The document provides information about cancer and different types of cancer. It discusses 13 common types of cancer including lung cancer, prostate cancer, breast cancer, colorectal cancer, and skin cancers. It also discusses what causes cancer, listing smoking, diet, sun exposure, viruses, genetics, and aging as some of the main risk factors. While some early-stage cancers may be curable with proper treatment, cancer itself is currently not considered curable due to factors such as unknown precise causes, lack of early symptoms, and rapid uncontrolled growth and spread of abnormal cells.
Cancer is the general name for a group of more than 100 diseases. Although there are many kinds of cancer, all cancers start because of abnormal cells grow out of control.
Cancer is a leading cause of death in the US and worldwide. Some key points:
- Cancer is caused by uncontrolled growth and spread of abnormal cells. Many cancers can be prevented by avoiding risk factors like smoking, excess sun exposure, and unhealthy diet.
- In 2010, there were 1.5 million new cancer cases and 570,000 cancer deaths in the US. Cancer affects nearly all families.
- Lung cancer is a common type of cancer caused mainly by smoking cigarettes. Symptoms can include coughing up blood or persistent cough. Quitting smoking can significantly reduce lung cancer risk.
- Prevention strategies include not smoking, exercising, eating healthy, and getting regular cancer screenings. Up to 80%
Foods to Fight Cancer: What to Eat to Reduce Your RiskLucky Gods
Introduction to "Foods to Fight Cancer: What to Eat to Reduce Your Risk" ️
Did you know that what you eat can play a significant role in your health, including your risk of cancer? This book is your comprehensive guide to understanding the power of food in cancer prevention.
Inside, you'll discover:
Scientific evidence on how specific foods can lower your cancer risk.
A variety of delicious and nutritious recipes featuring cancer-fighting ingredients.
Practical tips for incorporating these foods into your daily diet.
Essential information about healthy eating habits for overall well-being.
Empower yourself with knowledge and take charge of your health. "Foods to Fight Cancer" is your essential guide to eating well and reducing your cancer risk.
Excelsior College PBH321 1 Confounding .docxgitagrimston
Excelsior College PBH321
1
Confounding is a mixing of effects of extraneous factors (confounders) with the effect of the exposure of
interest. The association between exposure and disease is distorted because it is mixed with the effect
of another factor that is also associated with the disease. A confounder is therefore an alternative
explanation for the observed association between an exposure and disease. The result of confounding is
to distort the true association either towards or away from the null. Many epidemiologists refer to
confounding as a type of bias.
Example: Who can run faster, men or women?
Exposure: gender
Outcome: speed
Hypothesis: The average running speed of men is faster than the average running speed of women.
All men and women in one town invited to participate in a road race. On race day, both men and
women come and race. The average running time for the men is faster than the women.
CONCLUSION: Men run faster than women, because of their gender.
But wait! Someone notices that women with young children did not race. In fact, women who ran
the race were, on average, older than men who ran. For example, the average age of women was 50
years while the average age of men was 25 years. CONCLUSION: Perhaps men were faster not
because of their gender, but because they were younger.
Another race is held, this time making sure that the ages in the two groups (men and women) are
comparable. In other words, the men and women have same distribution of ages. Race result: Once
again, men are faster. CONCLUSION: Controlling for age, men are still faster than women.
But wait! Someone points out that the men are, on average, taller than the women. CONCLUSION:
Perhaps men were faster not due to their gender, but because their legs are longer.
Another race is held, this time making sure both heights and ages in the two groups (men and
women) are comparable. Race result: Once again, men are faster. CONCLUSION: Men are faster
than women, regardless of age or height.
But wait! Someone points out that 50% of the women had hair longer than their shoulders, and
only 5% of the men did! CONCLUSION: Long hair made the women run slower? (Is this a reasonable
conclusion?)
The point of this exercise is to demonstrate that there are in fact often many alternative explanatory
factors for the association between an exposure and an outcome. Properly considering potential
confounding factors is an important part of any epidemiologic analysis.
Criteria for confounding
Let’s review the meaning of association. If a characteristic is associated with disease, then the risk of
disease is different among people with the characteristic compared to those without. If the
CONFOUNDING
Excelsior College PBH321
2
characteristic is associated with exposure, then the distribution of the characteristic is different among
people with the exposure compared to people witho ...
This document discusses cancer and challenges common perceptions about it being a deadly disease. It claims that cancer develops as a survival mechanism by the body, not as an illness, and questions why cancer is seen as having power over life and death. It argues that the real causes behind tumor growth are often ignored, and standard cancer treatments may not cure cancer but further damage the body.
