The document discusses compulsory licensing of patented medicines in India. It provides the example of Natco, an Indian generic drug manufacturer, receiving a compulsory license from the Indian government to produce a generic version of Sorafenib tosylate, a drug for liver and kidney cancer patented by Bayer. The generic version was priced at 97% lower than Bayer's branded version Nexavar, enabling more people to access the life-saving drug. The compulsory license granted to Natco is valid until 2020.
ANAPHYLACTIC REACTIONS DUE TO VACCINATIONS IN PAEDIATRIC PATIENTSKanmani Srinivasan
This document discusses anaphylactic reactions to vaccines in paediatric patients. It defines anaphylaxis as a severe allergic reaction that can affect multiple body systems like the skin, respiratory tract, gastrointestinal tract and cardiovascular system. Common triggers of anaphylaxis include vaccines, foods and medications. The pathophysiology involves activation of mast cells and basophils leading to release of inflammatory mediators. Diagnosis is based on involvement of two or more body systems within hours of exposure to a known allergen. Treatment involves epinephrine and antihistamines. Components of vaccines like gelatin, egg and yeast are known causes of allergic reactions. The document provides guidelines for managing suspected adverse vaccine reactions.
1. Anaphylaxis is a severe, potentially life-threatening allergic reaction that can occur within seconds or minutes of exposure to an allergen. Common allergens include foods, medications, insect stings, latex, and pollen.
2. When exposed to an allergen, the body produces antibodies called immunoglobulin E that bind to mast cells. Subsequent exposures trigger mast cells to release inflammatory mediators like histamine that cause symptoms across multiple organ systems.
3. Symptoms of anaphylaxis involve two or more body systems and can include skin reactions, respiratory distress, low blood pressure, gastrointestinal issues, and nervous system changes. Immediate treatment focuses on epinephrine injection
The document discusses the immune system and hypersensitivity reactions. It describes how defects in the immune system can lead to undesirable immune responses like allergies and autoimmunity. It then focuses on type I hypersensitivity reactions, specifically atopy and anaphylaxis. Conditions like hay fever, asthma, eczema, and food allergies are discussed as examples of atopic diseases caused by IgE-mediated allergic responses to innocuous antigens. Diagnostic tests for allergies including skin testing and in vitro assays are also mentioned.
IMMUNOLOGY (ALLERGIC REACTIONS AND ANAPHYLAXIS)djorgenmorris
This document discusses allergies and anaphylaxis, including the pathophysiology of the immune system response, assessment findings for anaphylaxis, and management of anaphylactic and allergic reactions. It describes how exposure to an antigen causes the immune system to produce antibodies, and future exposures result in a more rapid response. In anaphylaxis, exposure to an allergen causes massive histamine release, resulting in airway constriction, drop in blood pressure, and other dangerous symptoms. Paramedics are trained to manage anaphylaxis through protecting the airway, administering epinephrine and other medications, giving fluids, and providing psychological support and patient education.
This document provides information on fever from an Ayurvedic perspective. It defines fever and its causes, such as infections from microorganisms invading the body. The key points are:
1) Ayurveda views the primary cause of fever as weakening of the host's immune system ("Ojus") rather than the microbes themselves.
2) A strong immune response destroys pathogens and their toxins, preventing a fever. Weak immunity allows pathogens to activate immune cells and cause a fever.
3) Ayurveda recommends strengthening immunity rather than suppressing fever, and provides herbal medicines and dietary guidelines to help the body eliminate the cause of the fever on its own.
4) Pro
The document discusses the mechanisms behind fever development after infection. When germs infect the body, white blood cells are produced to fight the infection. This causes the body to heat up. The hypothalamus, which regulates body temperature, then raises the temperature set point. Cytokines like interleukin are released, signaling the hypothalamus and activating the arachidonic acid pathway. This leads to prostaglandin E2 release, maintaining the elevated temperature until the infection is fought off. Fever helps the immune system but can become dangerous at very high levels.
The document summarizes key concepts in immunology. The immune system comprises organs and cells that provide innate and acquired immunity. Innate immunity provides non-specific defenses like physical and chemical barriers. Acquired immunity is pathogen-specific and can be active from infection/vaccination or passive from antibodies. It includes humoral immunity from B cells producing antibodies and cell-mediated immunity from T cells. Vaccines provide active immunization by introducing weakened pathogens. The immune system can also respond abnormally in autoimmunity and allergies. Primary lymphoid organs like the bone marrow and thymus develop immune cells while secondary organs like the spleen and lymph nodes activate immune responses.
