This document provides tips and guidelines for using a PowerPoint presentation on stomach cancer. It includes 12 slides on topics like introduction/history, etiology, anatomy, pathology, staging, classification, investigations, management, prevention, and guidelines. The document recommends using blank slides to engage students in an active learning session by asking them questions before presenting content. It also notes the presentation is good for self-study and refers the user to notes for bibliography citations.
The document provides tips and instructions for using a PowerPoint presentation on stomach cancer. It discusses how to actively engage students by showing blank slides to elicit what they know about each topic before presenting the information. It then provides the full PowerPoint presentation covering topics like the epidemiology, etiology, pathophysiology, clinical features, investigations, staging, classification, prognosis, and management of stomach cancer. Prevention strategies like screening, controlling risk factors, and managing precancerous conditions are also summarized.
This document provides tips and instructions for using a PowerPoint presentation on colorectal cancer. It outlines 12 learning objectives that will be covered in the presentation. The presentation covers topics like relevant anatomy, aetiology, risk factors, pathophysiology, pathology, classification systems, clinical features, investigations, management options, prevention strategies, and guidelines. It provides detailed information on each topic in slide format and encourages an active learning approach where blank slides are shown to solicit input from students before presenting content.
1) Adenocarcinoma is the most common type of stomach cancer, accounting for 95% of cases. Risk factors include family history, diet high in nitrates/salt/fat, H. pylori infection, and atrophic gastritis.
2) Stomach cancers are usually diagnosed in elderly patients and those in lower socioeconomic groups. Advanced cancers are classified based on their gross morphology and depth of invasion.
3) Treatment involves surgical resection with D2 lymphadenectomy for curative intent. Adjuvant chemotherapy may be given to improve outcomes. Palliative chemotherapy, radiotherapy, or endoscopic procedures are options for inoperable cases.
The document provides tips and instructions for using a PowerPoint presentation on pancreatic cancer. It discusses how to actively engage students by starting with blank slides to elicit their existing knowledge on topics before presenting additional information on subsequent slides. The presentation covers learning objectives, relevant anatomy, risk factors, pathology, clinical features including symptoms and investigations, staging, differential diagnosis, and management approaches for pancreatic cancer such as surgery, chemotherapy and radiation therapy.
Colon and rectal cancer are the 3rd leading cause of cancer death in men and women. Risk factors include genetic predisposition, inflammatory bowel disease, tobacco use, sedentary lifestyle, obesity, diet, and family history. Screening is recommended starting at age 50, or earlier for those with risk factors. Treatment depends on the cancer stage and may involve surgery, radiation, chemotherapy, or a combination. The prognosis depends on stage, extent of disease, and ability to completely remove the cancer.
This document provides information on lymph node levels and classification of thyroid neoplasms. It describes the six levels of cervical lymph nodes and discusses papillary carcinoma and follicular carcinoma of the thyroid in detail. For papillary carcinoma, it covers presentation, histology, prognosis, treatment including surgery and radioactive iodine therapy. For follicular carcinoma, it discusses presentation, spread, histology and treatment. It also briefly summarizes other malignant thyroid tumors including medullary carcinoma, anaplastic carcinoma and thyroid lymphoma.
Benign tumors of the esophagus include leiomyomas, cysts, and polyps. Leiomyomas are the most common benign tumor, usually occurring in the lower two-thirds of the esophagus in males. Esophageal cysts often present in childhood and are located along the right side. Malignant esophageal tumors are usually advanced at diagnosis and involve the muscular wall. Squamous cell carcinoma is most common and risk factors include smoking and alcohol. Diagnosis involves endoscopy with biopsy and imaging such as CT scan. Treatment options include surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation, but long-term survival remains low given late-stage presentation.
There are marked variations in the incidence of gastric cancer worldwide.
The UK it is approximately 15 per 100000 per year
The USA 10 per 100000 per year
Eastern Europe 40 per 100 000 per year.
It is more common in Japan—70 per 1,00,000 population.
Common in males 2:1.
Decrease incidence in western world (Western Europe and US)—last four decades.
The document provides tips and instructions for using a PowerPoint presentation on stomach cancer. It discusses how to actively engage students by showing blank slides to elicit what they know about each topic before presenting the information. It then provides the full PowerPoint presentation covering topics like the epidemiology, etiology, pathophysiology, clinical features, investigations, staging, classification, prognosis, and management of stomach cancer. Prevention strategies like screening, controlling risk factors, and managing precancerous conditions are also summarized.
This document provides tips and instructions for using a PowerPoint presentation on colorectal cancer. It outlines 12 learning objectives that will be covered in the presentation. The presentation covers topics like relevant anatomy, aetiology, risk factors, pathophysiology, pathology, classification systems, clinical features, investigations, management options, prevention strategies, and guidelines. It provides detailed information on each topic in slide format and encourages an active learning approach where blank slides are shown to solicit input from students before presenting content.
1) Adenocarcinoma is the most common type of stomach cancer, accounting for 95% of cases. Risk factors include family history, diet high in nitrates/salt/fat, H. pylori infection, and atrophic gastritis.
2) Stomach cancers are usually diagnosed in elderly patients and those in lower socioeconomic groups. Advanced cancers are classified based on their gross morphology and depth of invasion.
