philadelphia, New York,
Chicago and Boston have pedestrian-friendly infrastructures
giving the residents an opportunity to function without cars.
Besides, residents in the Sun Belt can find the places to walk
although they are compelled to drive to access the areas.
In another study, less than half of the adults fulfilled the
regulations for the physical activities in 2014. In the survey
white adults performed better than their black and the Hispanic
counterparts. Enhanced transportation options imply that the
Americans walk less than previously. A report from the NYU
indicated that the children play sedentary sports. In the past the
children would play dodge ball in comparison to the iPad and
computer games they perform presently (Murray, et al. 2014).
However, it could be argued that exercising is not necessary a
remedy for obesity as individuals consume more calories after
workouts.
People are continuously stressed due to high unemployment
rates and job insecurity, dysfunctional health insurance system
(Kim and Anirban 2016). Past research indicates that there is a
correlation between stress and weight gain. Due to the pressures
of life in US, the people have become very stressed and hence
engaging in binge and overeating. However, it is critical to state
that in spite of the pressures of life, overeating could control to
possibility of obesity in the communities (Murray, et al. 2014).
A study conducted in 2010 at the University of Cincinnati
indicated that stress affects the metabolic changes, making it
easier to gain weight.
Poor work /life balance implies that a considerable
proportion of the Americans spend most of the time working,
leaving reduced amounts of time for leisure activities. Statistics
from 2013 OECD better life index indicated that the US is
ranked 28th among the developed countries on work/life balance
matters. Obesity has been found to a significant result of the
poor work /life balance. Americans are consumed by the
activities of the workplace than the situation five decades ago.
The increasing demands of the workplace imply that people
have little time for rest or exercises, leading to obesity.
Lack of universal healthcare continues to impact on the
lives of the Americans. The introduction of the affordable Care
Act (ACA) of 2010 gave a glimpse of hope to millions of
Americans who previously could not access health insurance.
However, millions of Americans remain uninsured and
disconnected from activities that discourage obesity (Cusi,
2017). As such they are unable to locate the programs such as
weight management and wealth loss, and thus recording high
instances of obesity. Further ACA has no provision for obesity
screening and counseling (Public Health, 2018). Therefore, in
spite of the introduction of ACA in 2010 millions of Americans
continue to be obese while the program provides little
intervention measures.
An increased number of Americans spend the late hours
using devices like smartphones which interferes with the
sleeping patterns and lack of sleep (Kim and Anirban 2016).
Reduced number of hours for sleeping has been linked to
obesity and weight gain in the past studies. Lack of enough
sleep affects the hormones, intensifying hunger and increased
appetite. A lack of quality sleep also leads to a lack of energy to
exercise, further growing obesity rates(Philipson, 2014). In the
US, 40% of the adult populations sleep for less than 7 hours a
night according to reports from a Gallup survey in 2013. The
number is one hour less the amount of sleep among Americans
50 years ago.
From the analysis of the research various factors such as
consuming processed food, lack of exercises, advances in
technology and cultural changes explain why Americans have
become more obese. Obesity impacts the adults and children
from all backgrounds and hence all the Americans are in one
way or the other affected by the condition. The obesity
continues to contribute to the emergence of the health
conditions that affect the performance in the workplace and
interferes with the overall planning of the health sector. Overall
there is a need for further research on the topic as a deliberate
approach to improve the overall health of the Americans for
advancement of all dimensions of the economic, social, political
goals.
Cusi, Kenneth (2017). “Our Fight with Fat: Why Is Obesity
Getting Worse?” The Conversation, The Conversation Africa,
Inc.,, theconversation.com/our-fight-with-fat-why-is-obesity-
getting-worse-86601.
Philipson, Tomas (2014). “Innovation Caused The Obesity
Epidemic- Will It Also Reverse It?” Forbes, Forbes Media LLC.
www.forbes.com/sites/tomasphilipson/2014/09/19/innovation-
caused-the-obesity-epidemic-will-it-also-reverse-
it/#1a3ad5857051.
Public Health(2018). “Why Are Americans
Obese?” PublicHealth,
PublicHealth.orgwww.publichealth.org/public-
awareness/obesity/
Kim, David D., and Anirban Basu (2016). "Estimating the
Medical Care Costs of Obesity in the United States: Systematic
Review, Meta-Analysis, and Empirical Analysis." Value in
Health 19.5 602-613, www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27565277
Murray, Christopher, et al. (28 May 2014). “The Vast Majority
of American Adults Are Overweight or Obese, and Weight Is a
Growing Problem among US Children.” IHME, Institute for
Health Metrics and Evaluation,, www.healthdata.org/news-
release/vast-majority-american-adults-are-overweight-or-obese-
and-weight-growing-problem-among.
Carter 2
Shanta Carter
English 1302
Annotated Bibliography
Cusi, Kenneth. “Our Fight with Fat: Why Is Obesity Getting
Worse?” The Conversation, The Conversation Africa, Inc., 26
Dec. 2017, theconversation.com/our-fight-with-fat-why-is-
obesity-getting-worse-86601.
This journal article report of scientific research by Kenneth
Cusi was published in December 2017 to educate the Obese
about the rising statistical evidence of the rise in cases of
obesity in America which he places at 40% of the American
population. The author, Kenneth Cusi, is an endocrinology
professor at the University of Florida.
The article advises the obese on the ways to reduce weight
through other means rather than the most popular as working
out and avoiding deserts. It also provides a lot of statistical
evidence on the rise of the obese part of the population. The
book is relevant in the obesity contacting and rate reduction as
it traces the history of weight gain among Americans and sheds
light on the eased to develop it and the difficulty to recover the
gained weight. The statistical evidence provided in the article
also gives the affected the light to see through the figures and
the need to live a healthy life.