ANAPHYLACTIC REACTIONS DUE TO VACCINATIONS IN PAEDIATRIC PATIENTSKanmani Srinivasan
This document discusses anaphylactic reactions to vaccines in paediatric patients. It defines anaphylaxis as a severe allergic reaction that can affect multiple body systems like the skin, respiratory tract, gastrointestinal tract and cardiovascular system. Common triggers of anaphylaxis include vaccines, foods and medications. The pathophysiology involves activation of mast cells and basophils leading to release of inflammatory mediators. Diagnosis is based on involvement of two or more body systems within hours of exposure to a known allergen. Treatment involves epinephrine and antihistamines. Components of vaccines like gelatin, egg and yeast are known causes of allergic reactions. The document provides guidelines for managing suspected adverse vaccine reactions.
1. Anaphylaxis is a severe, potentially life-threatening allergic reaction that can occur within seconds or minutes of exposure to an allergen. Common allergens include foods, medications, insect stings, latex, and pollen.
2. When exposed to an allergen, the body produces antibodies called immunoglobulin E that bind to mast cells. Subsequent exposures trigger mast cells to release inflammatory mediators like histamine that cause symptoms across multiple organ systems.
3. Symptoms of anaphylaxis involve two or more body systems and can include skin reactions, respiratory distress, low blood pressure, gastrointestinal issues, and nervous system changes. Immediate treatment focuses on epinephrine injection
The document discusses the immune system and hypersensitivity reactions. It describes how defects in the immune system can lead to undesirable immune responses like allergies and autoimmunity. It then focuses on type I hypersensitivity reactions, specifically atopy and anaphylaxis. Conditions like hay fever, asthma, eczema, and food allergies are discussed as examples of atopic diseases caused by IgE-mediated allergic responses to innocuous antigens. Diagnostic tests for allergies including skin testing and in vitro assays are also mentioned.
IMMUNOLOGY (ALLERGIC REACTIONS AND ANAPHYLAXIS)djorgenmorris
This document discusses allergies and anaphylaxis, including the pathophysiology of the immune system response, assessment findings for anaphylaxis, and management of anaphylactic and allergic reactions. It describes how exposure to an antigen causes the immune system to produce antibodies, and future exposures result in a more rapid response. In anaphylaxis, exposure to an allergen causes massive histamine release, resulting in airway constriction, drop in blood pressure, and other dangerous symptoms. Paramedics are trained to manage anaphylaxis through protecting the airway, administering epinephrine and other medications, giving fluids, and providing psychological support and patient education.
This document provides information on fever from an Ayurvedic perspective. It defines fever and its causes, such as infections from microorganisms invading the body. The key points are:
1) Ayurveda views the primary cause of fever as weakening of the host's immune system ("Ojus") rather than the microbes themselves.
2) A strong immune response destroys pathogens and their toxins, preventing a fever. Weak immunity allows pathogens to activate immune cells and cause a fever.
3) Ayurveda recommends strengthening immunity rather than suppressing fever, and provides herbal medicines and dietary guidelines to help the body eliminate the cause of the fever on its own.
4) Pro
The document discusses the mechanisms behind fever development after infection. When germs infect the body, white blood cells are produced to fight the infection. This causes the body to heat up. The hypothalamus, which regulates body temperature, then raises the temperature set point. Cytokines like interleukin are released, signaling the hypothalamus and activating the arachidonic acid pathway. This leads to prostaglandin E2 release, maintaining the elevated temperature until the infection is fought off. Fever helps the immune system but can become dangerous at very high levels.
The document summarizes key concepts in immunology. The immune system comprises organs and cells that provide innate and acquired immunity. Innate immunity provides non-specific defenses like physical and chemical barriers. Acquired immunity is pathogen-specific and can be active from infection/vaccination or passive from antibodies. It includes humoral immunity from B cells producing antibodies and cell-mediated immunity from T cells. Vaccines provide active immunization by introducing weakened pathogens. The immune system can also respond abnormally in autoimmunity and allergies. Primary lymphoid organs like the bone marrow and thymus develop immune cells while secondary organs like the spleen and lymph nodes activate immune responses.
Sherie Gervais has over 20 years of experience in marketing, advertising, and administrative roles. She is skilled in social media marketing, content development, email campaigns, and graphic design. Gervais has a proven track record of developing marketing strategies, managing budgets, and analyzing results across multiple industries including hospitality, education, and retail.
1) The document discusses the use of flash cards as a visual aid in effective lesson planning, as promoted by the Sindh Reading Program (SRP).
2) The SRP encourages teachers to use flash cards, game cards, and charts in lessons to make reading skills stronger for early grade students.
3) Flash cards are presented as an effective tool for teaching as images do not get forgotten like words alone. The author worked with teachers to create no-cost flash cards from materials like empty cartons to support SRP lessons.
Este documento describe los principales navegadores web, incluyendo Google Chrome, Firefox, Opera, Safari, Internet Explorer y otros como Maxthon y K-Meleon. Explica que un navegador permite visualizar páginas web alojadas en servidores de Internet y ofrece funcionalidades como enlazar sitios, imprimir y enviar correo. Resalta características clave de los navegadores más populares como la velocidad, seguridad y personalización.