3) Treatment involves surgical resection with D2 lymphadenectomy for curative intent. Adjuvant chemotherapy may be given to improve outcomes. Palliative chemotherapy, radiotherapy, or endoscopic procedures are options for inoperable cases.
The document provides tips and instructions for using a PowerPoint presentation on pancreatic cancer. It discusses how to actively engage students by starting with blank slides to elicit their existing knowledge on topics before presenting additional information on subsequent slides. The presentation covers learning objectives, relevant anatomy, risk factors, pathology, clinical features including symptoms and investigations, staging, differential diagnosis, and management approaches for pancreatic cancer such as surgery, chemotherapy and radiation therapy.
Colon and rectal cancer are the 3rd leading cause of cancer death in men and women. Risk factors include genetic predisposition, inflammatory bowel disease, tobacco use, sedentary lifestyle, obesity, diet, and family history. Screening is recommended starting at age 50, or earlier for those with risk factors. Treatment depends on the cancer stage and may involve surgery, radiation, chemotherapy, or a combination. The prognosis depends on stage, extent of disease, and ability to completely remove the cancer.
This document provides information on lymph node levels and classification of thyroid neoplasms. It describes the six levels of cervical lymph nodes and discusses papillary carcinoma and follicular carcinoma of the thyroid in detail. For papillary carcinoma, it covers presentation, histology, prognosis, treatment including surgery and radioactive iodine therapy. For follicular carcinoma, it discusses presentation, spread, histology and treatment. It also briefly summarizes other malignant thyroid tumors including medullary carcinoma, anaplastic carcinoma and thyroid lymphoma.
Benign tumors of the esophagus include leiomyomas, cysts, and polyps. Leiomyomas are the most common benign tumor, usually occurring in the lower two-thirds of the esophagus in males. Esophageal cysts often present in childhood and are located along the right side. Malignant esophageal tumors are usually advanced at diagnosis and involve the muscular wall. Squamous cell carcinoma is most common and risk factors include smoking and alcohol. Diagnosis involves endoscopy with biopsy and imaging such as CT scan. Treatment options include surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation, but long-term survival remains low given late-stage presentation.
There are marked variations in the incidence of gastric cancer worldwide.
The UK it is approximately 15 per 100000 per year
The USA 10 per 100000 per year
Eastern Europe 40 per 100 000 per year.
It is more common in Japan—70 per 1,00,000 population.
Common in males 2:1.
Decrease incidence in western world (Western Europe and US)—last four decades.
1) Gastric cancer is most common in Japan and China and generally affects the elderly. Risk factors include diet, H. pylori infection, and family history.
2) The majority of gastric cancers are adenocarcinomas. Early gastric cancers are usually cured by resection, while advanced cancers have a poor prognosis.
3) Treatment involves surgical resection with lymph node dissection. The extent of lymphadenectomy depends on the region, with D2 dissection being standard in Asia.
This document provides information on carcinoma of the stomach. It discusses the anatomy of the stomach, including its five parts. It outlines the etiology, risk factors, clinical features, investigations, staging, and management of gastric carcinoma. Key points include that gastric carcinoma commonly presents with nonspecific symptoms in advanced stages. Diagnosis involves endoscopy with biopsy. Treatment options include surgery such as total or subtotal gastrectomy, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy. Post-operative complications can include leakage or hemorrhage. Long-term nutritional deficiencies are also a risk.
This document provides information on pancreatic adenocarcinoma, including its anatomy, physiology, clinical presentation, investigations, staging, treatment and prognosis. It discusses the exocrine and endocrine functions of the pancreas. It also covers cystic lesions of the pancreas and pancreatic endocrine tumours. The staging and survival rates for pancreatic cancer are presented. Complications of pancreatic surgery and mortality rates at high volume centers are summarized.
Cervical cancer is the third most common gynecologic cancer worldwide. Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is central to its development and is detected in nearly all cases. Risk factors include early onset of sexual activity, multiple sexual partners, and immunosuppression. It develops through four main steps: HPV infection, viral persistence, progression to precancer, and invasion. Symptoms can include abnormal bleeding or discharge, but early cancers may be asymptomatic. Diagnosis involves biopsy and staging evaluates extent of disease through physical and imaging exams. Treatment options include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or a combination based on cancer stage and patient factors.
1. Carcinoma of the cervix is a major cause of cancer deaths in women in India, with HPV infection being the primary risk factor.
2. It typically presents with vaginal bleeding and spreads locally and via lymph nodes to distant sites like lungs and bones.
3. Diagnosis involves cervical smears, biopsies and imaging while FIGO staging classifies the extent of disease.
4. Treatment depends on stage but commonly includes surgery, radiation therapy and chemotherapy with the goal of maximizing cure rates while minimizing treatment related morbidity.
This document summarizes information about carcinoma of the esophagus, including:
- It is the 6th most common cancer worldwide and has a poor survival rate, being more common in parts of Asia and Africa.
- Risk factors include deficiencies in vitamins and substances, as well as alcohol, tobacco, fungi, and conditions like Tylosis and Barrett's esophagus.
- Location in the esophagus, lymph node involvement, and histological grade are used to determine staging.
- Investigations include endoscopy, biopsy, imaging, and endoscopic ultrasound to determine extent of disease.