This document discusses lung cancer, including its causes, symptoms, types, risk factors, complications, and treatment methods. It notes that lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer deaths worldwide and that smoking is the primary risk factor. The two main types of lung cancer are small cell lung cancer and non-small cell lung cancer. Treatments include surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, targeted therapies, and immunotherapy. Preventing smoking and quitting smoking can significantly reduce the risk of developing lung cancer.
Breast cancer develops from abnormal cell growth in the breast tissue. It occurs due to mutations in genes that control cell growth. The document discusses risk factors like family history, obesity, alcohol use, and describes signs and symptoms. Diagnosis involves imaging tests, biopsies, and determining the cancer stage and characteristics. Treatment options include surgery, radiation, chemotherapy, hormone therapy, and medication depending on the cancer type and stage. Maintaining a healthy lifestyle and regular screening can help reduce breast cancer risk.
The document provides information about cancer and different types of cancer. It discusses 13 common types of cancer including lung cancer, prostate cancer, breast cancer, colorectal cancer, and skin cancers. It also discusses what causes cancer, listing smoking, diet, sun exposure, viruses, genetics, and aging as some of the main risk factors. While some early-stage cancers may be curable with proper treatment, cancer itself is currently not considered curable due to factors such as unknown precise causes, lack of early symptoms, and rapid uncontrolled growth and spread of abnormal cells.
Cancer is the general name for a group of more than 100 diseases. Although there are many kinds of cancer, all cancers start because of abnormal cells grow out of control.
Cancer is a leading cause of death in the US and worldwide. Some key points:
- Cancer is caused by uncontrolled growth and spread of abnormal cells. Many cancers can be prevented by avoiding risk factors like smoking, excess sun exposure, and unhealthy diet.
- In 2010, there were 1.5 million new cancer cases and 570,000 cancer deaths in the US. Cancer affects nearly all families.
- Lung cancer is a common type of cancer caused mainly by smoking cigarettes. Symptoms can include coughing up blood or persistent cough. Quitting smoking can significantly reduce lung cancer risk.
- Prevention strategies include not smoking, exercising, eating healthy, and getting regular cancer screenings. Up to 80%
Foods to Fight Cancer: What to Eat to Reduce Your RiskLucky Gods
Introduction to "Foods to Fight Cancer: What to Eat to Reduce Your Risk" ️
Did you know that what you eat can play a significant role in your health, including your risk of cancer? This book is your comprehensive guide to understanding the power of food in cancer prevention.
Inside, you'll discover:
Scientific evidence on how specific foods can lower your cancer risk.
A variety of delicious and nutritious recipes featuring cancer-fighting ingredients.
Practical tips for incorporating these foods into your daily diet.
Essential information about healthy eating habits for overall well-being.
Empower yourself with knowledge and take charge of your health. "Foods to Fight Cancer" is your essential guide to eating well and reducing your cancer risk.
Excelsior College PBH321 1 Confounding .docxgitagrimston
Excelsior College PBH321
1
Confounding is a mixing of effects of extraneous factors (confounders) with the effect of the exposure of
interest. The association between exposure and disease is distorted because it is mixed with the effect
of another factor that is also associated with the disease. A confounder is therefore an alternative
explanation for the observed association between an exposure and disease. The result of confounding is
to distort the true association either towards or away from the null. Many epidemiologists refer to
confounding as a type of bias.
Example: Who can run faster, men or women?
Exposure: gender
Outcome: speed
Hypothesis: The average running speed of men is faster than the average running speed of women.
All men and women in one town invited to participate in a road race. On race day, both men and
women come and race. The average running time for the men is faster than the women.
CONCLUSION: Men run faster than women, because of their gender.
But wait! Someone notices that women with young children did not race. In fact, women who ran
the race were, on average, older than men who ran. For example, the average age of women was 50
years while the average age of men was 25 years. CONCLUSION: Perhaps men were faster not
because of their gender, but because they were younger.
Another race is held, this time making sure that the ages in the two groups (men and women) are
comparable. In other words, the men and women have same distribution of ages. Race result: Once
again, men are faster. CONCLUSION: Controlling for age, men are still faster than women.
But wait! Someone points out that the men are, on average, taller than the women. CONCLUSION:
Perhaps men were faster not due to their gender, but because their legs are longer.
Another race is held, this time making sure both heights and ages in the two groups (men and
women) are comparable. Race result: Once again, men are faster. CONCLUSION: Men are faster
than women, regardless of age or height.
But wait! Someone points out that 50% of the women had hair longer than their shoulders, and
only 5% of the men did! CONCLUSION: Long hair made the women run slower? (Is this a reasonable
conclusion?)
The point of this exercise is to demonstrate that there are in fact often many alternative explanatory
factors for the association between an exposure and an outcome. Properly considering potential
confounding factors is an important part of any epidemiologic analysis.