This document contains summaries of presentations by five students on topics related to the United Kingdom. Ann presented on hot places to visit in the UK, including Hyde Park, the Natural History Museum, and Buckingham Palace. Sue discussed British food and beverages, focusing on the tradition of tea time. Jessi's presentation was on UK festivals, highlighting the Edinburgh International Festival and Notting Hill Carnival. Nicky covered UK movies, music, and literature, mentioning Les Miserables and works by Shakespeare and J.K. Rowling. Finally, Jerry summarized the English Premier League, noting it began in 1992 and features 20 teams, including Manchester United.
O plano odontológico Colombo Dental oferece cobertura para 132 tipos de tratamento em diversas especialidades, como urgências, diagnósticos e próteses, com atendimento em toda a rede credenciada do país. O plano tem carência de 60 dias para a maioria dos procedimentos e é regulado pela Agência Nacional de Saúde Suplementar. Após a adesão, o cliente recebe a carteirinha e condições gerais por e-mail.
Este documento proporciona una visión general de las entidades de crédito en España, incluyendo bancos y cajas de ahorros. Explica que los bancos son sociedades anónimas con ánimo de lucro, mientras que las cajas de ahorros son entidades sin ánimo de lucro. También describe las principales operaciones de intermediación financiera de ambos tipos de entidades, como la captación de depósitos, préstamos, emisión de valores y servicios a clientes. Finalmente, analiza la competencia entre bancos y cajas
This document discusses how the role of international trading companies has changed over the past decade. Traditionally, trading companies facilitated trade between exporters and importers by addressing issues like communication barriers, lack of contacts and reputation, difficulties obtaining financing, technical knowledge of trade processes, insurance, and chartering ships. However, globalization and technology have made it easier for exporters and importers to connect directly. While trading companies still provide value through logistics expertise, their traditional middleman function is less necessary as barriers to direct trade have reduced. The future viability of trading companies will depend on their ability to adapt services to the current environment.
Trump vs clinton energy luis colasanteSogefi Group
With less than 60 days before United States presidential election, Democratic presidential candidate Hillary Clinton and Republican presidential candidate Donald Trump propose two opposed energy policies, as well as two very different points of view concerning climate change.
It is worthwhile to point out that the candidates’ energy platforms do not seem to represent a priority; according to what has been observed in their presidential campaigns. Their global political strategies are more focused on issues such as immigration and foreign policy.
Gamers are most interested in video games, gaming equipment and accessories, esports, gaming communities and culture. Popular hashtags used by gamers include gaming related titles, console and game names. Gamers like and engage with gaming content including game trailers, gameplay videos, esports tournaments and events, and gaming news and reviews.
1. The document discusses the pathophysiology and natural remedies for fire ant stings. It summarizes the mechanism of inflammation caused by fire ant venom injection and reviews current local treatments and their limitations.
2. It proposes that phytochemicals from plants may provide a more effective topical treatment by targeting multiple inflammatory pathways, as supported by clinical experiments showing relief of pain and itch.
3. For severe whole-body reactions of anaphylaxis, it suggests new treatments under study for "cytokine storm" may help, including discoveries the author made over 40 years ago regarding ACE inhibitors that are now in testing.
This presentation discusses histamines and antihistamines. Histamines are released by the body during allergic reactions and cause symptoms like swelling and itchiness. They are produced locally from the amino acid histidine. Antihistamines work by blocking histamine receptors in the body and are used to treat allergic conditions. There are first and second generation antihistamines that differ in their side effects and ability to cross the blood-brain barrier. The presentation also covers histamine intolerance, conditions that release histamines, and the classification of antihistamines.
Herbal Medicine for Treatment of AsthmaMona Ismail
Asthma is a common chronic inflammatory disease of the airways characterized by variable and recurring symptoms, reversible airflow obstruction, and bronchospasm.
This document discusses target organs and how to protect them without medication. It introduces a new product called Vision, described as a Smart Food that provides quick protection for target organs through its natural ingredients including honey, amber acid, rose hips, hibiscus and hawthorn. Vision is said to normalize blood circulation, reduce cholesterol, generate energy and support the immune system through its unique combination of high quality, ecologically sourced ingredients.
This document contains a table of contents for a pharmacology associate nursing program covering several units: medications for pain, fever, seizures and inflammation (Unit 1); drugs acting on the gastrointestinal tract (Unit 2); and medications used for non-communicable diseases (Unit 3). Unit 1 provides overviews of the pathophysiology of fever and pain and discusses medications used for fever like acetaminophen, and medications for pain management including the WHO pain management ladder.
Natural Way To Strengthen the Immune System Evelyn Cortes
This document discusses the human immune system and immune-related diseases. It provides information on the organs and cells of the immune system, including T cells, B cells, natural killer cells, and macrophages. It also describes immune responses, allergic reactions, differences between colds and flu, prevention of flu and allergies, and how acupuncture and herbal medicine can strengthen the immune system. Foods that boost immunity are also listed.