- Treatment depends on staging but may include surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy or palliation. Surgical approaches differ
This document summarizes information about carcinoma of the esophagus, including:
- It is the 6th most common cancer worldwide and has a very poor survival rate. It is more common in Asia.
- Risk factors include deficiencies in vitamins, alcohol/tobacco, Barrett's esophagus, and tylosis.
- Location in the esophagus, lymph node involvement, and histological grade determine staging and prognosis. Investigations include endoscopy, biopsy, and imaging. Treatment depends on location and stage, and may include surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation. Palliation is the main approach for late-stage disease.
Gastric carcinoma spreads locally through direct invasion of adjacent organs and structures. It can also spread to distant sites via lymphatic and hematogenous routes. The TNM staging system evaluates the extent of primary tumor invasion, regional lymph node involvement, and distant metastasis to determine the overall stage of disease. Surgical resection ranging from D1 to D3 based on lymph node dissection provides the best chance of cure for resectable gastric cancer.
The document provides information on gastric carcinoma, including the anatomy and blood supply of the stomach, risk factors, clinical presentation, investigations, staging, and treatment approaches. It describes the layers of the stomach and how cancer spreads. Treatment may include surgery such as total or subtotal gastrectomy, or palliative procedures. Chemotherapy regimens are discussed for neoadjuvant, perioperative, and advanced settings. Staging guides treatment selection and prognosis.
This document provides tips for using a PowerPoint presentation on acute pancreatitis. It recommends:
1. Freely editing and modifying the slides to add your own name.
2. Not worrying about the number of slides, as many are blank except for the title to facilitate active learning sessions.
3. Showing blank slides first to elicit what students already know, then showing the content slide.
4. Repeating this process of blank slide then content slide at the end for review.
5. This format allows for active learning through three revisions of content.
This document provides tips for using a PowerPoint presentation (PPT) as an active learning tool. Some key points:
- Blank slides are included between content slides to allow time for student discussion of what they already know about each topic.
- The presenter should first show a blank slide, ask students for their input, then show the next slide with content.
- This process of blank slide + discussion, then content slide, is repeated for each topic and can be done through multiple revisions for deeper learning.
- It can be used for self-study by displaying a blank slide, thinking about what you know, then reading the next content slide.
This case study describes the diagnosis and treatment of prostate cancer in an 87-year-old male patient. Key details include:
- Cancer was diagnosed via biopsy and confirmed to be adenocarcinoma. Staging investigations found the cancer to be localized.
- The patient underwent external beam radiotherapy to the prostate with doses of 78-79.2 Gy over 8 weeks.
- Common side effects were managed conservatively. The patient will continue follow-up care and has a good prognosis given the localized stage at diagnosis.
1. The document discusses several gastrointestinal malignancies including cancer of the stomach, pancreas, and esophagus.
2. It provides details on the types, risk factors, clinical features, diagnosis, staging, and treatment options for each cancer type.
3. The prognosis for pancreatic and esophageal cancers is generally poor, as they often present at late stages and have low 5-year survival rates, while treatments for stomach cancers include surgical resection and chemotherapy or radiation depending on the stage and location of cancer.
This document provides an overview of gall bladder carcinoma. It discusses the epidemiology, etiology, pathology, histology, presentation, workup, treatment and follow up of gall bladder cancer. Gall bladder cancer is relatively uncommon but the 5th most common gastrointestinal malignancy worldwide. Chronic inflammation from gallstones is the main risk factor. Imaging studies like ultrasound, CT and MRI are used to diagnose and stage the cancer. Surgery is the main treatment but the outcome is often poor due to late diagnosis and aggressive nature of the disease.
Oesophageal cancer is a disease that affects the esophagus. The document provides details about:
1) The anatomy, histology, blood supply, lymphatic drainage and functions of the esophagus.
2) Risk factors, symptoms, epidemiology, macroscopic and microscopic appearance of oesophageal cancer.
3) Diagnostic tests and staging of oesophageal cancer including endoscopy, imaging, and biopsy.
4) Treatment options for oesophageal cancer including surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy and palliative care based on the cancer stage. Prognostic factors and performance status scales are also discussed.
Mesenteric ischemia is a life-threatening condition caused by inadequate blood flow to the intestines. It can be caused by embolism, arterial thrombosis, non-occlusive disease, or venous thrombosis. Patients experience severe, disproportionate abdominal pain and may develop peritonitis, sepsis, or hematochezia. Diagnosis involves CT angiography. Treatment focuses on restoring blood flow via techniques like thrombolysis, angioplasty, or surgery to remove infarcted bowel. Mortality rates are high but can be reduced with early diagnosis and intervention.
The document provides tips and instructions for using a PowerPoint presentation on testicular cancer. It discusses running the presentation as an active learning session by showing blank slides first to elicit student responses before presenting content. The presentation covers learning objectives, relevant anatomy, aetiology, pathophysiology, classification including TNM staging, demographics, signs and symptoms, investigations, and prognosis.
Pancreatic cancer arises from uncontrolled growth of cells in the pancreas. It most often develops in the exocrine tissues and is typically diagnosed in individuals aged 60-80 years. Risk factors include smoking, chronic pancreatitis, obesity, and certain genetic syndromes. Symptoms are often vague in early stages but may include weight loss, abdominal pain, and jaundice. Diagnosis involves blood tests, abdominal imaging like ultrasound or CT scan, and biopsy. Staging evaluates tumor size and spread. Treatment options include surgery, chemotherapy, radiation, and pain management. Prognosis is generally poor with only 10% of patients surviving more than 5 years.