Forman, Evan, et al. "Could Technology Help Us Tackle the
Obesity Crisis?" (2016): FSO151.
The cited journal article report of scientific research by
Evan Forman was published in 2016. The author aims to educate
those at the risk of developing obesity and the obese how to
avoid developing the condition as it provides strategies that can
be used to cope with food cravings. The fact that the text was
published in 2016 makes it relevant to be used as a source in
that it is within a five year range from 2016.
The article highlights and criticizes existing strategies for
coping with food cravings for relying on principles with
paradoxical effects. The study reported is a novel evaluation on
48 obese women to help them develop strategies on how to cope
with food cravings. The article is relevant in obesity avoidance
and management in that it touches on strategies for managing
the condition using new strategies for those with the tendency
to engage in emotional eating and those susceptible to the
presence of food.
Kim, David D., and Anirban Basu. "Estimating the Medical
Care Costs of Obesity in the United States: Systematic Review,
Meta-Analysis, and Empirical Analysis." Value in Health 19.5
(2016): 602-613, www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27565277.
The summery of sources by David Kim and Basu Anirban is a
journal article published in 2016. It is intended to American
audience educating them on the financial costs associated with
developing and managing obesity. The source was published in
2016 falling in the five year range from 2019 making it still
relevant to be used in the study.
The source looks into the financial costs associated with obesity
in terms of development and management. The authors break the
costs into national, individual, being fat and being obese and
place the costs from 2008 to 2015 at 209 billion national
budgets on obesity. The authors argue that eliminating obesity
will go a long way in taming the budget deficit and in
improvement on the quality of life among individuals who also
spend a lot on medication trying to manage obesity.
Murray, Christopher, et al. “The Vast Majority of American
Adults Are Overweight or Obese, and Weight Is a Growing
Problem among US Children.” IHME, Institute for Health
Metrics and Evaluation, 28 May 2014,
www.healthdata.org/news-release/vast-majority-american-
adults-are-overweight-or-obese-and-weight-growing-problem-
among.
The report of scientific research by Christopher Murray is a
journal article published in May 2014. It contributes to the
debate of rise of obesity and its prevalence in the American
public and therefore is intended to the decision-makers, policy
makers and non-governmental organizations in this line of
practice in their efforts to help tame the risk factors. The year
of publication falls within the five year range making it an up-
to-date source viable for use in the ongoing debate on obesity.
The report was conducted to estimate the national, regional and
global prevalence of obesity and overweight in children and
adults between 1980 and 2013. The report calls for an increased
and widespread regular obesity and overweight monitoring in all
populations and uses mixed research methods to attain its
objectives. The article draws its relevance from the fact it
approaches policy and decision makers to intervene in the
management of obesity and overweight.
Philipson, Tomas. “Innovation Caused The Obesity Epidemic-
Will It Also Reverse It?” Forbes, Forbes Media LLC., 19 Sept.
2014,
www.forbes.com/sites/tomasphilipson/2014/09/19/innovation-
caused-the-obesity-epidemic-will-it-also-reverse-
it/#1a3ad5857051.
The editorial journal article by Tomas Philipson was published
in September 2014. The health care economist from the
University of Chicago intends to reach food manufactures and
processors, researchers and policy makers to help stem the
rising growth of obesity in the American public by taming the
content of calories in manufactured foods. The year of
publication falls within the five year range from 2019 making it
an up-to-date source relevant for this study.
The author acknowledges the rising number of obesity and
overweight cases among Americans and blames innovation for
causing it and recommends that the same medical innovation be
used to reverse it. The author blames the use of technology,
automation and IT in the postindustrial America for the rising
obesity prevalence. The article draws its relevance to this effect
as it calls for innovation that will keep workers exercising as in
the pre-industrial times.
Public Health. “Why Are Americans Obese?” PublicHealth,
PublicHealth.org, 2018, www.publichealth.org/public-
awareness/obesity/
The editorial website publication on the reasons for American
obesity published in 2018 aims to educate the public on
practices that increase chances for obesity development. The
year of publication, 2018, is a recent year making the contents
of the article relevant for this course of discussion on Obesity
prevalence, its costs and management.
The article provides statistics on the rise of obesity and
provides reasons why the American people are increasingly
becoming obese. It names the increase in portion sizes and diet
controversy as being the leading reasons for obesity increase.
The article’s contents are very essential in obesity management
in that it educates on obesity risk factors and provides ways to
individual obesity management making it a relevant source.
Rippe, James. Lifestyle Medicine. CRC Press, 2014,
books.google.co.ke/books?id=8mzB7ceBz2EC&printsec=frontco
ver&dq=Lifestyle+Medicine+by+James+Rippe&hl=en&sa=X&v
ed=0ahUKEwj74u77vv7fAhWNDxQKHYDFCucQ6AEIKDAA#v
=onepage&q=Lifestyle%20Medicine%20by%20James%20Rippe
&f=false.
The scientific research report book James Rippe was published
in October 2014 and shed light on the need to research on why
Americans are increasingly becoming obese and goes through
the risk factors. The source is intended for the American public
for educational purposes as the year of publication assures the
relevance of the contents.
The book stresses on the importance on conducting numerous
research studies on the reasons behind the rising trends on
obesity in America. The books also names health risks
associated with developing obesity and contributes to the cost
debate. The source is relevant in that it gives suggest both
national and individual ways of reducing obesity prevalnec
among the American population.