This document discusses autocoids, which are diverse substances produced locally in the body that have intense biological activity and act locally at the site of synthesis. It focuses on histamine, an amine autacoid that is involved in allergic reactions and gastric acid secretion. Histamine is synthesized from the amino acid histidine and stored in mast cells. It acts on H1, H2, and H3 receptors to produce various effects. Antihistamines competitively block H1 receptors to relieve allergic symptoms. First and second generation antihistamines are discussed, along with their uses and potential adverse effects. H2 receptor antagonists like cimetidine are also mentioned, which block gastric acid secretion by blocking H
Toxicology of drugs and pesticides classification,history,mechanism of actio...Muhammad Amir Sohail
Organophosphate pesticides work by overstimulating the nervous system through excess acetylcholine. This can cause symptoms like headaches, convulsions, and potentially coma. Long-term exposure is also linked to reproductive effects like reduced semen quality in men and menstrual issues in women. DDT was widely used as an insecticide but bioaccumulates in animals and causes eggshell thinning, among other issues. Pesticide residues remain on foods and can build up in the body over time.
Nutraceuticals, gene expression and healthy agingMARIA VRANCEANU
The document discusses healthy aging and the effects of nutraceuticals on gene expression. It covers several topics related to aging including the hallmarks of aging like inflammation, glycation, methylation, and oxidative stress. It provides information on maintaining healthy aging through diet, nutraceutical supplementation, and exercise. Tips are given on anti-inflammatory herbs, foods rich in omega-3, and ways to reduce advanced glycation end products and chronic inflammation.
Mushroom poisoning occurs when toxic substances in mushrooms are ingested. There are 70-80 poisonous mushroom species that contain toxic alkaloids. Symptoms vary based on toxin but include nausea, anxiety, and organ damage. Mushrooms are classified based on toxin, with Amanita species containing amatoxins that cause liver damage. Treatment focuses on supportive care, decontamination, and use of antidotes like benzyl penicillin for amatoxin poisoning.
These are substances produced by a wide variety of cells in the body, having strong biological activity. Autacoids generally act locally at the site of synthesis and release. So they have also been called ‘local hormones’. They have short duration of action. They usually exert their action at the site of inflammation, lesion and injury.
The autacoids also differ from circulating hormones in that they are produced by many tissues rather than in specific endocrine glands.
The classical autacoids are— Ex.
Histamine, Serotonin
Prostaglandins, Leukotriene, Heparin, Endothelins
Bradykinin, Angiotensin, Eicosanoids
Interleukins, TNFα (tissue necrosis factor),
Platelet activating factor
Sherie Gervais has over 20 years of experience in marketing, advertising, and administrative roles. She is skilled in social media marketing, content development, email campaigns, and graphic design. Gervais has a proven track record of developing marketing strategies, managing budgets, and analyzing results across multiple industries including hospitality, education, and retail.
1) The document discusses the use of flash cards as a visual aid in effective lesson planning, as promoted by the Sindh Reading Program (SRP).
2) The SRP encourages teachers to use flash cards, game cards, and charts in lessons to make reading skills stronger for early grade students.
3) Flash cards are presented as an effective tool for teaching as images do not get forgotten like words alone. The author worked with teachers to create no-cost flash cards from materials like empty cartons to support SRP lessons.
Este documento describe los principales navegadores web, incluyendo Google Chrome, Firefox, Opera, Safari, Internet Explorer y otros como Maxthon y K-Meleon. Explica que un navegador permite visualizar páginas web alojadas en servidores de Internet y ofrece funcionalidades como enlazar sitios, imprimir y enviar correo. Resalta características clave de los navegadores más populares como la velocidad, seguridad y personalización.
This document contains summaries of presentations by five students on topics related to the United Kingdom. Ann presented on hot places to visit in the UK, including Hyde Park, the Natural History Museum, and Buckingham Palace. Sue discussed British food and beverages, focusing on the tradition of tea time. Jessi's presentation was on UK festivals, highlighting the Edinburgh International Festival and Notting Hill Carnival. Nicky covered UK movies, music, and literature, mentioning Les Miserables and works by Shakespeare and J.K. Rowling. Finally, Jerry summarized the English Premier League, noting it began in 1992 and features 20 teams, including Manchester United.
O plano odontológico Colombo Dental oferece cobertura para 132 tipos de tratamento em diversas especialidades, como urgências, diagnósticos e próteses, com atendimento em toda a rede credenciada do país. O plano tem carência de 60 dias para a maioria dos procedimentos e é regulado pela Agência Nacional de Saúde Suplementar. Após a adesão, o cliente recebe a carteirinha e condições gerais por e-mail.