1) Gastric cancer is most common in Japan and China and generally affects the elderly. Risk factors include diet, H. pylori infection, and family history.
2) The majority of gastric cancers are adenocarcinomas. Early gastric cancers are usually cured by resection, while advanced cancers have a poor prognosis.
3) Treatment involves surgical resection with lymph node dissection. The extent of lymphadenectomy depends on the region, with D2 dissection being standard in Asia.
This document provides information on carcinoma of the stomach. It discusses the anatomy of the stomach, including its five parts. It outlines the etiology, risk factors, clinical features, investigations, staging, and management of gastric carcinoma. Key points include that gastric carcinoma commonly presents with nonspecific symptoms in advanced stages. Diagnosis involves endoscopy with biopsy. Treatment options include surgery such as total or subtotal gastrectomy, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy. Post-operative complications can include leakage or hemorrhage. Long-term nutritional deficiencies are also a risk.
This document provides information on pancreatic adenocarcinoma, including its anatomy, physiology, clinical presentation, investigations, staging, treatment and prognosis. It discusses the exocrine and endocrine functions of the pancreas. It also covers cystic lesions of the pancreas and pancreatic endocrine tumours. The staging and survival rates for pancreatic cancer are presented. Complications of pancreatic surgery and mortality rates at high volume centers are summarized.
Cervical cancer is the third most common gynecologic cancer worldwide. Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is central to its development and is detected in nearly all cases. Risk factors include early onset of sexual activity, multiple sexual partners, and immunosuppression. It develops through four main steps: HPV infection, viral persistence, progression to precancer, and invasion. Symptoms can include abnormal bleeding or discharge, but early cancers may be asymptomatic. Diagnosis involves biopsy and staging evaluates extent of disease through physical and imaging exams. Treatment options include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or a combination based on cancer stage and patient factors.
1. Carcinoma of the cervix is a major cause of cancer deaths in women in India, with HPV infection being the primary risk factor.
2. It typically presents with vaginal bleeding and spreads locally and via lymph nodes to distant sites like lungs and bones.
3. Diagnosis involves cervical smears, biopsies and imaging while FIGO staging classifies the extent of disease.
4. Treatment depends on stage but commonly includes surgery, radiation therapy and chemotherapy with the goal of maximizing cure rates while minimizing treatment related morbidity.
This document summarizes information about carcinoma of the esophagus, including:
- It is the 6th most common cancer worldwide and has a poor survival rate, being more common in parts of Asia and Africa.
- Risk factors include deficiencies in vitamins and substances, as well as alcohol, tobacco, fungi, and conditions like Tylosis and Barrett's esophagus.
- Location in the esophagus, lymph node involvement, and histological grade are used to determine staging.
- Investigations include endoscopy, biopsy, imaging, and endoscopic ultrasound to determine extent of disease.
- Treatment depends on staging but may include surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy or palliation. Surgical approaches differ
This document summarizes information about carcinoma of the esophagus, including:
- It is the 6th most common cancer worldwide and has a very poor survival rate. It is more common in Asia.
- Risk factors include deficiencies in vitamins, alcohol/tobacco, Barrett's esophagus, and tylosis.
- Location in the esophagus, lymph node involvement, and histological grade determine staging and prognosis. Investigations include endoscopy, biopsy, and imaging. Treatment depends on location and stage, and may include surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation. Palliation is the main approach for late-stage disease.
Gastric carcinoma spreads locally through direct invasion of adjacent organs and structures. It can also spread to distant sites via lymphatic and hematogenous routes. The TNM staging system evaluates the extent of primary tumor invasion, regional lymph node involvement, and distant metastasis to determine the overall stage of disease. Surgical resection ranging from D1 to D3 based on lymph node dissection provides the best chance of cure for resectable gastric cancer.
The document provides information on gastric carcinoma, including the anatomy and blood supply of the stomach, risk factors, clinical presentation, investigations, staging, and treatment approaches. It describes the layers of the stomach and how cancer spreads. Treatment may include surgery such as total or subtotal gastrectomy, or palliative procedures. Chemotherapy regimens are discussed for neoadjuvant, perioperative, and advanced settings. Staging guides treatment selection and prognosis.
This document provides tips for using a PowerPoint presentation on acute pancreatitis. It recommends:
1. Freely editing and modifying the slides to add your own name.
2. Not worrying about the number of slides, as many are blank except for the title to facilitate active learning sessions.
3. Showing blank slides first to elicit what students already know, then showing the content slide.
4. Repeating this process of blank slide then content slide at the end for review.
5. This format allows for active learning through three revisions of content.
This document provides tips for using a PowerPoint presentation (PPT) as an active learning tool. Some key points:
- Blank slides are included between content slides to allow time for student discussion of what they already know about each topic.
- The presenter should first show a blank slide, ask students for their input, then show the next slide with content.
- This process of blank slide + discussion, then content slide, is repeated for each topic and can be done through multiple revisions for deeper learning.