Criteria for confounding
Let’s review the meaning of association. If a characteristic is associated with disease, then the risk of
disease is different among people with the characteristic compared to those without. If the
CONFOUNDING
Excelsior College PBH321
2
characteristic is associated with exposure, then the distribution of the characteristic is different among
people with the exposure compared to people witho ...
This document discusses cancer and challenges common perceptions about it being a deadly disease. It claims that cancer develops as a survival mechanism by the body, not as an illness, and questions why cancer is seen as having power over life and death. It argues that the real causes behind tumor growth are often ignored, and standard cancer treatments may not cure cancer but further damage the body.
This document discusses lung cancer, including its causes, symptoms, types, risk factors, complications, and treatment methods. It notes that lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer deaths worldwide and that smoking is the primary risk factor. The two main types of lung cancer are small cell lung cancer and non-small cell lung cancer. Treatments include surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, targeted therapies, and immunotherapy. Preventing smoking and quitting smoking can significantly reduce the risk of developing lung cancer.
Breast cancer develops from abnormal cell growth in the breast tissue. It occurs due to mutations in genes that control cell growth. The document discusses risk factors like family history, obesity, alcohol use, and describes signs and symptoms. Diagnosis involves imaging tests, biopsies, and determining the cancer stage and characteristics. Treatment options include surgery, radiation, chemotherapy, hormone therapy, and medication depending on the cancer type and stage. Maintaining a healthy lifestyle and regular screening can help reduce breast cancer risk.
CANCER IS THE WORLD’S LEADING CAUSE OF DEATH, BUT ABOUT 1 IN 3 CASES CAN BE PREVENTED, ACCORDING TO THE WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION.
THERE’S NO MAGIC PILL TO KEEP YOU FROM GETTING CANCER, BUT YOU Can DO SOME THINGS TO IMPROVE YOUR ODDS
This document discusses cancer in teens. It begins with an overview, defining cancer and its causes. The most common cancers in teens are osteosarcomas (bone cancer), leukemia (blood cancer), and brain tumors. Symptoms of cancer can include exhaustion, lumps, headaches, and unusual bleeding. Doctors use tests like blood tests, biopsies, and imaging to diagnose cancer. The main treatment methods are surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation, and the goal is detection and treatment as early as possible. Support is important for teens undergoing cancer treatment.
This document discusses cancer, including what it is, how it is treated, statistics, risk factors, and preventative measures. Cancer forms when cells grow uncontrollably and can spread through the body. It is treated through surgery, chemotherapy, or radiation. Statistics show cancer is most common in the elderly, with over half of new cases being prostate, breast, lung or colorectal cancers. Risk factors include age, alcohol, tobacco, obesity, and exposure to carcinogenic substances. Preventative measures consist of not using tobacco, eating healthy, staying active, and visiting doctors regularly for cancer screenings.
Top 7 drugs for treating lung cancer approved by fdaAASraw
https://www.aasraw.com/lung-cancer-drugs/
Many patients with lung cancer choose drug therapy in the early stage, because it is the most direct and simple way to control the spread of cancer cells. The following drugs are commonly used to treat lung cancer(SCLC and NSCLC).
Paramjit Kaur provides an overview of breast cancer that discusses its causes, risk factors, symptoms, diagnosis process, and treatment. The document defines cancer as uncontrolled cell growth caused by genetic mutations. It explains that breast cancer occurs when breast cells grow abnormally, often starting in the lobules or ducts, and can spread to lymph nodes and other parts of the body. Diagnosis involves breast exams, imaging like mammograms and ultrasounds, and biopsies of suspicious tissue. Treatment options are determined by the cancer's stage and type.
Excelsior College PBH 321 Page 1 CONFOUNDING .docxgitagrimston
Excelsior College PBH 321
Page 1
CONFOUNDING
Confounding is a mixing of effects of extraneous factors (confounders) with the effect of the
exposure of interest. The association between exposure and disease is distorted because it is
mixed with the effect of another factor that is associated with the disease. A confounder is
therefore an alternate explanation for observed association between an exposure and disease.
The result of confounding is to distort the true association toward or away from the null. Many
epidemiologists refer to confounding as a type of bias.
Example: Who can run faster, men or women?
Exposure: gender
Outcome: speed
Hypothesis: The average running speed of men is faster than the average running speed of
women.
All men and women in one town were invited to participate in a road race. On race day,
both men and women come and race. The average running time for the men is faster than
the women. CONCLUSION: Men run faster than women, because of their gender.
But wait! Someone notices that women with young children did not race. In fact, women
who ran the race were, on average, older than men who ran. For example, the average age
of women was 50 years while the average age of men was 25 years. CONCLUSION: Perhaps
men were faster not because of their gender, but because they were younger.
Another race is held, this time making sure ages in the two groups (men and women) are
comparable. That is, the men and women have the same distribution of ages. Race result:
Once again, men are faster. CONCLUSION: Controlling for age, men are still faster than
women.
But wait! Someone points out that the men are, on average, taller than the women.
CONCLUSION: Perhaps men were faster not due to their gender, but because their legs are
longer.
Another race is held, this time making sure both heights and ages in the two groups (men
and women) are comparable. Race result: Once again, men are faster.
But wait! Someone points out that 50% of the women had hair longer than their shoulders,
and only 5% of the men did! CONCLUSION: Long hair made the women run slower? (Is this
a reasonable conclusion?)
Excelsior College PBH 321
Page 2
CRITERIA FOR CONFOUNDING
Let’s review the meaning of association. If a characteristic is associated with disease, then risk
of disease is different among people with the characteristic compared to those without. If the
characteristic is associated with exposure, then the distribution of the characteristic is different
among people with the exposure compared to people without exposure (unbalanced between
groups).
In general, for a characteristic to be a confounder, it must be associated with both the outcome
and the exposure under study. (Think about the race example: Why would age and height be
reasonable explanations, but not hair length?)
There are three major criteria that must be satisfied for a factor to be a confounde ...
Cancer is a group of diseases caused by uncontrolled cell growth. The document discusses several types of cancer including breast cancer, bladder cancer, lung cancer, lymphoma, liver cancer, stomach cancer, prostate cancer, esophageal cancer, and others. It describes the risk factors, symptoms, and most common forms of each type of cancer. It also discusses how cancer cells spread, what tumor cells are, how stomach cancer is treated, and 12 types of cancer that can be inherited genetically.
This document discusses the relationship between chemicals and cancer. It explains that chemicals can cause cancer through direct damage to DNA or after being metabolized in the body. Some chemicals are known human carcinogens like asbestos and benzene, while others are possible carcinogens. The risk of developing cancer from chemical exposure depends on factors like the chemical, dose, duration, timing and route of exposure. Occupational exposures can pose high risks if safety precautions are not followed. While cancer clusters are rare, some have been linked to environmental exposures like asbestos. More research is still needed to understand how specific chemicals cause cancer.
Chemicals, Cancer & You - Resources for Healthy Children www.scribd.com/doc/254613619 - For more information, Please see Organic Edible Schoolyards & Gardening with Children www.scribd.com/doc/254613963 - Gardening with Volcanic Rock Dust www.scribd.com/doc/254613846 - Double Food Production from your School Garden with Organic Tech www.scribd.com/doc/254613765 - Free School Gardening Art Posters www.scribd.com/doc/254613694 - Increase Food Production with Companion Planting in your School Garden www.scribd.com/doc/254609890 - Healthy Foods Dramatically Improves Student Academic Success www.scribd.com/doc/254613619 - City Chickens for your Organic School Garden www.scribd.com/doc/254613553 - Huerto Ecológico, Tecnologías Sostenibles, Agricultura Organica www.scribd.com/doc/254613494 - Simple Square Foot Gardening for Schools - Teacher Guide www.scribd.com/doc/254613410 - Free Organic Gardening Publications www.scribd.com/doc/254609890 ~
The document provides instructions for using a writing service called HelpWriting.net. It outlines a 5-step process: 1) Create an account, 2) Complete an order form providing instructions and deadlines, 3) Review bids from writers and select one, 4) Review the completed paper and authorize payment, 5) Request revisions to ensure satisfaction. The service offers original, high-quality content with refunds for plagiarism.
Pumpkin seeds have potential benefits for sexual health and functioning in men. They contain several nutrients that can help with erectile dysfunction, including magnesium for cardiovascular health, zinc to boost testosterone levels, omega-3 fatty acids to improve blood flow, and tryptophan to enhance mood and sleep quality. Eating pumpkin seeds regularly may help treat erectile dysfunction and increase libido by addressing its underlying causes related to heart health, hormone levels, blood vessel function, and sleep.
How spinach wards off diabetes naturallymedypharma
Spinach helps control blood sugar levels in several ways. It is high in fiber which slows digestion and prevents blood sugar from spiking. As a non-starchy vegetable, it has little effect on blood glucose. Soluble fiber in spinach reduces blood sugar levels. It is also low on the glycemic index. Antioxidants in spinach like alpha lipoic acid lower blood sugar and increase insulin production. Spinach is beneficial for treating diabetic neuropathy. It also helps control blood pressure, which is often linked to diabetes. The potassium in spinach balances out sodium and prevents pressure increases.
DA overview of regulatory topics related to soap. ... Soap: FAQs ... such as by killing germs, or treating skin conditions, such as acne or eczema, it's a drug.
Know everything about immunosuppressantsmedypharma
Immunosuppressant drug therapy for psoriatic arthritis can cause some... Obviously with a lower immune system, we are more susceptible to things like...
Cenforce 150mg is a medication used to treat erectile dysfunction. It contains sildenafil citrate, the generic version of Viagra. Cenforce works by inhibiting an enzyme called PDE5 which allows for improved blood flow to the penis during sexual stimulation. It should be taken about 30 minutes before sexual activity. Common side effects include headache, flushing and upset stomach. Cenforce may interact with nitrates and other medications and should not be taken by those with severe liver or kidney disease. The recommended dosage is 150mg taken no more than once daily as needed.
Apcalis Oral Jelly is an oral medication used to treat erectile dysfunction in men. It contains tadalafil, which works by inhibiting an enzyme and increasing blood flow to the penis during sexual stimulation. The recommended dose is 20mg taken 30-60 minutes before sex. Common side effects include headaches, diarrhea, and muscle pain. Apcalis Oral Jelly can interact with nitrates and other medications, so patients should inform their doctor about all medications being taken.
Super Vidalista is a pharmaceutical used to treat erectile dysfunction and premature ejaculation in men. It contains tadalafil and dapoxetine. Tadalafil treats erectile dysfunction by relaxing muscles and increasing blood flow to the penis, causing a harder erection lasting up to 4 hours. Dapoxetine treats premature ejaculation by increasing serotonin levels and delaying its breakdown, which helps slow ejaculation. The combination of the two drugs provides a more satisfying sexual experience for both partners.
Suhagra Duralong 10% Spray is a numbing medicine used before surgeries and to treat arrhythmias. It works by blocking pain signals from nerves to the brain, decreasing pain sensation using the local anesthetic lidocaine. Precautions include not taking it orally, washing hands before use, avoiding other products on the treated area, and not overapplying which can cause pilling. Side effects include flushing, nausea, dizziness, and rare instances of convulsions. An overdose should be reported to a hospital.
Eriacta 100mg is an erectile dysfunction medication containing sildenafil citrate. It works by inhibiting PDE5 and improving blood flow to the penis, allowing for an erection. Common side effects are mild and temporary but some serious side effects include prolonged erection lasting more than 4 hours. Eriacta should not be taken with nitrates or other medications and any serious side effects or drug interactions should be reported to a doctor immediately.
Pulmopres 20mg tablet is used to treat erectile dysfunction, benign prostatic hyperplasia, and pulmonary hypertension. It works by relaxing smooth muscles in blood vessels to increase blood flow. Common side effects include headache, flushing, and indigestion. It can also cause more serious side effects like dizziness, fainting, chest pain, and vision or hearing changes. Pulmopres should only be taken as prescribed and patients should inform their doctor about other medications being taken due to potential drug interactions.
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Similar to Can traffic jam lay the foundation for cancer
CANCER IS THE WORLD’S LEADING CAUSE OF DEATH, BUT ABOUT 1 IN 3 CASES CAN BE PREVENTED, ACCORDING TO THE WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION.
THERE’S NO MAGIC PILL TO KEEP YOU FROM GETTING CANCER, BUT YOU Can DO SOME THINGS TO IMPROVE YOUR ODDS
This document discusses cancer in teens. It begins with an overview, defining cancer and its causes. The most common cancers in teens are osteosarcomas (bone cancer), leukemia (blood cancer), and brain tumors. Symptoms of cancer can include exhaustion, lumps, headaches, and unusual bleeding. Doctors use tests like blood tests, biopsies, and imaging to diagnose cancer. The main treatment methods are surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation, and the goal is detection and treatment as early as possible. Support is important for teens undergoing cancer treatment.
This document discusses cancer, including what it is, how it is treated, statistics, risk factors, and preventative measures. Cancer forms when cells grow uncontrollably and can spread through the body. It is treated through surgery, chemotherapy, or radiation. Statistics show cancer is most common in the elderly, with over half of new cases being prostate, breast, lung or colorectal cancers. Risk factors include age, alcohol, tobacco, obesity, and exposure to carcinogenic substances. Preventative measures consist of not using tobacco, eating healthy, staying active, and visiting doctors regularly for cancer screenings.
Top 7 drugs for treating lung cancer approved by fdaAASraw
https://www.aasraw.com/lung-cancer-drugs/
Many patients with lung cancer choose drug therapy in the early stage, because it is the most direct and simple way to control the spread of cancer cells. The following drugs are commonly used to treat lung cancer(SCLC and NSCLC).