Este documento proporciona una visión general de las entidades de crédito en España, incluyendo bancos y cajas de ahorros. Explica que los bancos son sociedades anónimas con ánimo de lucro, mientras que las cajas de ahorros son entidades sin ánimo de lucro. También describe las principales operaciones de intermediación financiera de ambos tipos de entidades, como la captación de depósitos, préstamos, emisión de valores y servicios a clientes. Finalmente, analiza la competencia entre bancos y cajas
This document discusses how the role of international trading companies has changed over the past decade. Traditionally, trading companies facilitated trade between exporters and importers by addressing issues like communication barriers, lack of contacts and reputation, difficulties obtaining financing, technical knowledge of trade processes, insurance, and chartering ships. However, globalization and technology have made it easier for exporters and importers to connect directly. While trading companies still provide value through logistics expertise, their traditional middleman function is less necessary as barriers to direct trade have reduced. The future viability of trading companies will depend on their ability to adapt services to the current environment.
Trump vs clinton energy luis colasanteSogefi Group
With less than 60 days before United States presidential election, Democratic presidential candidate Hillary Clinton and Republican presidential candidate Donald Trump propose two opposed energy policies, as well as two very different points of view concerning climate change.
It is worthwhile to point out that the candidates’ energy platforms do not seem to represent a priority; according to what has been observed in their presidential campaigns. Their global political strategies are more focused on issues such as immigration and foreign policy.
Gamers are most interested in video games, gaming equipment and accessories, esports, gaming communities and culture. Popular hashtags used by gamers include gaming related titles, console and game names. Gamers like and engage with gaming content including game trailers, gameplay videos, esports tournaments and events, and gaming news and reviews.
1. The document discusses the pathophysiology and natural remedies for fire ant stings. It summarizes the mechanism of inflammation caused by fire ant venom injection and reviews current local treatments and their limitations.
2. It proposes that phytochemicals from plants may provide a more effective topical treatment by targeting multiple inflammatory pathways, as supported by clinical experiments showing relief of pain and itch.
3. For severe whole-body reactions of anaphylaxis, it suggests new treatments under study for "cytokine storm" may help, including discoveries the author made over 40 years ago regarding ACE inhibitors that are now in testing.
This presentation discusses histamines and antihistamines. Histamines are released by the body during allergic reactions and cause symptoms like swelling and itchiness. They are produced locally from the amino acid histidine. Antihistamines work by blocking histamine receptors in the body and are used to treat allergic conditions. There are first and second generation antihistamines that differ in their side effects and ability to cross the blood-brain barrier. The presentation also covers histamine intolerance, conditions that release histamines, and the classification of antihistamines.
Herbal Medicine for Treatment of AsthmaMona Ismail
Asthma is a common chronic inflammatory disease of the airways characterized by variable and recurring symptoms, reversible airflow obstruction, and bronchospasm.
This document discusses target organs and how to protect them without medication. It introduces a new product called Vision, described as a Smart Food that provides quick protection for target organs through its natural ingredients including honey, amber acid, rose hips, hibiscus and hawthorn. Vision is said to normalize blood circulation, reduce cholesterol, generate energy and support the immune system through its unique combination of high quality, ecologically sourced ingredients.
This document contains a table of contents for a pharmacology associate nursing program covering several units: medications for pain, fever, seizures and inflammation (Unit 1); drugs acting on the gastrointestinal tract (Unit 2); and medications used for non-communicable diseases (Unit 3). Unit 1 provides overviews of the pathophysiology of fever and pain and discusses medications used for fever like acetaminophen, and medications for pain management including the WHO pain management ladder.
Natural Way To Strengthen the Immune System Evelyn Cortes
This document discusses the human immune system and immune-related diseases. It provides information on the organs and cells of the immune system, including T cells, B cells, natural killer cells, and macrophages. It also describes immune responses, allergic reactions, differences between colds and flu, prevention of flu and allergies, and how acupuncture and herbal medicine can strengthen the immune system. Foods that boost immunity are also listed.
This document discusses autocoids, which are diverse substances produced locally in the body that have intense biological activity and act locally at the site of synthesis. It focuses on histamine, an amine autacoid that is involved in allergic reactions and gastric acid secretion. Histamine is synthesized from the amino acid histidine and stored in mast cells. It acts on H1, H2, and H3 receptors to produce various effects. Antihistamines competitively block H1 receptors to relieve allergic symptoms. First and second generation antihistamines are discussed, along with their uses and potential adverse effects. H2 receptor antagonists like cimetidine are also mentioned, which block gastric acid secretion by blocking H
Toxicology of drugs and pesticides classification,history,mechanism of actio...Muhammad Amir Sohail
Organophosphate pesticides work by overstimulating the nervous system through excess acetylcholine. This can cause symptoms like headaches, convulsions, and potentially coma. Long-term exposure is also linked to reproductive effects like reduced semen quality in men and menstrual issues in women. DDT was widely used as an insecticide but bioaccumulates in animals and causes eggshell thinning, among other issues. Pesticide residues remain on foods and can build up in the body over time.