- It can be used for self-study by displaying a blank slide, thinking about what you know, then reading the next content slide.
This case study describes the diagnosis and treatment of prostate cancer in an 87-year-old male patient. Key details include:
- Cancer was diagnosed via biopsy and confirmed to be adenocarcinoma. Staging investigations found the cancer to be localized.
- The patient underwent external beam radiotherapy to the prostate with doses of 78-79.2 Gy over 8 weeks.
- Common side effects were managed conservatively. The patient will continue follow-up care and has a good prognosis given the localized stage at diagnosis.
1. The document discusses several gastrointestinal malignancies including cancer of the stomach, pancreas, and esophagus.
2. It provides details on the types, risk factors, clinical features, diagnosis, staging, and treatment options for each cancer type.
3. The prognosis for pancreatic and esophageal cancers is generally poor, as they often present at late stages and have low 5-year survival rates, while treatments for stomach cancers include surgical resection and chemotherapy or radiation depending on the stage and location of cancer.
This document provides an overview of gall bladder carcinoma. It discusses the epidemiology, etiology, pathology, histology, presentation, workup, treatment and follow up of gall bladder cancer. Gall bladder cancer is relatively uncommon but the 5th most common gastrointestinal malignancy worldwide. Chronic inflammation from gallstones is the main risk factor. Imaging studies like ultrasound, CT and MRI are used to diagnose and stage the cancer. Surgery is the main treatment but the outcome is often poor due to late diagnosis and aggressive nature of the disease.
Oesophageal cancer is a disease that affects the esophagus. The document provides details about:
1) The anatomy, histology, blood supply, lymphatic drainage and functions of the esophagus.
2) Risk factors, symptoms, epidemiology, macroscopic and microscopic appearance of oesophageal cancer.
3) Diagnostic tests and staging of oesophageal cancer including endoscopy, imaging, and biopsy.
4) Treatment options for oesophageal cancer including surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy and palliative care based on the cancer stage. Prognostic factors and performance status scales are also discussed.
Mesenteric ischemia is a life-threatening condition caused by inadequate blood flow to the intestines. It can be caused by embolism, arterial thrombosis, non-occlusive disease, or venous thrombosis. Patients experience severe, disproportionate abdominal pain and may develop peritonitis, sepsis, or hematochezia. Diagnosis involves CT angiography. Treatment focuses on restoring blood flow via techniques like thrombolysis, angioplasty, or surgery to remove infarcted bowel. Mortality rates are high but can be reduced with early diagnosis and intervention.
The document provides tips and instructions for using a PowerPoint presentation on testicular cancer. It discusses running the presentation as an active learning session by showing blank slides first to elicit student responses before presenting content. The presentation covers learning objectives, relevant anatomy, aetiology, pathophysiology, classification including TNM staging, demographics, signs and symptoms, investigations, and prognosis.
Pancreatic cancer arises from uncontrolled growth of cells in the pancreas. It most often develops in the exocrine tissues and is typically diagnosed in individuals aged 60-80 years. Risk factors include smoking, chronic pancreatitis, obesity, and certain genetic syndromes. Symptoms are often vague in early stages but may include weight loss, abdominal pain, and jaundice. Diagnosis involves blood tests, abdominal imaging like ultrasound or CT scan, and biopsy. Staging evaluates tumor size and spread. Treatment options include surgery, chemotherapy, radiation, and pain management. Prognosis is generally poor with only 10% of patients surviving more than 5 years.
Training HCWs for infection Control.pptxPradeep Pande
This document outlines various infection control and prevention measures for healthcare workers during the COVID-19 pandemic. It discusses proper hand hygiene techniques, use of personal protective equipment like masks and gloves, safe handling of sharps, cleaning and disinfection of surfaces and medical equipment, respiratory hygiene, waste management, and isolation precautions. The key principles are frequent hand washing, avoiding touching the face, social distancing, proper use and disposal of PPE, thorough cleaning and disinfection of facilities, and protecting healthcare workers during high-risk procedures through appropriate PPE and protocols.
The document provides tips for using a PowerPoint presentation (PPT) for teaching. It suggests displaying blank slides to elicit student responses before presenting content. Showing blank slides, asking questions, then displaying answers promotes active learning. The PPT can also be used for self-study by viewing blank slides and thinking of answers before reading the next slide. The rest of the document describes learning objectives and an outline for a session on benign tumors of the small intestine.
The document discusses multiple choice questions about small bowel tumors. It states that small bowel tumors are commonly located in the duodenum, lymphoma is a common type of small bowel tumor, and palliative surgeries are performed even in the presence of metastasis.
Small bowel carcinoids most commonly occur in the duodenum. They do not cause endocardial fibroelastosis but can increase the risk of lung cancer. Small bowel carcinoids are also the most common tumor found in the small intestine. Duodenal adenocarcinoma is the most common type of small bowel carcinoma. Jaundice and anemia are the most common symptoms, and local resection can potentially provide a cure.
An elderly male with a history of ischemic heart disease and cerebrovascular disease presented with abdominal pain and bloody stools. The likely diagnosis is acute mesenteric ischemia given his risk factors and symptoms. Acute mesenteric ischemia is most commonly caused by arterial thrombosis. A patient with similar symptoms and risk factors was diagnosed with acute mesenteric ischemia based on their abdominal pain, tenderness, distension, absent bowel sounds, and maroon colored stool.
The document discusses mesenteric venous thrombosis and its treatment. Intravenous heparin is the treatment of choice for mesenteric venous thrombosis. While peritoneal signs are not always present, surgery for mesenteric venous thrombosis can lead to short bowel syndrome.
The document discusses potential causes of strangulating hernia and strangulated intestinal obstruction. It lists volvulus, mesenteric vascular occlusion, intussusception, and gallstone ulcers as potential causes of strangulating hernia, with gallstone ulcers being identified as the exception. For strangulated intestinal obstruction, intussusception is identified as not being a potential cause, with mesenteric vascular occlusion, gall stone ileus, and volvulus listed as potential causes.
This document discusses chronic mesenteric ischemia and its symptoms. It states that normal barium studies is not typically seen with chronic mesenteric ischemia. It also asks what is the most common cause of mesenteric ischemia, with the answer being arterial thrombosis.
A three-year-old male child presented with constipation and abdominal distension for two years. Imaging showed dilated bowel loops containing feces. Barium enema revealed a transition zone at the rectosigmoid junction with reversal of the normal ratio, consistent with Hirschsprung's disease. Hirschsprung's disease involves absence of ganglion cells in the intestinal wall, causing a contracted nonperistaltic segment above a dilated segment of normal colon. Rectal biopsy is the diagnostic investigation of choice to identify the absence of ganglion cells.
The document contains multiple choice questions (MCQs) about a person who had undergone gastrojejunostomy or gastrojejunotomy surgery and suddenly developed severe diarrhea. For each MCQ, the possible answers are various gastrointestinal conditions including gastric carcinoma, TB abdomen, gastrojejunocolic fistula, and gastric amoebiasis. The last question asks about the best diagnostic test for picking up a gastrojejunocolic fistula.
The document discusses the most common cause of death in patients with gastrointestinal fistulas. It presents four options - electrolyte imbalance, severe dehydration, malnutrition, and sepsis. The correct answer is that sepsis is the most common cause of death in patients with gastrointestinal fistulas.
The document contains multiple choice questions (MCQs) about gastrocolic fistulas and associated conditions:
1) Diarrhea in gastrocolic fistula is due to peptic digestion of the colonic mucosa by gastric contents passing through the fistula.
2) Gastrocolic fistulas usually follow near total gastrectomy surgical procedures.
3) Rectal polyposis is not associated with metabolic acidosis unlike the other conditions listed which include gastrocolic fistula and prolonged diarrhea.
Thyroid Anatomy, Pysiology, Development MCQ.pptxPradeep Pande
The document contains a series of multiple choice questions about the thyroid gland. It asks which layer of cervical fascia encloses the thyroid, what manifestation would be seen if sympathetic nerves to the thyroid are damaged during surgery, which condition is marked by low thyroid stimulating hormone levels, and which gland regulates and controls the activity of the thyroid. The answers provided are the superficial cervical fascia, vocal cord paralysis, hyperthyroidism, and both the pituitary gland and hypothalamus, respectively.
The document contains a series of multiple choice questions related to splenic rupture. Specifically:
- Kehr's sign, which is pain in the left shoulder, indicates splenic rupture.
- A patient presenting with abdominal trauma, a fractured rib, and bruising over the left hypochondrium most likely has a splenic rupture.
- Cirrhosis of the liver is the exception among conditions that can cause spontaneous rupture of the spleen.
- Thyroid cancers present as painless hard nodules and FNAC is used for diagnosis. The treatment is total thyroidectomy with neck dissection followed by radioactive iodine therapy and follow-up scans. Radiation protection is needed during dental x-rays.
- Thyroid cancer is more common in women. Medullary thyroid cancer arises from C cells and patients have high calcitonin levels. Anaplastic thyroid cancer grows and spreads rapidly.
- Some patients require thyroid hormone replacement or suppression after cancer treatment. Radioactive iodine is administered orally, not via injection.
Promoting Wellbeing - Applied Social Psychology - Psychology SuperNotesPsychoTech Services
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
Basavarajeeyam is an important text for ayurvedic physician belonging to andhra pradehs. It is a popular compendium in various parts of our country as well as in andhra pradesh. The content of the text was presented in sanskrit and telugu language (Bilingual). One of the most famous book in ayurvedic pharmaceutics and therapeutics. This book contains 25 chapters called as prakaranas. Many rasaoushadis were explained, pioneer of dhatu druti, nadi pareeksha, mutra pareeksha etc. Belongs to the period of 15-16 century. New diseases like upadamsha, phiranga rogas are explained.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of the physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar lead (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
6. Describe the flow of current around the heart during the cardiac cycle
7. Discuss the placement and polarity of the leads of electrocardiograph
8. Describe the normal electrocardiograms recorded from the limb leads and explain the physiological basis of the different records that are obtained
9. Define mean electrical vector (axis) of the heart and give the normal range
10. Define the mean QRS vector
11. Describe the axes of leads (hexagonal reference system)
12. Comprehend the vectorial analysis of the normal ECG
13. Determine the mean electrical axis of the ventricular QRS and appreciate the mean axis deviation
14. Explain the concepts of current of injury, J point, and their significance
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
7. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Adhd Medication Shortage Uk - trinexpharmacy.comreignlana06
The UK is currently facing a Adhd Medication Shortage Uk, which has left many patients and their families grappling with uncertainty and frustration. ADHD, or Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, is a chronic condition that requires consistent medication to manage effectively. This shortage has highlighted the critical role these medications play in the daily lives of those affected by ADHD. Contact : +1 (747) 209 – 3649 E-mail : sales@trinexpharmacy.com
Histololgy of Female Reproductive System.pptxAyeshaZaid1
Dive into an in-depth exploration of the histological structure of female reproductive system with this comprehensive lecture. Presented by Dr. Ayesha Irfan, Assistant Professor of Anatomy, this presentation covers the Gross anatomy and functional histology of the female reproductive organs. Ideal for students, educators, and anyone interested in medical science, this lecture provides clear explanations, detailed diagrams, and valuable insights into female reproductive system. Enhance your knowledge and understanding of this essential aspect of human biology.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/kqbnxVAZs-0
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/SINlygW1Mpc
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
Cell Therapy Expansion and Challenges in Autoimmune DiseaseHealth Advances
There is increasing confidence that cell therapies will soon play a role in the treatment of autoimmune disorders, but the extent of this impact remains to be seen. Early readouts on autologous CAR-Ts in lupus are encouraging, but manufacturing and cost limitations are likely to restrict access to highly refractory patients. Allogeneic CAR-Ts have the potential to broaden access to earlier lines of treatment due to their inherent cost benefits, however they will need to demonstrate comparable or improved efficacy to established modalities.
In addition to infrastructure and capacity constraints, CAR-Ts face a very different risk-benefit dynamic in autoimmune compared to oncology, highlighting the need for tolerable therapies with low adverse event risk. CAR-NK and Treg-based therapies are also being developed in certain autoimmune disorders and may demonstrate favorable safety profiles. Several novel non-cell therapies such as bispecific antibodies, nanobodies, and RNAi drugs, may also offer future alternative competitive solutions with variable value propositions.
Widespread adoption of cell therapies will not only require strong efficacy and safety data, but also adapted pricing and access strategies. At oncology-based price points, CAR-Ts are unlikely to achieve broad market access in autoimmune disorders, with eligible patient populations that are potentially orders of magnitude greater than the number of currently addressable cancer patients. Developers have made strides towards reducing cell therapy COGS while improving manufacturing efficiency, but payors will inevitably restrict access until more sustainable pricing is achieved.
Despite these headwinds, industry leaders and investors remain confident that cell therapies are poised to address significant unmet need in patients suffering from autoimmune disorders. However, the extent of this impact on the treatment landscape remains to be seen, as the industry rapidly approaches an inflection point.
Local Advanced Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex Sys...Oleg Kshivets
Overall life span (LS) was 1671.7±1721.6 days and cumulative 5YS reached 62.4%, 10 years – 50.4%, 20 years – 44.6%. 94 LCP lived more than 5 years without cancer (LS=2958.6±1723.6 days), 22 – more than 10 years (LS=5571±1841.8 days). 67 LCP died because of LC (LS=471.9±344 days). AT significantly improved 5YS (68% vs. 53.7%) (P=0.028 by log-rank test). Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: N0-N12, T3-4, blood cell circuit, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells-CC and blood cells subpopulations), LC cell dynamics, recalcification time, heparin tolerance, prothrombin index, protein, AT, procedure type (P=0.000-0.031). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and N0-12 (rank=1), thrombocytes/CC (rank=2), segmented neutrophils/CC (3), eosinophils/CC (4), erythrocytes/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), stick neutrophils/CC (8), leucocytes/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (error=0.000; area under ROC curve=1.0).
How STIs Influence the Development of Pelvic Inflammatory Disease.pptx
Ca stomach improved.pptx
1. Tips on using my ppt.
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3. First show the blank slides (eg. Aetiology ) > Ask
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aetiologies.
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show next slide.
5. This will be an ACTIVE LEARNING SESSION x
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6. Good for self study also.
7. See notes for bibliography.
9. Etiology:Causes
• Smoking
• Partial gastrectomy
• Helicobacter pylori
• A family history of stomach cancer
• People with blood type A also have an increased
risk.
• Pernicious anemia
• A diet rich in pickled vegetables, salted fish, salt,
and smoked meats
• Diet deficient in fresh fruits and vegetables
10. Etiology:Causes
• Infection with the Epstein-Barr virus.
• Obesity
• Radiation exposure: Survivors of atomic bomb
blasts have had an increased rate of stomach
cancer. Other populations exposed to radiation
may also have an increased rate of stomach
cancer.
• Li-Fraumeni syndrome
15. Anatomy
• 40% of cancers develop in the lower part,
• 40% in the middle part
• 15% in the upper part
• 10% involve more than one part of the
organ.
17. Pathophysiology
• Correa’s cascade- Helicobacter pylori infection
>chronic non-atrophic gastritis > atrophic
gastritis>intestinal metaplasia>dysplasia.
• 20-year gastric cancer risk in patients with
particular gastroscopy findings
– Normal mucosa – One in 256
– Gastritis – One in 85
– Atrophic gastritis – One in 50
– Intestinal metaplasia – One in 39
– Dysplasia – One in 19
28. Demography
• Once the second most common cancer
worldwide, stomach cancer has dropped to
fourth place, after cancers of the lung,
breast, and colon and rectum.
• Highest in Asia and parts of South America
and lowest in North America.
• Japan most common cancer site in males.
• Most patients are elderly at diagnosis. The
median age for gastric cancer in the United
States is 69 years
30. Symptoms
Early disease has no associated symptoms; Most symptoms
of gastric cancer reflect advanced disease
•
31. Symptoms
Early disease has no associated symptoms; Most symptoms
of gastric cancer reflect advanced disease
• Indigestion
• Nausea or vomiting
• Dysphagia
• Postprandial fullness
• Loss of appetite
• Melena
• Hematemesis
• Weight loss
• Lump in abdomen
33. Late Symptoms
• Pathologic peritoneal and pleural effusions
• Obstruction of the gastric outlet
gastroesophageal junction, or small bowel
• Bleeding in the stomach from esophageal
varices or at the anastomosis after surgery
• Intrahepatic jaundice caused by
hepatomegaly
• Extrahepatic jaundice
• Weight loss resulting from starvation or
cachexia of tumor origin
36. Signs
All physical signs are late events.
• palpable enlarged stomach with succussion
splash;
• Hepatomegaly
• Periumbilical metastasis (Sister Mary Joseph
nodule
• Pallor from anemia
• Enlarged lymph nodes
– Virchow nodes (ie, left supraclavicular)
Troisier sign
– Irish node (anterior axillary).
– Blumer shelf (ie, shelflike tumor of the anterior
37. Signs
• Paraneoplastic syndromes such as
dermatomyositis, acanthosis nigricans, and
circinate erythemas are poor prognostic
features.
• Other associated abnormalities include
peripheral thrombophlebitis Troussaau sign
and microangiopathic hemolytic anemia.
•
39. Prognosis
• 5-year relative survival rate, which was
14.3% in 1975, rose to 32.0% by 2010-
2016.
• The 5-year relative survival rate by stage at
diagnosis was 69.5% for localized
disease, 32.0% for regional disease, and
5.5% for distant disease.
• Worldwide, gastric cancer is the third
leading cause of cancer death.
40. Prognosis
• Japan, Chile, and Venezuela have
developed a very rigorous early screening
program that detects patients with early-
stage disease (ie, low tumor burden).
• These patients appear to do quite well
52. Classification
• Adenocarcinoma of the stomach is
subclassified according to histologic
description
– Tubular
– Papillary
– Mucinous
– Signet-ring cells
– Undifferentiated lesions
•
53. Classification
• In about 5% of primary gastric cancers, a
broad region of the gastric wall or even the
entire stomach is extensively infiltrated by
malignancy, resulting in a rigid thickened
stomach, termed linitis plastica. Patients
with linitis plastica have an extremely poor
prognosis.
54. Classification
• The Lauren system classifies gastric cancer
pathology
– Type I (intestinal)
– Type II (diffuse).
61. Investigations
Laboratory Studies
• CBC: anemia
• Electrolyte panels
• Liver function tests
• Tumor markers such as CEA and CA 19-9:
Elevated CEA in 45-50% of cases; elevated
CA 19-9 in about 20% of cases
• HER2-neu testing if metastatic
adenocarcinoma is documented or
suspected
68. Operative Therapy
• Tis, or T1-- Endoscopic mucosal resection
or surgery are the standard treatment
options
• Stage IB to IIIC(resectable tumors)
preoperative chemotherapy or
chemoradiotherapy followed by surgery.
• Postoperative chemoradiation or
chemotherapy is indicated for patients who
have undergone primary D2 lymph node
dissection
84. Management of precancerous
conditions
• Magnification chromoendoscopy or narrow-
band imaging (NBI) endoscopy
• Biopsies
• Endoscopic surveillance every 3 years
• H pylori infection is present>eradication
• Polyps with high-grade dysplasia that
cannot be removed, or invasive cancer
detected on biopsy should be referred for
gastrectomy.
86. Management of precancerous
conditions: HDGC
• Mutations of the E-cadherin gene (CDH1)
• Prophylactic gastrectomy (without a D2
lymph node dissection) between the ages of
18 and 40 for asymptomatic carriers with a
family history of HDGC
• Women with CDH1 mutations are at
increased risk for breast cancer and should
be followed similar
to BRCA1/ BRCA2 mutation carriers
87. Breast Cancer Prevention
for BRCA1and BRCA2 Mutation
Carriers
• For women who carry a mutation in
the BRCA1 or BRCA2 genes, the risk of
breast cancer by age 70 years is
approximately 65% and 45%,
respectively. Breast cancer prevention for
these women has predominantly focused on
surgical strategies, such as bilateral
mastectomy and endocrine ablation by
premenopausal bilateral salpingo-
oophorectomy (BSO).
88. Breast Cancer Prevention
for BRCA1and BRCA2 Mutation Carriers
• Who decline bilateral mastectomy, or
choose to delay it until they are older,
tamoxifen should be considered,
89. Take home messages
• Ca.Stomach when detected is incurable.
• Several silver linings
– Falling incidence
– Early detection
– H. Pylori eradication.
• Our role
– Order endoscopy and H.pylori testing instead of
just prescribing PPIs.
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91.
92. Get this ppt in mobile
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