Paramjit Kaur provides an overview of breast cancer that discusses its causes, risk factors, symptoms, diagnosis process, and treatment. The document defines cancer as uncontrolled cell growth caused by genetic mutations. It explains that breast cancer occurs when breast cells grow abnormally, often starting in the lobules or ducts, and can spread to lymph nodes and other parts of the body. Diagnosis involves breast exams, imaging like mammograms and ultrasounds, and biopsies of suspicious tissue. Treatment options are determined by the cancer's stage and type.
Excelsior College PBH 321 Page 1 CONFOUNDING .docxgitagrimston
Excelsior College PBH 321
Page 1
CONFOUNDING
Confounding is a mixing of effects of extraneous factors (confounders) with the effect of the
exposure of interest. The association between exposure and disease is distorted because it is
mixed with the effect of another factor that is associated with the disease. A confounder is
therefore an alternate explanation for observed association between an exposure and disease.
The result of confounding is to distort the true association toward or away from the null. Many
epidemiologists refer to confounding as a type of bias.
Example: Who can run faster, men or women?
Exposure: gender
Outcome: speed
Hypothesis: The average running speed of men is faster than the average running speed of
women.
All men and women in one town were invited to participate in a road race. On race day,
both men and women come and race. The average running time for the men is faster than
the women. CONCLUSION: Men run faster than women, because of their gender.
But wait! Someone notices that women with young children did not race. In fact, women
who ran the race were, on average, older than men who ran. For example, the average age
of women was 50 years while the average age of men was 25 years. CONCLUSION: Perhaps
men were faster not because of their gender, but because they were younger.
Another race is held, this time making sure ages in the two groups (men and women) are
comparable. That is, the men and women have the same distribution of ages. Race result:
Once again, men are faster. CONCLUSION: Controlling for age, men are still faster than
women.
But wait! Someone points out that the men are, on average, taller than the women.
CONCLUSION: Perhaps men were faster not due to their gender, but because their legs are
longer.
Another race is held, this time making sure both heights and ages in the two groups (men
and women) are comparable. Race result: Once again, men are faster.
But wait! Someone points out that 50% of the women had hair longer than their shoulders,
and only 5% of the men did! CONCLUSION: Long hair made the women run slower? (Is this
a reasonable conclusion?)
Excelsior College PBH 321
Page 2
CRITERIA FOR CONFOUNDING
Let’s review the meaning of association. If a characteristic is associated with disease, then risk
of disease is different among people with the characteristic compared to those without. If the
characteristic is associated with exposure, then the distribution of the characteristic is different
among people with the exposure compared to people without exposure (unbalanced between
groups).
In general, for a characteristic to be a confounder, it must be associated with both the outcome
and the exposure under study. (Think about the race example: Why would age and height be
reasonable explanations, but not hair length?)
There are three major criteria that must be satisfied for a factor to be a confounde ...
Cancer is a group of diseases caused by uncontrolled cell growth. The document discusses several types of cancer including breast cancer, bladder cancer, lung cancer, lymphoma, liver cancer, stomach cancer, prostate cancer, esophageal cancer, and others. It describes the risk factors, symptoms, and most common forms of each type of cancer. It also discusses how cancer cells spread, what tumor cells are, how stomach cancer is treated, and 12 types of cancer that can be inherited genetically.
This document discusses the relationship between chemicals and cancer. It explains that chemicals can cause cancer through direct damage to DNA or after being metabolized in the body. Some chemicals are known human carcinogens like asbestos and benzene, while others are possible carcinogens. The risk of developing cancer from chemical exposure depends on factors like the chemical, dose, duration, timing and route of exposure. Occupational exposures can pose high risks if safety precautions are not followed. While cancer clusters are rare, some have been linked to environmental exposures like asbestos. More research is still needed to understand how specific chemicals cause cancer.
Chemicals, Cancer & You - Resources for Healthy Children www.scribd.com/doc/254613619 - For more information, Please see Organic Edible Schoolyards & Gardening with Children www.scribd.com/doc/254613963 - Gardening with Volcanic Rock Dust www.scribd.com/doc/254613846 - Double Food Production from your School Garden with Organic Tech www.scribd.com/doc/254613765 - Free School Gardening Art Posters www.scribd.com/doc/254613694 - Increase Food Production with Companion Planting in your School Garden www.scribd.com/doc/254609890 - Healthy Foods Dramatically Improves Student Academic Success www.scribd.com/doc/254613619 - City Chickens for your Organic School Garden www.scribd.com/doc/254613553 - Huerto Ecológico, Tecnologías Sostenibles, Agricultura Organica www.scribd.com/doc/254613494 - Simple Square Foot Gardening for Schools - Teacher Guide www.scribd.com/doc/254613410 - Free Organic Gardening Publications www.scribd.com/doc/254609890 ~
The document provides instructions for using a writing service called HelpWriting.net. It outlines a 5-step process: 1) Create an account, 2) Complete an order form providing instructions and deadlines, 3) Review bids from writers and select one, 4) Review the completed paper and authorize payment, 5) Request revisions to ensure satisfaction. The service offers original, high-quality content with refunds for plagiarism.
Similar to Can traffic jam lay the foundation for cancer (10)
Pumpkin seeds have potential benefits for sexual health and functioning in men. They contain several nutrients that can help with erectile dysfunction, including magnesium for cardiovascular health, zinc to boost testosterone levels, omega-3 fatty acids to improve blood flow, and tryptophan to enhance mood and sleep quality. Eating pumpkin seeds regularly may help treat erectile dysfunction and increase libido by addressing its underlying causes related to heart health, hormone levels, blood vessel function, and sleep.
How spinach wards off diabetes naturallymedypharma
Spinach helps control blood sugar levels in several ways. It is high in fiber which slows digestion and prevents blood sugar from spiking. As a non-starchy vegetable, it has little effect on blood glucose. Soluble fiber in spinach reduces blood sugar levels. It is also low on the glycemic index. Antioxidants in spinach like alpha lipoic acid lower blood sugar and increase insulin production. Spinach is beneficial for treating diabetic neuropathy. It also helps control blood pressure, which is often linked to diabetes. The potassium in spinach balances out sodium and prevents pressure increases.
DA overview of regulatory topics related to soap. ... Soap: FAQs ... such as by killing germs, or treating skin conditions, such as acne or eczema, it's a drug.
Know everything about immunosuppressantsmedypharma
Immunosuppressant drug therapy for psoriatic arthritis can cause some... Obviously with a lower immune system, we are more susceptible to things like...
Cenforce 150mg is a medication used to treat erectile dysfunction. It contains sildenafil citrate, the generic version of Viagra. Cenforce works by inhibiting an enzyme called PDE5 which allows for improved blood flow to the penis during sexual stimulation. It should be taken about 30 minutes before sexual activity. Common side effects include headache, flushing and upset stomach. Cenforce may interact with nitrates and other medications and should not be taken by those with severe liver or kidney disease. The recommended dosage is 150mg taken no more than once daily as needed.
Apcalis Oral Jelly is an oral medication used to treat erectile dysfunction in men. It contains tadalafil, which works by inhibiting an enzyme and increasing blood flow to the penis during sexual stimulation. The recommended dose is 20mg taken 30-60 minutes before sex. Common side effects include headaches, diarrhea, and muscle pain. Apcalis Oral Jelly can interact with nitrates and other medications, so patients should inform their doctor about all medications being taken.
Super Vidalista is a pharmaceutical used to treat erectile dysfunction and premature ejaculation in men. It contains tadalafil and dapoxetine. Tadalafil treats erectile dysfunction by relaxing muscles and increasing blood flow to the penis, causing a harder erection lasting up to 4 hours. Dapoxetine treats premature ejaculation by increasing serotonin levels and delaying its breakdown, which helps slow ejaculation. The combination of the two drugs provides a more satisfying sexual experience for both partners.
Suhagra Duralong 10% Spray is a numbing medicine used before surgeries and to treat arrhythmias. It works by blocking pain signals from nerves to the brain, decreasing pain sensation using the local anesthetic lidocaine. Precautions include not taking it orally, washing hands before use, avoiding other products on the treated area, and not overapplying which can cause pilling. Side effects include flushing, nausea, dizziness, and rare instances of convulsions. An overdose should be reported to a hospital.
Eriacta 100mg is an erectile dysfunction medication containing sildenafil citrate. It works by inhibiting PDE5 and improving blood flow to the penis, allowing for an erection. Common side effects are mild and temporary but some serious side effects include prolonged erection lasting more than 4 hours. Eriacta should not be taken with nitrates or other medications and any serious side effects or drug interactions should be reported to a doctor immediately.
Pulmopres 20mg tablet is used to treat erectile dysfunction, benign prostatic hyperplasia, and pulmonary hypertension. It works by relaxing smooth muscles in blood vessels to increase blood flow. Common side effects include headache, flushing, and indigestion. It can also cause more serious side effects like dizziness, fainting, chest pain, and vision or hearing changes. Pulmopres should only be taken as prescribed and patients should inform their doctor about other medications being taken due to potential drug interactions.
Biocaine 2% Injection is a local anesthetic used topically to reduce pain, itching, and swelling from skin conditions like insect bites, eczema, and burns. It can also be used to treat hemorrhoids and genital/anal issues. Side effects may include burning, stinging, dizziness, or blurred vision. It works by blocking pain signals from nerves to the brain to decrease pain sensation. Biocaine Injection should only be administered as directed by a medical professional and can interact with other medications.
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Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
TEST BANK For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition by...Donc Test
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Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Local Advanced Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex Sys...Oleg Kshivets
Overall life span (LS) was 1671.7±1721.6 days and cumulative 5YS reached 62.4%, 10 years – 50.4%, 20 years – 44.6%. 94 LCP lived more than 5 years without cancer (LS=2958.6±1723.6 days), 22 – more than 10 years (LS=5571±1841.8 days). 67 LCP died because of LC (LS=471.9±344 days). AT significantly improved 5YS (68% vs. 53.7%) (P=0.028 by log-rank test). Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: N0-N12, T3-4, blood cell circuit, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells-CC and blood cells subpopulations), LC cell dynamics, recalcification time, heparin tolerance, prothrombin index, protein, AT, procedure type (P=0.000-0.031). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and N0-12 (rank=1), thrombocytes/CC (rank=2), segmented neutrophils/CC (3), eosinophils/CC (4), erythrocytes/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), stick neutrophils/CC (8), leucocytes/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (error=0.000; area under ROC curve=1.0).
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Here is the updated list of Top Best Ayurvedic medicine for Gas and Indigestion and those are Gas-O-Go Syp for Dyspepsia | Lavizyme Syrup for Acidity | Yumzyme Hepatoprotective Capsules etc
Ear and its clinical correlations By Dr. Rabia Inam Gandapore.pptx
Can traffic jam lay the foundation for cancer
1. Can Traffic Jam Lay The
Foundation For Cancer?
If you ever feel distressed with the traffic jam, consider yourself lucky because
you weren’t the part of 12-day jam program of China— the most extended
traffic in the history.
I wish we could’ve studied every single person who was the part of this jam as
they could have given us the vital analytics on the traffic jam and its impact
on the health.
Nevertheless, with whatever anecdotes we have, we can say that traffic jams
may set the groundwork for cancer cells.
Now, that’s what I call a bizarre and astonishing link.Yes, traffic jams affect
your health which may ultimately contribute to cancer.So, let’s dissect the
association between the two in detail.
2. In reality, “tortoism” induces stress-related cancer.
If you are a believer of “slow and steady wins the race,” you shall skip this
page.The philosophy sounds and looks good; however, moving at the tortoise’s
speed is a plain absurdity for most of us.
With long traffic queues; we get honking cars, bright sunlight hovering over
our heads, and the pollution just under our nose.
Along with it, as the current generation loves instant gratification, moving at
tortoise’s pace instills irritation and anger.
When our bodies feel agitated, a lot of chemical reaction takes place in the
background.Any failure to reach the desired destination on time induce stress
in our heads.
Stress gets activated by the cortisol hormone— the “feel-bad” hormone which
makes the person feel depressed and stressed.
But that’s not the ultimate impact.One of the studies suggests that there’s an
association between stress and cancer. [1]
In brief, it states that stress creates a positive environment and activates the
signaling pathway for the growth of the cancer cells.So, your “tortoism” won’t
help you with the medical condition.
The chain of events similar to the chain of the
vehicles.
As the chain of the vehicles imbibes stress in our bodies, we also lay bare to
the chain of the unhealthy events which eventually carry us to the cancerous
goalpost.
3. When we are fired up due to the heavy traffic, we give birth to the cascading
effects where our sugar levels and blood pressure shoot up.
There’s a belief that high blood sugar level may bring in cancer as a corollary
disease.The cells in the body rely on glucose so that they can convert them
into energy.
The catch is— even the cancer cells need the same glucose to survive and
replicate.With the high stress, you lift your glucose level, thereby feeding the
cancer cells to aggravate your condition.
In some cases, traffic molds your behavior.If you have been dealing with the
consistent traffic, you may resort to stress-nullifying options such as smoking,
drinking, or addiction to drugs.
And I am pretty sure that I don’t have to define the association between
unhealthy habits and cancer.
No way we can rule out the pollution.
There’s a widespread belief that commuting in the car is free of pollutants and
have no connection with the harmful gases.
However, in reality, if you are inside the vehicle; you are much more prone to
the threat of harmful gases because of the fan of the air-condition which sucks
in more toxicity.
Moreover, the acceleration, braking, and idling potentiate the accumulation of
these harmful gases within the shielded car.
When you inhale these toxic gases through nose and mouth, they get arrested
in the different organs like lungs, and when the same molecules reach the
bloodstream, it may result in lung cancer.And here’s the proof. [2]
4. You can avoid the inhalation of the toxic substances in your car by regulating
your car fan to the mode where the fan doesn’t suck in anything from the outer
environment.
Instead, you can choose the mode where the ac or the fan of your car enjoys
and circulates the air present within the vehicle already.
The idea is to prevent noxious gases to stuff in our vehicle, therefore reducing
the risk of cancer.
So between the two options— stress-related cancer and public transport; what
would you choose?