Nutraceuticals, gene expression and healthy agingMARIA VRANCEANU
The document discusses healthy aging and the effects of nutraceuticals on gene expression. It covers several topics related to aging including the hallmarks of aging like inflammation, glycation, methylation, and oxidative stress. It provides information on maintaining healthy aging through diet, nutraceutical supplementation, and exercise. Tips are given on anti-inflammatory herbs, foods rich in omega-3, and ways to reduce advanced glycation end products and chronic inflammation.
Mushroom poisoning occurs when toxic substances in mushrooms are ingested. There are 70-80 poisonous mushroom species that contain toxic alkaloids. Symptoms vary based on toxin but include nausea, anxiety, and organ damage. Mushrooms are classified based on toxin, with Amanita species containing amatoxins that cause liver damage. Treatment focuses on supportive care, decontamination, and use of antidotes like benzyl penicillin for amatoxin poisoning.
These are substances produced by a wide variety of cells in the body, having strong biological activity. Autacoids generally act locally at the site of synthesis and release. So they have also been called ‘local hormones’. They have short duration of action. They usually exert their action at the site of inflammation, lesion and injury.
The autacoids also differ from circulating hormones in that they are produced by many tissues rather than in specific endocrine glands.
The classical autacoids are— Ex.
Histamine, Serotonin
Prostaglandins, Leukotriene, Heparin, Endothelins
Bradykinin, Angiotensin, Eicosanoids
Interleukins, TNFα (tissue necrosis factor),
Platelet activating factor
This document provides information on non-narcotic analgesics (NSAIDs) that have analgesic, antipyretic, and anti-inflammatory properties. It discusses the inflammatory process and pain pathway, how NSAIDs work by inhibiting prostaglandin synthesis via inhibition of cyclooxygenase enzymes, and the classification of various NSAIDs including aspirin, ibuprofen, naproxen, indomethacin, and others. It covers the pharmacological actions, pharmacokinetics, uses, and adverse effects of different NSAID classes.
In depth evidence based article about Natural Support for Autoimmune Disease, such as Hops, Artemisia, Sarsaparilla, Reishi, Ashwagandha and more, published in Journal of Restorative Medicine 1212:1 p47
This document discusses various autacoids, including histamine, serotonin, prostaglandins, and thromboxanes. It provides details on their classification, synthesis, mechanisms of action, pharmacological effects, clinical uses, and antagonists. Histamine and serotonin are classified as amine autacoids derived from amino acids and act as inflammatory mediators. Prostaglandins and thromboxanes are eicosanoids derived from arachidonic acid that play important roles in inflammation and platelet aggregation. The document outlines the physiological roles and clinical applications of agonists and antagonists that target histamine, serotonin, and prostaglandin receptors.
The Power of Immunity : The war against COVID-19 (Functional foods and Medici...Nayanmoni Boruah
The ancient knowledge of foods and medicinal herbs have been playing an important role in 21st century drug discoveries. The knowledge of herbs and foods is playing crucial role in treatment of various diseases.
Nonopioid analgesics such as aspirin work by inhibiting the synthesis of prostaglandins, reducing pain, fever, and inflammation. They are safer than opioids with fewer side effects and no risk of addiction. While effective, they do not affect all pain mediators. Common nonopioid analgesics include salicylates like aspirin, which work by blocking the enzyme cyclooxygenase and come from willow bark extracts. Aspirin is the most widely used drug and has analgesic, antipyretic, and anti-inflammatory effects but can also cause gastrointestinal issues with long-term use.
This document provides information about responding to symptoms of minor alignments from Vignan Pharmacy College in Andhra Pradesh, India. It discusses the introduction, types, pathophysiology, and management of pain, pyrexia, ophthalmic symptoms, and worm infections like amoebiasis. For pain, it outlines nociceptive and neuropathic pain, and treatments like NSAIDs, opioids, and physical/psychological techniques. Fever types and management focus on hydration and antipyretics. Red eye symptoms and treatments for allergies and bacteria are covered. Finally, it discusses amoebiasis causes, symptoms, diagnosis, treatments like metronidazole, and patient education.
Histamine is a local hormone that is involved in physiological and pathological processes. It is stored in mast cells and released during allergic reactions. Histamine acts through four histamine receptors (H1-H4) and causes effects such as vasodilation, increased capillary permeability, bronchconstriction, and gastric acid secretion. Antihistamines are drugs that competitively block the H1 receptor and are used to treat allergic conditions. First generation antihistamines are sedating while second generation antihistamines are non-sedating but have fewer adverse effects. Histamine and antihistamines play important roles in allergic inflammation and disease.
Similar to CAMPUS HEALTH COMMUNIQUE SECOND ISSUE (20)
1. 1
Department of Pharmacy
Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani Campus, Pilani
23-April-2016Volume-1, Issue-2
CAMPUS HEALTH COMMUNIQUE
Government may grant generic producers compulsory
licenses on patent-protected medicines or process if
the right-holders fail to supply the products at afforda-
ble prices and in sufficient quantities thereby allowing
to produce without the consent of the patent owner. It
is one of the flexibilities in the WTO’s agreement on
intellectual property-the TRIPS (Trade-Related As-
pects of Intellectual Property Rights) Agreement. The
generic copy/drug is produced only for the domestic
market. The TRIPS agreement clearly states- “The pa-
tent holder shall be paid adequate remuneration in the
circumstances of each case, taking into account the
economic value of the authorization”, but it does not
define “adequate remuneration” or “economic value”.