Running head: THE OBESITY EPIDEMIC IN THE UNITED
STATES 1
THE OBESITY EPIDEMIC IN THE UNITED STATES 7
The Obesity Epidemic in the United States
Student’s Name
University Affiliation
Date
The Obesity Epidemic in the United States
Is obesity a growing concern for the citizens of the United
States? Well, for over a decade now, the prevalence and
incidence rates of obesity in the United States have been
alarming. This is because millions of the United States citizens
are exposed to cheap fast foods from companies such as
McDonalds. Recent surveys indicate that over 160 million
citizens of the United States either have obesity or are
overweight (Murray et al., 2014). More so, Murray et al. also
reveal that “More than 50% of the world’s 671 million obese
live in 10 countries”, the top one being the United States
(2014). As a result, the U.S. is losing human resource since
most of its citizens are non-productive and dependent. More so,
there are very conditions that come with being obese which are
making the U.S. government spend millions in trying to find
cures to them. All these factors lead me to ascertain my position
that obesity is a serious problem that is deeply rooted in the
United States, which if not curbed; it will lead to fatal
consequences in the future.
First and foremost, the health ramifications associated with
obesity are innumerable. However, most U.S. citizens can’t see
this. In fact, majority of them disagree with this since there are
very many television ads advocating for consumption of fast
foods. Given the high number of U.S. citizens who are exposed
to technology, such advertisements reach to quite a number.
Hence, most people will be easily persuaded to eat these fast
foods that cause obesity. Since these ads do not include the
negative effects of consuming the fast foods, most people
assume that they are healthy. However, the health conditions
that come from consuming the fast foods and being obese are
limitless (Cecchini et al., 2010). To begin with, most obese
individuals are prone to coronary heart diseases and stroke. Due
to lack of exercise or involvement in any physical activity,
Cecchini et al. (2010) acknowledge that the excess fat in the
obese people tends to make them more vulnerable to these
conditions. Additionally, obesity also increases the risk of an
individual acquiring diabetes, cancer, and depression (Xiang &
An, 2015). In the report by Murray et al. findings indicate that
in childhood obesity, there are more risks to acquire very many
cancers, certain cardiovascular diseases, and diabetes (2014).
Given that the United States is among the top 15 countries in
the world with the highest prevalence in obesity in children, it
is clear that the U.S. will be battling serious conditions like the
cancers, on top of battling obesity. Therefore, obesity is a
serious problem in the United States.
Another reason as to why obesity is a serious problem in the
United States is the fact that the U.S. government is getting
drained due to the boundless financial resources it is investing
in fighting obesity in the country. Moreover, the citizens
themselves are also suffering since there is an increase in the
financial resources they are using to cater for the conditions
that are brought about by obesity. Most citizens only realize the
dire financial consequences of obesity when they are
experiencing them (Kim & Basu, 2014). However, if they are
not obese, it is hard to convince someone that there are fatal
financial consequences of obesity. According to Murray et al.
(2014), obesity in the United States affects both the young and
the old, and also both genders. Therefore, you find that all the
old are becoming more dependent, while the young are also
becoming non-productive and dependent too (Kim et al., 2018).
Thus, the young cannot work. Therefore, the government is
forced to chip in subsidies for medical costs. This alone has
been known to bring about the financial debts of the country.
Surveys indicate that in the budget, the money allocated for
healthcare in the United States, at least a third of it goes in
treating obesity-related conditions. This is approximately 209$
billion (Kim & Basu, 2014).Alternatively, since the young are
becoming non-productive, most firms in the United States are
suffering due to low production (Murray et al., 2014). Low
production in turn means a decreased economy full of
inflations. If not urgently addressed, obesity will lead to a
straining United States’ economy.
Childhood obesity is another reason as to why obesity is
becoming a major concern for the United States citizens.
Among American children, 13% were obese in 2013, putting the
US among the top 15 countries with the greatest obesity
prevalence in children worldwide. Obesity prevalence among
American children was nearly twice what was found among
Western Europeans (Murray et al., 2014).
Have you ever imagined an America without the youth or
children? These high prevalence rates of childhood obesity are
worrying. Children are failing to eat healthy balanced diets and
it is even a bigger problem that they have no control over the
amounts of food they are taking, and the amounts they are
taking (Han, Lawlor, & Kimm, 2010). Most parents in the
United States are using fast foods as a means of escaping
preparing meals. Consequently, most of their children are
obese. The first reason it is a serious problem is because it
threatens the youth of the future (Han, Lawlor, & Kimm, 2010).
Although most parents in the United States view obesity as
manageable, they however do not understand that this epidemic
is capable of wiping out the youth of an entire generation.
Secondly, childhood obesity is a serious problem in the United
States because soon enough, the country will begin to depend on
labor from brain drain. Obesity is set to lead to high child
mortality if urgent and effective measures of fighting obesity
are not taken immediately.
Obesity is also a serious issue in the United States since eating
of foods that lead to obesity has become a culture. It is no
surprise to find majority of the U.S. citizens working overtime.
This is not bad. However, most of these workers tend to eat fast
foods. Most people might argue that they often do not have time
to prepare meals or go grab healthy food from a restaurant.
However, an individual always has the option of preparing their
own food, then carrying it to their workplace (Thiel & Manecke,
2018). This will help get rid of the dire effects of obesity.
Similarly, obesity has become prone to most U.S. citizens since
they tend to feast on fast foods at most festivities.
Festivities and ceremonies are a good place to enjoy and let
loose. However, they can also be traps for diseases such as
obesity. In most cases, adults often go the easy way out and opt
to serve guests especially in birthday parties’ junk foods. What
they do not know is that by doing so, all their efforts are being
directed to making both their children and themselves obese.
Given that most children nowadays do not engage in physical
activities but instead sit and play video games, this American
culture is making the obesity prevalence rates to be very high.
Alternatively, after the adults come home from long shifts, they
are often too tired to indulge in any physical activity. Less
physical activity results to less burn of calories and therefore,
more obesity cases. This culture is alarming. Therefore, it is
time to curb it.
I do believe that obesity is a huge risk factor to the U.S.
citizens. However, opponents to obesity are often seen as
instigators to closure of certain companies such as fast food
joints. However, the truth of the matter this, the opposition
comes from the realization of the dire effects that arise from
obesity. Obesity and its related overweight problems continue to
exacerbate in the United States each and every single day. As
they do, the country tends to lose millions of dollars both from
the financial resources spent on paying health debts, or from the
lost human resource. In addition to that, the U.S. citizens also
tend to suffer from the huge expenses of treating obesity and its
related conditions. The obese people also lack to enjoy the
quality of life by engaging in activities such as sports. Whether
we like to admit it or not, obesity is a huge problem in America.
The good news is it is manageable. The United States currently
has multiple of problems among them being obesity. Let us
remove it from the list by engaging in healthy eating habits and
also indulging in physical activities. This will immensely cut
out the obesity rates in the country.
References
Biro, F. M., & Wien, M. (2010). Childhood obesity and adult
morbidities. The American journal of clinical nutrition, 91(5),
1499S-1505S.
Cecchini, M., Sassi, F., Lauer, J. A., Lee, Y. Y., Guajardo-
Barron, V., & Chisholm, D. (2010). Tackling of unhealthy diets,
physical inactivity, and obesity: health effects and cost-
effectiveness. The Lancet, 376(9754), 1775-1784.
Han, J. C., Lawlor, D. A., & Kimm, S. Y. (2010). Childhood
obesity. The Lancet, 375(9727), 1737-1748.
Kim, D. D., & Basu, A. (2016). Estimating the medical care
costs of obesity in the United States: systematic review, meta-
analysis, and empirical analysis. Value in Health, 19(5), 602-
613.
Kim, D. D., Arterburn, D. E., Sullivan, S. D., & Basu, A.
(2018). Economic value of greater access to bariatric procedures
for patients with severe obesity and diabetes. Medical care,
56(7), 583-588.Murray et al., (2014, May 28). The vast majority
of American adults are overweight or obese, and weight is a
growing problem among US children. Retrieved from
http://www.healthdata.org/news-release/vast-majority-american-
adults-are-overweight-or-obese-and-weight-growing-problem-
among Thiel, J., & Manecke, M. (2018). GenerationACTIVE:
Creating Healthier Communities Two Generations at a Time
(Doctoral dissertation, University of North Dakota).
Xiang, X., & An, R. (2015). Obesity and onset of depression
among US middle-aged and older adults. Journal of
psychosomatic research, 78(3), 242-248.

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Carter 1 Carter8Shanta CarterRechelle Chr.docx

  • 1. Carter 1 Carter 8 Shanta Carter Rechelle Christie English 1302 2/16/2019 Why are The US Citizens Rapidly Becoming More Obese? Comment by Julie Jones: It’s not necessary to include extra space between your paper’s heading, title, and body. A report by the US Department of Agriculture (USDA) indicates that in the period between 1983 and 2000, the average American increased the calories intake by 20%. The increase was mainly driven by increased meat consumption. The same report indicates that currently, the Americans consume 195lbs of meat each year compared to 138lbs six decades ago. In the same period, the consumption of fat increased by more than 60% while grain consumption has risen to 45% in the last 50 years. Further, the data from the World Health Organization (WHO) indicates that an increase in the use of the fast foods in US has marked an increase in body mass index (BMI). The same report indicates that fast and junk foods make up to 11% of diets for the average Americans further compounding the issue of obesity. Comment by Julie Jones: Use MLA guidelines to format in-text citations. In another study, the impact of the added sugars in energy drinks and soda is apparent and has been responsible for increasing the waistline of the Americans. Hence the changes in eating patterns and increased consumption of processed foods
  • 2. have been the main contributing factors in making the American citizens more obese. This paper argues that drastic changes in dietary qualities, change of eating behaviors, technological advances and increased consumption of fast and processed food items explain why the American citizens are increasingly becoming more obese. Comment by Julie Jones: This paper isn’t where you make your argument. Research on obesity of Americans is crucial for providing critical statistics for planning health matters. Such information lays the foundation for the formulation of policies and regulations to guide the operations of health insurance companies as well as advising the general public on the precaution measures to overcome obesity. The study provides comprehensive information on the impact of obesity on society. For example, obesity has harmed the health care costs, with indications that between $147 billion and $210billion indirect and direct expenses annually are incurredto manage the problem (Kim and Anirban 2016). Research on the topic enlightens the Americans about the increasing health costs at the individual level due to the complications associated with obesity. Personal medical cost linked to obesity stands at $1430 higher than the cost for people in the standard weight categories. The same study also indicates that a child who is obese by age of ten years incurs $19,000 more lifetime medical costs compared with the children with healthy weights (Murray, et al. 2014). Such information compels the parents to have control and regulation of the food items that their children consume. The data is also vital in the creation of the education curricula as students at all the levels should be equipped with nutrition information to help check the dietary intake. As a whole, it costs a lifetime health expenses of $14 billion to treat 10 year olds with obesity (Philipson, 2014). Therefore, the research on the topic provides the government health agencies with the statistics required for the management of the problem. An understanding of why the American citizens are suddenly becoming obese offers vital data for both the employers and the
  • 3. employees. In the US contexts, obesity has been found to reduce productivity as an increased rate of absenteeism is recorded in workplaces with high numbers of obese workers. Total losses associated with the dwindling productivity in the workplaces cost the businesses up to $4.3 each year indicating the gravity of the issue (Public Health, 2018). At the individual level, each obese employeecost the market up to $506 per year due to declined productivity. The medical costs for the obese employees further escalate the operation costs for the companies. Increased BMI among the employees indicates an increase in the medical claims and number of sick days, hence increasing the entire medical costs for each worker. Further, obese employees make high workers-compensation claims. If the obesity trend in the US continues the medical expenses for treating the resulting complications will increase by an average of $50billion daily by 2030. The total losses associated with obesity could grow to approximately $400 billion each year (Kim and Anirban 2016). Health reports indicate that obesity leads to early mortality and increases susceptibility to other ailments and impact the quality of life for entire families. Increased research on obesity can enlighten different segments of the public about the dangers associated with the condition. Increasing and widespread poverty among some segments of the US population due to corporate downsizing and outsourcing of jobs to developing countries have on an impact on the rates of rising obesity. Lack of reliable sources of incomes suggests that the quality of the food among the low- income earners is compromised which leads to obesity. Following the economic crash in 2008 the number of people relying on food stamps increased to 47 million (Kim and Anirban 2016). Although it is possible to eat healthy on the offered allocations, it could be quite challenging. The problem is further compounded by the fact that unhealthy foods are cheap and convenient to access. In a study entitled obesity in Rio Grande Valley in Texas, most of the low-income obese
  • 4. earners mainly live on processed food. Limited access to fresh fruits, vegetables or whole grains confines the people to consumption of unprocessed food. The practice is mainly apparent in the food deserts in the rural, suburban and urban areas (Kim and Anirban 2016). In such areas, stores stocking the whole grains could be quite far from the living areas making accessibility quite tricky. In some instances, the consumers are compelled to travel up to 15 miles from their homes to the stores that sell unprocessed foods. Unavailability of fresh grains and the vegetables have an impact on the number of obese populations in the US. In the situations among the Americans who do not live in the food deserts, there is the question of the availability of the fresh and whole grains. Frozen corn and other processed food items are more affordable than fresh fruits and the vegetables, leading to increased obesity rates in the country. In one of the studies conducted in California, results indicated that a mother of two spent a dollar or less on macaroni and cheese while bananas of same quantity would cost more than a dollar (Cusi, 2017). Concerned that the children may not get enough calories by purchasing fresh foods, households opt for processed foods. Due to the huge price discrepancies between the fresh and processed foods the families are finding it more economical to buy the latter. Further, having to work with constrained food budgets imply that microwaving boxed food is less time consuming, requires less energy than cooking fresh and healthy meals. Obese people are encouraged to develop a walking and work out culture, but the practice is almost impossible in some cities due to lack of physical spaces (Public Health, 2018). Most of the low-income Americans live in small towns, rural areas, and suburbs which are not pedestrian-friendly. Such areas encourage more driving than walking and thus contributing to the obese cases. However some cities such as Philadelphia, New York, Chicago and Boston have pedestrian-friendly infrastructures giving the residents an opportunity to function without cars.
  • 5. Besides, residents in the Sun Belt can find the places to walk although they are compelled to drive to access the areas. In another study, less than half of the adults fulfilled the regulations for the physical activities in 2014. In the survey white adults performed better than their black and the Hispanic counterparts. Enhanced transportation options imply that the Americans walk less than previously. A report from the NYU indicated that the children play sedentary sports. In the past the children would play dodge ball in comparison to the iPad and computer games they perform presently (Murray, et al. 2014). However, it could be argued that exercising is not necessary a remedy for obesity as individuals consume more calories after workouts. People are continuously stressed due to high unemployment rates and job insecurity, dysfunctional health insurance system (Kim and Anirban 2016). Past research indicates that there is a correlation between stress and weight gain. Due to the pressures of life in US, the people have become very stressed and hence engaging in binge and overeating. However, it is critical to state that in spite of the pressures of life, overeating could control to possibility of obesity in the communities (Murray, et al. 2014). A study conducted in 2010 at the University of Cincinnati indicated that stress affects the metabolic changes, making it easier to gain weight. Poor work /life balance implies that a considerable proportion of the Americans spend most of the time working, leaving reduced amounts of time for leisure activities. Statistics from 2013 OECD better life index indicated that the US is ranked 28th among the developed countries on work/life balance matters. Obesity has been found to a significant result of the poor work /life balance. Americans are consumed by the activities of the workplace than the situation five decades ago. The increasing demands of the workplace imply that people have little time for rest or exercises, leading to obesity. Lack of universal healthcare continues to impact on the lives of the Americans. The introduction of the affordable Care
  • 6. Act (ACA) of 2010 gave a glimpse of hope to millions of Americans who previously could not access health insurance. However, millions of Americans remain uninsured and disconnected from activities that discourage obesity (Cusi, 2017). As such they are unable to locate the programs such as weight management and wealth loss, and thus recording high instances of obesity. Further ACA has no provision for obesity screening and counseling (Public Health, 2018). Therefore, in spite of the introduction of ACA in 2010 millions of Americans continue to be obese while the program provides little intervention measures. An increased number of Americans spend the late hours using devices like smartphones which interferes with the sleeping patterns and lack of sleep (Kim and Anirban 2016). Reduced number of hours for sleeping has been linked to obesity and weight gain in the past studies. Lack of enough sleep affects the hormones, intensifying hunger and increased appetite. A lack of quality sleep also leads to a lack of energy to exercise, further growing obesity rates(Philipson, 2014). In the US, 40% of the adult populations sleep for less than 7 hours a night according to reports from a Gallup survey in 2013. The number is one hour less the amount of sleep among Americans 50 years ago. From the analysis of the research various factors such as consuming processed food, lack of exercises, advances in technology and cultural changes explain why Americans have become more obese. Obesity impacts the adults and children from all backgrounds and hence all the Americans are in one way or the other affected by the condition. The obesity continues to contribute to the emergence of the health conditions that affect the performance in the workplace and interferes with the overall planning of the health sector. Overall there is a need for further research on the topic as a deliberate approach to improve the overall health of the Americans for advancement of all dimensions of the economic, social, political goals.
  • 7. Cusi, Kenneth (2017). “Our Fight with Fat: Why Is Obesity Getting Worse?” The Conversation, The Conversation Africa, Inc.,, theconversation.com/our-fight-with-fat-why-is-obesity- getting-worse-86601. Philipson, Tomas (2014). “Innovation Caused The Obesity Epidemic- Will It Also Reverse It?” Forbes, Forbes Media LLC. www.forbes.com/sites/tomasphilipson/2014/09/19/innovation- caused-the-obesity-epidemic-will-it-also-reverse- it/#1a3ad5857051. Public Health(2018). “Why Are Americans Obese?” PublicHealth, PublicHealth.orgwww.publichealth.org/public- awareness/obesity/ Kim, David D., and Anirban Basu (2016). "Estimating the Medical Care Costs of Obesity in the United States: Systematic Review, Meta-Analysis, and Empirical Analysis." Value in Health 19.5 602-613, www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27565277 Murray, Christopher, et al. (28 May 2014). “The Vast Majority of American Adults Are Overweight or Obese, and Weight Is a Growing Problem among US Children.” IHME, Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation,, www.healthdata.org/news-
  • 8. release/vast-majority-american-adults-are-overweight-or-obese- and-weight-growing-problem-among. Carter 2 Shanta Carter English 1302 Annotated Bibliography Cusi, Kenneth. “Our Fight with Fat: Why Is Obesity Getting Worse?” The Conversation, The Conversation Africa, Inc., 26 Dec. 2017, theconversation.com/our-fight-with-fat-why-is- obesity-getting-worse-86601. This journal article report of scientific research by Kenneth Cusi was published in December 2017 to educate the Obese about the rising statistical evidence of the rise in cases of obesity in America which he places at 40% of the American population. The author, Kenneth Cusi, is an endocrinology professor at the University of Florida. The article advises the obese on the ways to reduce weight through other means rather than the most popular as working out and avoiding deserts. It also provides a lot of statistical evidence on the rise of the obese part of the population. The book is relevant in the obesity contacting and rate reduction as it traces the history of weight gain among Americans and sheds light on the eased to develop it and the difficulty to recover the gained weight. The statistical evidence provided in the article also gives the affected the light to see through the figures and the need to live a healthy life. Forman, Evan, et al. "Could Technology Help Us Tackle the Obesity Crisis?" (2016): FSO151. The cited journal article report of scientific research by Evan Forman was published in 2016. The author aims to educate those at the risk of developing obesity and the obese how to
  • 9. avoid developing the condition as it provides strategies that can be used to cope with food cravings. The fact that the text was published in 2016 makes it relevant to be used as a source in that it is within a five year range from 2016. The article highlights and criticizes existing strategies for coping with food cravings for relying on principles with paradoxical effects. The study reported is a novel evaluation on 48 obese women to help them develop strategies on how to cope with food cravings. The article is relevant in obesity avoidance and management in that it touches on strategies for managing the condition using new strategies for those with the tendency to engage in emotional eating and those susceptible to the presence of food. Kim, David D., and Anirban Basu. "Estimating the Medical Care Costs of Obesity in the United States: Systematic Review, Meta-Analysis, and Empirical Analysis." Value in Health 19.5 (2016): 602-613, www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27565277. The summery of sources by David Kim and Basu Anirban is a journal article published in 2016. It is intended to American audience educating them on the financial costs associated with developing and managing obesity. The source was published in 2016 falling in the five year range from 2019 making it still relevant to be used in the study. The source looks into the financial costs associated with obesity in terms of development and management. The authors break the costs into national, individual, being fat and being obese and place the costs from 2008 to 2015 at 209 billion national budgets on obesity. The authors argue that eliminating obesity will go a long way in taming the budget deficit and in improvement on the quality of life among individuals who also spend a lot on medication trying to manage obesity. Murray, Christopher, et al. “The Vast Majority of American Adults Are Overweight or Obese, and Weight Is a Growing Problem among US Children.” IHME, Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, 28 May 2014,
  • 10. www.healthdata.org/news-release/vast-majority-american- adults-are-overweight-or-obese-and-weight-growing-problem- among. The report of scientific research by Christopher Murray is a journal article published in May 2014. It contributes to the debate of rise of obesity and its prevalence in the American public and therefore is intended to the decision-makers, policy makers and non-governmental organizations in this line of practice in their efforts to help tame the risk factors. The year of publication falls within the five year range making it an up- to-date source viable for use in the ongoing debate on obesity. The report was conducted to estimate the national, regional and global prevalence of obesity and overweight in children and adults between 1980 and 2013. The report calls for an increased and widespread regular obesity and overweight monitoring in all populations and uses mixed research methods to attain its objectives. The article draws its relevance from the fact it approaches policy and decision makers to intervene in the management of obesity and overweight. Philipson, Tomas. “Innovation Caused The Obesity Epidemic- Will It Also Reverse It?” Forbes, Forbes Media LLC., 19 Sept. 2014, www.forbes.com/sites/tomasphilipson/2014/09/19/innovation- caused-the-obesity-epidemic-will-it-also-reverse- it/#1a3ad5857051. The editorial journal article by Tomas Philipson was published in September 2014. The health care economist from the University of Chicago intends to reach food manufactures and processors, researchers and policy makers to help stem the rising growth of obesity in the American public by taming the content of calories in manufactured foods. The year of publication falls within the five year range from 2019 making it an up-to-date source relevant for this study. The author acknowledges the rising number of obesity and overweight cases among Americans and blames innovation for causing it and recommends that the same medical innovation be
  • 11. used to reverse it. The author blames the use of technology, automation and IT in the postindustrial America for the rising obesity prevalence. The article draws its relevance to this effect as it calls for innovation that will keep workers exercising as in the pre-industrial times. Public Health. “Why Are Americans Obese?” PublicHealth, PublicHealth.org, 2018, www.publichealth.org/public- awareness/obesity/ The editorial website publication on the reasons for American obesity published in 2018 aims to educate the public on practices that increase chances for obesity development. The year of publication, 2018, is a recent year making the contents of the article relevant for this course of discussion on Obesity prevalence, its costs and management. The article provides statistics on the rise of obesity and provides reasons why the American people are increasingly becoming obese. It names the increase in portion sizes and diet controversy as being the leading reasons for obesity increase. The article’s contents are very essential in obesity management in that it educates on obesity risk factors and provides ways to individual obesity management making it a relevant source. Rippe, James. Lifestyle Medicine. CRC Press, 2014, books.google.co.ke/books?id=8mzB7ceBz2EC&printsec=frontco ver&dq=Lifestyle+Medicine+by+James+Rippe&hl=en&sa=X&v ed=0ahUKEwj74u77vv7fAhWNDxQKHYDFCucQ6AEIKDAA#v =onepage&q=Lifestyle%20Medicine%20by%20James%20Rippe &f=false. The scientific research report book James Rippe was published in October 2014 and shed light on the need to research on why Americans are increasingly becoming obese and goes through the risk factors. The source is intended for the American public for educational purposes as the year of publication assures the relevance of the contents. The book stresses on the importance on conducting numerous research studies on the reasons behind the rising trends on obesity in America. The books also names health risks
  • 12. associated with developing obesity and contributes to the cost debate. The source is relevant in that it gives suggest both national and individual ways of reducing obesity prevalnec among the American population. Running head: THE OBESITY EPIDEMIC IN THE UNITED STATES 1 THE OBESITY EPIDEMIC IN THE UNITED STATES 7 The Obesity Epidemic in the United States Student’s Name University Affiliation Date The Obesity Epidemic in the United States Is obesity a growing concern for the citizens of the United States? Well, for over a decade now, the prevalence and incidence rates of obesity in the United States have been alarming. This is because millions of the United States citizens are exposed to cheap fast foods from companies such as McDonalds. Recent surveys indicate that over 160 million citizens of the United States either have obesity or are overweight (Murray et al., 2014). More so, Murray et al. also reveal that “More than 50% of the world’s 671 million obese live in 10 countries”, the top one being the United States (2014). As a result, the U.S. is losing human resource since most of its citizens are non-productive and dependent. More so, there are very conditions that come with being obese which are making the U.S. government spend millions in trying to find
  • 13. cures to them. All these factors lead me to ascertain my position that obesity is a serious problem that is deeply rooted in the United States, which if not curbed; it will lead to fatal consequences in the future. First and foremost, the health ramifications associated with obesity are innumerable. However, most U.S. citizens can’t see this. In fact, majority of them disagree with this since there are very many television ads advocating for consumption of fast foods. Given the high number of U.S. citizens who are exposed to technology, such advertisements reach to quite a number. Hence, most people will be easily persuaded to eat these fast foods that cause obesity. Since these ads do not include the negative effects of consuming the fast foods, most people assume that they are healthy. However, the health conditions that come from consuming the fast foods and being obese are limitless (Cecchini et al., 2010). To begin with, most obese individuals are prone to coronary heart diseases and stroke. Due to lack of exercise or involvement in any physical activity, Cecchini et al. (2010) acknowledge that the excess fat in the obese people tends to make them more vulnerable to these conditions. Additionally, obesity also increases the risk of an individual acquiring diabetes, cancer, and depression (Xiang & An, 2015). In the report by Murray et al. findings indicate that in childhood obesity, there are more risks to acquire very many cancers, certain cardiovascular diseases, and diabetes (2014). Given that the United States is among the top 15 countries in the world with the highest prevalence in obesity in children, it is clear that the U.S. will be battling serious conditions like the cancers, on top of battling obesity. Therefore, obesity is a serious problem in the United States. Another reason as to why obesity is a serious problem in the United States is the fact that the U.S. government is getting drained due to the boundless financial resources it is investing in fighting obesity in the country. Moreover, the citizens themselves are also suffering since there is an increase in the financial resources they are using to cater for the conditions
  • 14. that are brought about by obesity. Most citizens only realize the dire financial consequences of obesity when they are experiencing them (Kim & Basu, 2014). However, if they are not obese, it is hard to convince someone that there are fatal financial consequences of obesity. According to Murray et al. (2014), obesity in the United States affects both the young and the old, and also both genders. Therefore, you find that all the old are becoming more dependent, while the young are also becoming non-productive and dependent too (Kim et al., 2018). Thus, the young cannot work. Therefore, the government is forced to chip in subsidies for medical costs. This alone has been known to bring about the financial debts of the country. Surveys indicate that in the budget, the money allocated for healthcare in the United States, at least a third of it goes in treating obesity-related conditions. This is approximately 209$ billion (Kim & Basu, 2014).Alternatively, since the young are becoming non-productive, most firms in the United States are suffering due to low production (Murray et al., 2014). Low production in turn means a decreased economy full of inflations. If not urgently addressed, obesity will lead to a straining United States’ economy. Childhood obesity is another reason as to why obesity is becoming a major concern for the United States citizens. Among American children, 13% were obese in 2013, putting the US among the top 15 countries with the greatest obesity prevalence in children worldwide. Obesity prevalence among American children was nearly twice what was found among Western Europeans (Murray et al., 2014). Have you ever imagined an America without the youth or children? These high prevalence rates of childhood obesity are worrying. Children are failing to eat healthy balanced diets and it is even a bigger problem that they have no control over the amounts of food they are taking, and the amounts they are taking (Han, Lawlor, & Kimm, 2010). Most parents in the United States are using fast foods as a means of escaping preparing meals. Consequently, most of their children are
  • 15. obese. The first reason it is a serious problem is because it threatens the youth of the future (Han, Lawlor, & Kimm, 2010). Although most parents in the United States view obesity as manageable, they however do not understand that this epidemic is capable of wiping out the youth of an entire generation. Secondly, childhood obesity is a serious problem in the United States because soon enough, the country will begin to depend on labor from brain drain. Obesity is set to lead to high child mortality if urgent and effective measures of fighting obesity are not taken immediately. Obesity is also a serious issue in the United States since eating of foods that lead to obesity has become a culture. It is no surprise to find majority of the U.S. citizens working overtime. This is not bad. However, most of these workers tend to eat fast foods. Most people might argue that they often do not have time to prepare meals or go grab healthy food from a restaurant. However, an individual always has the option of preparing their own food, then carrying it to their workplace (Thiel & Manecke, 2018). This will help get rid of the dire effects of obesity. Similarly, obesity has become prone to most U.S. citizens since they tend to feast on fast foods at most festivities. Festivities and ceremonies are a good place to enjoy and let loose. However, they can also be traps for diseases such as obesity. In most cases, adults often go the easy way out and opt to serve guests especially in birthday parties’ junk foods. What they do not know is that by doing so, all their efforts are being directed to making both their children and themselves obese. Given that most children nowadays do not engage in physical activities but instead sit and play video games, this American culture is making the obesity prevalence rates to be very high. Alternatively, after the adults come home from long shifts, they are often too tired to indulge in any physical activity. Less physical activity results to less burn of calories and therefore, more obesity cases. This culture is alarming. Therefore, it is time to curb it. I do believe that obesity is a huge risk factor to the U.S.
  • 16. citizens. However, opponents to obesity are often seen as instigators to closure of certain companies such as fast food joints. However, the truth of the matter this, the opposition comes from the realization of the dire effects that arise from obesity. Obesity and its related overweight problems continue to exacerbate in the United States each and every single day. As they do, the country tends to lose millions of dollars both from the financial resources spent on paying health debts, or from the lost human resource. In addition to that, the U.S. citizens also tend to suffer from the huge expenses of treating obesity and its related conditions. The obese people also lack to enjoy the quality of life by engaging in activities such as sports. Whether we like to admit it or not, obesity is a huge problem in America. The good news is it is manageable. The United States currently has multiple of problems among them being obesity. Let us remove it from the list by engaging in healthy eating habits and also indulging in physical activities. This will immensely cut out the obesity rates in the country. References Biro, F. M., & Wien, M. (2010). Childhood obesity and adult morbidities. The American journal of clinical nutrition, 91(5),
  • 17. 1499S-1505S. Cecchini, M., Sassi, F., Lauer, J. A., Lee, Y. Y., Guajardo- Barron, V., & Chisholm, D. (2010). Tackling of unhealthy diets, physical inactivity, and obesity: health effects and cost- effectiveness. The Lancet, 376(9754), 1775-1784. Han, J. C., Lawlor, D. A., & Kimm, S. Y. (2010). Childhood obesity. The Lancet, 375(9727), 1737-1748. Kim, D. D., & Basu, A. (2016). Estimating the medical care costs of obesity in the United States: systematic review, meta- analysis, and empirical analysis. Value in Health, 19(5), 602- 613. Kim, D. D., Arterburn, D. E., Sullivan, S. D., & Basu, A. (2018). Economic value of greater access to bariatric procedures for patients with severe obesity and diabetes. Medical care, 56(7), 583-588.Murray et al., (2014, May 28). The vast majority of American adults are overweight or obese, and weight is a growing problem among US children. Retrieved from http://www.healthdata.org/news-release/vast-majority-american- adults-are-overweight-or-obese-and-weight-growing-problem- among Thiel, J., & Manecke, M. (2018). GenerationACTIVE: Creating Healthier Communities Two Generations at a Time (Doctoral dissertation, University of North Dakota). Xiang, X., & An, R. (2015). Obesity and onset of depression among US middle-aged and older adults. Journal of psychosomatic research, 78(3), 242-248.