For example Bayer acquired an importing license
for “Nexavar”- the company's brand name for the
drug Sorafenib tosylate (a drug for liver and kidney
cancer) in 2007 and got a patent. The drug was exor-
bitantly priced and out of reach of most of the people,"
the patent authority wrote in its 62-page decision.
"The product in question is not a luxury item but a
lifesaving drug and it is highly important that a sub-
stantial part of the demand be met strictly". In its com-
pulsory license request, Indian generic manufacturer
“Natco” proposed selling Sorafenib tosylate at Rs.
8,800 per patient per month - approximately US $175
- resulting in a 97 percept price cut compared to
Nexavar. The compulsory license has been granted
until 2020.
CUMPULSORY LICENSING Mr. Saswata Banerjee
DISCLAIMER
IN NO WAY SHOULD THE INFORMATION ON THIS NEWSLETTER BE CONSIDERED AS OFFERING MEDICAL
ADVICE! THE CONTENT IN THIS NEWSLETTER IS PRESENTED IN SUMMARY FORM, IS GENERAL IN NA-
TURE, AND IS PROVIDED FOR INFORMATIONAL PURPOSES ONLY. NEVER DISREGARD OR DELAY IN
SEEKING MEDICAL ADVICE, BASED ONLY ON INFORMATION PROVIDED IN THIS NEWSLETTER.
* FOR ANY ADDITIONAL INFORMATION ON DETAILS IN THIS NEWSLETTER, CONTACT DEPARTMENT OF
PHARMACY, BITS PILANI, PILANI CAMPUS
Edited by-
Editorial team
Pharmacy Association,
Department of Pharmacy
Inside this issue:
Insulin
Resistance
2
RX or Rx 2
Garlic: Medici-
nal Value
3
Dandruff: Home
Remedies
3
Allergic Asthma 4
STRESS IS YOUR
MOST VICIOUS
ENEMY
2. 2
Page 2 CAMPUS HEALTH COMMUNIQUE
Insulin resistance (IR) is a metabolic
condition in which cells fail to respond
to the normal action of the insulin hor-
mone. The body produces insulin, but
the receptor count for the hormone on
the cells decreases which ultimately
leads to hyperglycemia (Increase of glu-
cose level in blood).
Beta cells present in the pancre-
as subsequently increase their production
of insulin (to take care of the increased
sugar levels), further contributing to hy-
perinsulinemia.
This often remains undetected and can
contribute to a diagnosis of Type 2 dia-
betes.
Insulin Resistance: A Pre-epidemic Mr. Siddharth Uppal
1. Recipe for Wellness-
This concept originated in Latin
province from the word
“recipere” around mid-1500s
when it started symbolizing an
ORDER from the doctor- “TO
TAKE”.
2. Prayer for Well-Being-
This symbol has yet another
Treatment:
Having a healthy diet that
includes foods which are
low on the Glycemic in-
dex and taking more fiber
rich diet.
Regular exercise is must.
Medicines (like, Met-
formin) are given to the
patients with high Insulin
levels. These medicines
helps to decrease the In-
sulin resistance of the
cells and prevents liver to
release more glucose in
blood.
Causes:
Lack of physical activity
causes the cells to be less re-
sponsive to insulin.
Obesity also leads to insulin
resistance.
Having a family history in-
creases your chances of
developing insulin resistance.
Cigarette smoking is one of
the factors that contribute
towards insulin resistance.
Consequence or complications:
Insulin resistance affects our body
in a number of ways:-
High Blood Pressure, Obesity,
Deranged cholesterols, Fatty liv-
er, Gout, and Polycystic ovarian
syndrome.
It also causes heart attack , renal
failure and in some cases even
stroke in brain.
Persistence of Insulin Resistance
ultimately lead to Type II Diabe-
tes.
share in the Roman mythology
where it is given a meaning as a
PRAYER to their great god Jupiter.
Rx or Rx– Symbolizations in a prescription Mr. Pranav Prakash
3. Keeping an Eye on Your
Health-
This symbol, by some histori-
ans is speculated to be origi-
nated from the eye of an an-
cient Egyptian sky god-
“Horus”. Sun being his right
eye and moon being the left,
which kept a sight on the en-
tire world. “EYE OF HO-
RUS”-
3. 3
Page 3Volume-1, Issue-2
Drugstore remedies:
1. Shampoos with antifun-
gals and antibacterial like Zinc
Pyrithione, Ketoconazole.
2. Coal tar and Selenium
Sulfide- slow the growth and
die-off of skin cells on your
scalp.
3. Salicylic acid- loosens the
flakes to be easily washed
away.
Dandruff or Seborrheic Der-
matitis is a common scalp
disorder occurring due to dry
skin, irritated oily skin,
growth of bacteria and fungus
on the scalp and inflammato-
ry skin conditions. It causes
itchiness with formation of
excessive dry skin flakes on
the scalp.
Home Remedies:
1. Neem leaves: Boil a hand-
ful of leaves in four cups of
water, cool, filter and use this
decoction as a hair rinse two
or three times a week.
2. Coconut oil: Take some
coconut oil and mix half the
amount of lemon juice in it,
rub the solution on scalp and
wash after 20 minutes. Do
this twice a week.
3. Baking soda: Wet your
hair and rub a handful of bak-
ing soda onto your scalp, after
5 minutes rinse your hair well
with warm water. Do this
twice a week.
Dandruff– Home Remedies Mr. Mahaveer Singh
Cold sores: Eat 2 cloves of gar-
lic with two slices of ginger
(1gm) every day.
High blood pressure: One to
two cloves every day.
For digestive system: One to
two cloves every day.
Garlic known as allium-
sativum is an ideal herbal
medicine, absolutely safe for
household use. It cures nose,
throat and chest infections
and helps in circulatory disor-
ders such as high blood pres-
sure. Recent findings says
that it reduces blood sugar
level and helps to treat late
onset diabetes.
Key constituents: volatile oil
(alliin, alliinase), Selenium,
Vitamin A,B,C,E
Key preparations:
Chopped cloves remedy :
Use regularly in cooking to
reduce cholesterol level and
to boost immunity.
Cold and Flu: Crush a medi-
um sized garlic clove, similar
sized piece of fresh gin-
ger, squeeze the juice
from one lemon, mix all
together with one spoon
of honey add one cup of
warm water and drink
three cups at regular inter-
val a day till symptoms
last.
Garlic: Powerful herbal remedy Mr. Mahaveer Singh
4. Olive oil : Heat some extra
virgin olive oil until it is
slightly warm, and massage it
onto your scalp and then wrap
your hair in a warm towel,
leave it on for at least 45
minutes or overnight and then
shampoo and condition your
hair.
5. Apple cider vinegar: Mix
a quarter cup apple cider vine-
gar with a quarter cup water in
a spray bottle and spritz on
your scalp. Wrap your head in
a towel and let sit for 15
minutes to an hour, then wash
your hair as usual. Do this
twice a week.
Ref: http://www.top10homeremedies.com/home-remedies/home-remedies-for-dandruff.html
4. 4
CAMPUS HEALTH COMMUNIQUE
Allergy- It is an unusual
heightened immune response
to an allergen or any foreign
particle entering our body
which is an individual-
specific phenomenon, a
tendency to be
hypersensitive.
Our airway system, through which we breathe,
is made up of hollow tubes which are blocked
by smooth muscles lining their walls
(Bronchoconstriction) on commands of Auto-
nomic Nervous System if an allergen enters.
Also, a heightened immune response is mount-
ed which causes inflammation and thus, clog-
ging of tubes by mucus and a reflex is set up to
sneeze and cough in order to eject the allergen
out.
COMMOM ALLERGENS include- Pollens,
Dust Mites, Animal Dander, Air Pollution and
even Cold Air.
ALLERGIC ASTHMA Mr. Kush Gupta
2. Get rid of items where dust
gather like- Heavy Curtains or
pile of clothing specially win-
ters.
TREATMENT :
Department of pharmacy, BITS Pilani,
Pilani Campus, Jhujhunu, Rajasthan, In-
dia
Pin: 333031, Phone: +91-1596-51-5206,
Fax: +91-1596-244183
For Article Submission: healthcommuni-
quebitspharmacy@gmail.com
CONTACT US
Over 100 million people
across the globe suffer
from bronchial asthma and
the number is rising! India
accounts for about 15-20
million asthmatics with
about 10% and 15% prev-
alence in 5-11 year old.
Asthma- An allergen can enter
through various entry portals
of human body such as mouth,
nose, eyes or even penetrating
the skin. But, when an allergic
reaction results in the con-
striction and clogging of air-
ways due to inflammation, it is
termed as an Asthmatic attack.
SYMPTOMS:
Coughing, Wheezing, Breathlessness and
Chest Tightness.
Prevention from allergens-
1. Staying inside as much as
possible when pollen counts
are high during particular
seasons.
1. Bronchodilators to relax the
smooth muscles and open the air-
ways.
2. Steroids, leukotriene-inhibitors
and anti-histamines to suppress
the aggressive immune system.
SAVE WATER! SAVE FUTURE!
SWITCH OFF LIGHTS AND FANS WHILE
LEAVING A ROOM OR CLASSROOM!
Next Issue will contain:
1. Glycemic Index
2. BMR
3. BMI
MESSAGE TO OUR READERS: