C14 idf guideline for smbg in non insulin treated type 2 diabetes 2009
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The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise boosts blood flow, releases endorphins, and promotes changes in the brain which help enhance one's emotional well-being and mental clarity.
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C14 idf postmeal glucose guidelines 2011
This document provides guidelines for managing post-meal glucose levels in diabetes. It summarizes the methodology used to develop the guidelines, which included reviewing evidence and reaching consensus among an international panel of experts. The guidelines are an update from 2007 and aim to help lower risks of diabetes complications by achieving optimal post-meal glucose control.
Gdm+cda diabetes and pregnancy 2013
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This document provides diagnostic criteria and classification guidelines for hyperglycemia first detected during pregnancy from the World Health Organization (WHO). It summarizes the evidence from systematic reviews on the relationship between glycemia levels and maternal and fetal outcomes. Based on this evidence and expert consensus, the WHO recommends: 1) Classifying hyperglycemia during pregnancy as either diabetes in pregnancy or gestational diabetes mellitus; 2) Diagnostic criteria for diabetes in pregnancy as per non-pregnant adults; and 3) Specific diagnostic criteria for gestational diabetes mellitus based on plasma glucose levels and risk of adverse outcomes. The guidelines aim to standardize diagnosis and classification of hyperglycemia in pregnancy globally.
Gdm india 2016
This document summarizes the results of a survey of physicians and obstetricians in India regarding practices for diagnosis and management of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). The key findings were:
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3) Treatment approaches like use of insulin and oral hypoglycemic agents varied significantly between physicians.
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Gdm idf 2009
This document provides guidelines for managing pregnancy and diabetes. It discusses gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), recommending testing all pregnant women for GDM. The guidelines cover pre-pregnancy counseling and care for women with pre-existing diabetes or a history of GDM. It recommends reviewing medications that may be harmful during pregnancy. The guidelines provide recommendations for ongoing management and monitoring of glucose levels during pregnancy. It also covers postpartum care including breastfeeding and follow-up to prevent future diabetes. The goal is to provide standards of care to help women achieve healthy pregnancies and babies.
C11 egyptian standards for diabetes mellitus 2009
The document provides guidelines for diabetes care in Egypt created by a committee of Egyptian diabetes experts. It outlines recommendations for screening, diagnosing, classifying, preventing, and managing both type 1 and type 2 diabetes. The goals are to establish standards for clinical practice, treatment goals, and quality evaluation tools adapted for the Egyptian healthcare system and culture. An initial patient evaluation is recommended to assess family history, medical history, examine for complications, and create a personalized diabetes management plan. Lifestyle interventions including diet, exercise and weight loss are emphasized for prevention and treatment.
Exercise for type 2 diabetes mellitus
This Cochrane review summarizes the results of 14 randomized controlled trials involving 377 participants that compared exercise programs to no exercise for people with type 2 diabetes. The review found that exercise significantly improved blood sugar control, as shown by a 0.6% reduction in HbA1c levels, even without weight loss. Exercise also decreased body fat, increased insulin response, and decreased blood lipids and visceral adipose tissue. No adverse effects or safety issues with exercise were reported.
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C14 idf postmeal glucose guidelines 2011
This document provides guidelines for managing post-meal glucose levels in diabetes. It summarizes the methodology used to develop the guidelines, which included reviewing evidence and reaching consensus among an international panel of experts. The guidelines are an update from 2007 and aim to help lower risks of diabetes complications by achieving optimal post-meal glucose control.
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This document provides guidelines and recommendations for the management of diabetes and pregnancy. It discusses care for women with preexisting type 1 or type 2 diabetes both before and during pregnancy to minimize risks. It also addresses the screening, diagnosis and treatment of gestational diabetes mellitus. The guidelines recommend optimization of glycemic control prior to conception, careful monitoring and insulin treatment during pregnancy, and screening postpartum for diabetes.
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This document provides diagnostic criteria and classification guidelines for hyperglycemia first detected during pregnancy from the World Health Organization (WHO). It summarizes the evidence from systematic reviews on the relationship between glycemia levels and maternal and fetal outcomes. Based on this evidence and expert consensus, the WHO recommends: 1) Classifying hyperglycemia during pregnancy as either diabetes in pregnancy or gestational diabetes mellitus; 2) Diagnostic criteria for diabetes in pregnancy as per non-pregnant adults; and 3) Specific diagnostic criteria for gestational diabetes mellitus based on plasma glucose levels and risk of adverse outcomes. The guidelines aim to standardize diagnosis and classification of hyperglycemia in pregnancy globally.
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This document summarizes the results of a survey of physicians and obstetricians in India regarding practices for diagnosis and management of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). The key findings were:
1) Most obstetricians (84.9%) preferred universal screening for GDM while some (14.5%) preferred risk-based screening.
2) Guidelines for diagnosing GDM were not consistently followed, with over half of respondents not properly following any recommended criteria.
3) Treatment approaches like use of insulin and oral hypoglycemic agents varied significantly between physicians.
4) Postpartum follow-up practices like recommending oral glucose tolerance tests after delivery were reported by over half
Gdm idf 2009
This document provides guidelines for managing pregnancy and diabetes. It discusses gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), recommending testing all pregnant women for GDM. The guidelines cover pre-pregnancy counseling and care for women with pre-existing diabetes or a history of GDM. It recommends reviewing medications that may be harmful during pregnancy. The guidelines provide recommendations for ongoing management and monitoring of glucose levels during pregnancy. It also covers postpartum care including breastfeeding and follow-up to prevent future diabetes. The goal is to provide standards of care to help women achieve healthy pregnancies and babies.
C11 egyptian standards for diabetes mellitus 2009
The document provides guidelines for diabetes care in Egypt created by a committee of Egyptian diabetes experts. It outlines recommendations for screening, diagnosing, classifying, preventing, and managing both type 1 and type 2 diabetes. The goals are to establish standards for clinical practice, treatment goals, and quality evaluation tools adapted for the Egyptian healthcare system and culture. An initial patient evaluation is recommended to assess family history, medical history, examine for complications, and create a personalized diabetes management plan. Lifestyle interventions including diet, exercise and weight loss are emphasized for prevention and treatment.
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This Cochrane review summarizes the results of 14 randomized controlled trials involving 377 participants that compared exercise programs to no exercise for people with type 2 diabetes. The review found that exercise significantly improved blood sugar control, as shown by a 0.6% reduction in HbA1c levels, even without weight loss. Exercise also decreased body fat, increased insulin response, and decreased blood lipids and visceral adipose tissue. No adverse effects or safety issues with exercise were reported.
C14 idf global guideline for type 2 diabetes recommendations 2012
The document provides guidelines for the care and management of type 2 diabetes. It outlines three levels of care - recommended care, limited care, and comprehensive care - depending on available resources. For recommended care, it recommends annual screening and surveillance for all aspects of diabetes control and complications. It also recommends structured diabetes self-management education and lifestyle management. Target HbA1c levels for glucose control are outlined, with the goal of maintaining HbA1c below 7.0% to minimize the risk of complications. Clinical monitoring including regular HbA1c testing is also recommended.
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This document provides guidelines for managing type 2 diabetes in older adults aged 70 and over. It was created by an international group of diabetes experts to address the special issues related to providing high-quality diabetes care for older populations. The guidelines aim to individualize care based on a person's functional status and medical comorbidities. It provides recommendations in areas like cardiovascular risk, education, renal impairment, and end-of-life care. The guidelines also emphasize the importance of comprehensive geriatric assessments and involving informal caregivers in diabetes management for older adults.
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This document provides guidance on developing clinical practice guidelines for diabetes care. It discusses planning guideline development, searching for evidence, developing recommendations, and implementing and evaluating guidelines. The intended users are those involved in diabetes care, those preparing guidelines, and those wanting to learn from other's experiences. The guide was created by an international working group to help standardize and improve diabetes care worldwide.
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This document provides guidelines for managing diabetes in adults. It recommends a team-based and patient-centric approach to developing individualized treatment plans. It provides guidance on diagnosing diabetes, monitoring A1C levels, glucose monitoring, hypoglycemia treatment, and goals for glycemic control. The guidelines are evidence-based and aim to improve clinical outcomes for patients with diabetes.
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This document provides an executive summary of key findings from the IDF Diabetes Atlas Seventh Edition:
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- By 2040, without effective prevention, the number of people with diabetes is projected to rise to 642 million.
- In 2015, diabetes caused an estimated 5.0 million deaths and cost between $673-1197 billion in healthcare expenditures.
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C14 idf guideline for management of postmeal glucose in diabetes 2011
This document provides guidelines for managing post-meal glucose levels in people with diabetes. It finds that post-meal hyperglycemia is independently associated with several harmful health outcomes. While there is no direct evidence that controlling post-meal glucose improves clinical outcomes, targeting both post-meal and fasting glucose is important for achieving optimal glycemic control. A variety of dietary and pharmacological therapies can effectively lower post-meal plasma glucose. The guideline recommends a post-meal glucose target of 9.0 mmol/l or 160 mg/dl as measured 1-2 hours after a meal through self-monitoring of blood glucose.
C4 nice diabetic foot problems prevention and management 2015
This document provides guidelines for preventing and managing diabetic foot problems. It recommends:
1. Assessing all people with diabetes for risk of foot problems annually and when admitted to hospital.
2. Establishing foot protection and multidisciplinary foot care services to manage foot problems in the community and hospital.
3. Referring people with active or limb-threatening foot problems immediately for assessment and treatment.
4. Developing antibiotic guidelines for diabetic foot infections and promptly referring people with suspected Charcot arthropathy.
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This document provides a review of diabetes management and guidelines for Muslims with diabetes during Ramadan. It begins with background on the demographics of Muslims worldwide and the prevalence of diabetes in Muslim populations. It then discusses the physiology of fasting for healthy individuals and those with diabetes. The document reviews studies on the effects of fasting during Ramadan, including on weight, glycemic control and other health markers. It provides recommendations for pre-Ramadan assessment and counseling, nutrition, physical activity, and management of type 1 and type 2 diabetes during Ramadan. The largest study on this topic, the EPIDIAR study, is summarized.
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This document provides guidelines for managing diabetes in pregnancy from preconception to the postnatal period. Key recommendations include:
- Diagnosing gestational diabetes based on specific fasting and post-meal blood glucose levels.
- Providing intensive antenatal care and monitoring for women with diabetes, including regular appointments and blood glucose targets.
- Scheduling induction of labour or caesarean delivery between 37+0 and 38+6 weeks for women with type 1 or 2 diabetes, and delivering women with gestational diabetes by 40+6 weeks.
- Testing women diagnosed with gestational diabetes 6-13 weeks after birth to exclude ongoing diabetes.
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This document provides guidelines for managing diabetes in children and adolescents in under-resourced countries. It summarizes key information from other comprehensive guidelines, adapting them to focus on practical management with limited resources. The guidelines cover diagnosing diabetes, treating diabetic ketoacidosis, administering insulin therapy, managing hypoglycemia, sick day care, blood glucose monitoring, nutrition, physical activity, education, ongoing care, and complications screening. The goal is to optimize clinical practice given each center's expertise and refer elsewhere when needed.
C14 idf diabetes in childhood and adolescence guidelines 2011
- The document provides guidelines for diabetes care in childhood and adolescence developed by the International Society for Pediatric and Adolescent Diabetes (ISPAD) and the International Diabetes Federation (IDF).
- It estimates that approximately 440,000 children worldwide have diabetes, with 70,000 new cases diagnosed each year. However, many children die before their diabetes is diagnosed due to lack of access to insulin.
- The guidelines are intended to improve diabetes management and outcomes for children and adolescents globally by providing evidence-based care recommendations tailored to different resource settings and levels of care. They cover topics such as education, treatment, complications, and more.
Gdm rcog diagnosis and treatment of gestational diabetes 2011
This document summarizes recent evidence on the diagnosis and treatment of gestational diabetes. It finds that:
1) Several large studies including HAPO have demonstrated a linear relationship between maternal glucose levels and fetal growth outcomes like birthweight.
2) Two major trials, ACHOIS and MFMU Network, showed treating gestational diabetes according to different diagnostic criteria significantly reduced adverse outcomes.
3) While lifestyle changes are usually effective, 7-20% of women require medication like metformin or insulin to control glucose.
C14 idf diabetes and ramadan practical guidelines
The IDF-DAR Practical Guidelines provide recommendations for healthcare professionals to help patients with diabetes safely participate in Ramadan fasting. Ramadan fasting is compulsory for healthy adult Muslims but exemptions exist for those with medical conditions like diabetes. The number of Muslims with diabetes is increasing worldwide as diabetes rises globally. Many patients still wish to fast during Ramadan against medical advice, so guidelines are needed to minimize health risks. The guidelines aim to educate healthcare workers on evaluating patient risk and adjusting diabetes management, like medications and nutrition, to support safe fasting.
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C13 nice type 2 diabetes in adults management 2015
This document provides guidelines for managing type 2 diabetes in adults. It focuses on patient education, dietary advice, managing cardiovascular risk factors like blood pressure, managing blood glucose levels, and treating long-term complications. The guidelines were updated in 2015 and replace several previous NICE guidelines on type 2 diabetes. Proper management of type 2 diabetes is complex and requires lifestyle changes, medical therapy, and involvement of multiple areas of healthcare to help control blood glucose and reduce health risks.
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This document provides recommendations for population and community-level interventions to prevent type 2 diabetes. It recommends integrating national strategies on non-communicable diseases and conducting local needs assessments. A local prevention strategy should be developed involving stakeholders. Interventions should target communities at high risk of diabetes and convey healthy lifestyle messages to the whole population. National and local actions are recommended to promote healthy diets and physical activity. Training should be provided for those involved in promoting healthy lifestyles. The recommendations aim to reduce risk factors for diabetes and encourage behavior change through community-level interventions.
C19 nice type 2 diabetes in adults management 2015
This document provides guidelines for managing type 2 diabetes in adults. Some of the key recommendations include:
1. Offering structured education to patients at diagnosis and annually to teach self-management skills. Education programs should be evidence-based and tailored to individual needs.
2. Integrating dietary advice with an individualized management plan including lifestyle changes like increased physical activity and weight loss.
3. Adding medications if lifestyle changes do not lower blood pressure below 140/80 mmHg (or 130/80 mmHg for those with organ damage), and monitoring blood pressure monthly until it is controlled.
4. Involving patients in decisions about individual HbA1c targets and intensifying drug treatment if levels rise
C14 idf the ramadan nutrition plan for diabetes
The document discusses the Ramadan Nutrition Plan (RNP), a mobile and web-based application that provides individualized medical nutrition therapy for patients with diabetes during Ramadan fasting. The RNP is based on principles of optimal nutrition and provides country-specific meal plans. It aims to ensure patients consume adequate calories and distribute carbohydrates appropriately during fasting periods to prevent hypoglycemia and hyperglycemia. The RNP recommends patients meet with healthcare providers before Ramadan to modify nutrition plans, adjust medications, and educate on risks. It provides 10 principles for medical nutrition therapy during Ramadan, including consuming balanced meals, maintaining hydration and distributing calories appropriately between meals and snacks.
Module 205.4 20_b_en
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive function. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
Module 205.4 20_a_en
The document discusses the benefits of meditation for reducing stress and anxiety. Regular meditation practice can help calm the mind and body by lowering heart rate and blood pressure. Making meditation a part of a daily routine, even if just 10-15 minutes per day, can offer improvements to mood, focus, and overall well-being over time.
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C14 idf global guideline for type 2 diabetes recommendations 2012
The document provides guidelines for the care and management of type 2 diabetes. It outlines three levels of care - recommended care, limited care, and comprehensive care - depending on available resources. For recommended care, it recommends annual screening and surveillance for all aspects of diabetes control and complications. It also recommends structured diabetes self-management education and lifestyle management. Target HbA1c levels for glucose control are outlined, with the goal of maintaining HbA1c below 7.0% to minimize the risk of complications. Clinical monitoring including regular HbA1c testing is also recommended.
Exercise or exercise and diet for preventing type 2 dm
This Cochrane review summarizes evidence from eight randomized controlled trials that examined the effects of exercise alone or exercise combined with diet interventions on preventing type 2 diabetes in high-risk groups. The trials involved over 4,000 participants and lasted from one to six years. The review found that interventions combining exercise and diet reduced the relative risk of developing diabetes by 37% compared to standard recommendations. These interventions also had beneficial effects on weight, waist circumference, and blood pressure. However, more evidence is needed on the effects of exercise alone and on outcomes like diabetes-related morbidity, mortality, and quality of life.
C14 idf guideline for older people t2 d
This document provides guidelines for managing type 2 diabetes in older adults aged 70 and over. It was created by an international group of diabetes experts to address the special issues related to providing high-quality diabetes care for older populations. The guidelines aim to individualize care based on a person's functional status and medical comorbidities. It provides recommendations in areas like cardiovascular risk, education, renal impairment, and end-of-life care. The guidelines also emphasize the importance of comprehensive geriatric assessments and involving informal caregivers in diabetes management for older adults.
C14 idf guide for guidelines
This document provides guidance on developing clinical practice guidelines for diabetes care. It discusses planning guideline development, searching for evidence, developing recommendations, and implementing and evaluating guidelines. The intended users are those involved in diabetes care, those preparing guidelines, and those wanting to learn from other's experiences. The guide was created by an international working group to help standardize and improve diabetes care worldwide.
E18 joslin diabetes center joslin clinic
This document provides guidelines for managing diabetes in adults. It recommends a team-based and patient-centric approach to developing individualized treatment plans. It provides guidance on diagnosing diabetes, monitoring A1C levels, glucose monitoring, hypoglycemia treatment, and goals for glycemic control. The guidelines are evidence-based and aim to improve clinical outcomes for patients with diabetes.
C14 idf atlas 2015 eng
This document provides an executive summary of key findings from the IDF Diabetes Atlas Seventh Edition:
- An estimated 415 million adults worldwide have diabetes in 2015, including 193 million who are undiagnosed. An additional 318 million adults have impaired glucose tolerance putting them at high risk.
- By 2040, without effective prevention, the number of people with diabetes is projected to rise to 642 million.
- In 2015, diabetes caused an estimated 5.0 million deaths and cost between $673-1197 billion in healthcare expenditures.
- The largest numbers of people with diabetes live in the South East Asia and Western Pacific regions, though Africa is projected to have the largest growth between 2015-2040.
C14 idf guideline for management of postmeal glucose in diabetes 2011
This document provides guidelines for managing post-meal glucose levels in people with diabetes. It finds that post-meal hyperglycemia is independently associated with several harmful health outcomes. While there is no direct evidence that controlling post-meal glucose improves clinical outcomes, targeting both post-meal and fasting glucose is important for achieving optimal glycemic control. A variety of dietary and pharmacological therapies can effectively lower post-meal plasma glucose. The guideline recommends a post-meal glucose target of 9.0 mmol/l or 160 mg/dl as measured 1-2 hours after a meal through self-monitoring of blood glucose.
C4 nice diabetic foot problems prevention and management 2015
This document provides guidelines for preventing and managing diabetic foot problems. It recommends:
1. Assessing all people with diabetes for risk of foot problems annually and when admitted to hospital.
2. Establishing foot protection and multidisciplinary foot care services to manage foot problems in the community and hospital.
3. Referring people with active or limb-threatening foot problems immediately for assessment and treatment.
4. Developing antibiotic guidelines for diabetic foot infections and promptly referring people with suspected Charcot arthropathy.
C11 review of diabetes management and guidelines during ramadan 2010
This document provides a review of diabetes management and guidelines for Muslims with diabetes during Ramadan. It begins with background on the demographics of Muslims worldwide and the prevalence of diabetes in Muslim populations. It then discusses the physiology of fasting for healthy individuals and those with diabetes. The document reviews studies on the effects of fasting during Ramadan, including on weight, glycemic control and other health markers. It provides recommendations for pre-Ramadan assessment and counseling, nutrition, physical activity, and management of type 1 and type 2 diabetes during Ramadan. The largest study on this topic, the EPIDIAR study, is summarized.
Gdm nice 2013
This document provides guidelines for managing diabetes in pregnancy from preconception to the postnatal period. Key recommendations include:
- Diagnosing gestational diabetes based on specific fasting and post-meal blood glucose levels.
- Providing intensive antenatal care and monitoring for women with diabetes, including regular appointments and blood glucose targets.
- Scheduling induction of labour or caesarean delivery between 37+0 and 38+6 weeks for women with type 1 or 2 diabetes, and delivering women with gestational diabetes by 40+6 weeks.
- Testing women diagnosed with gestational diabetes 6-13 weeks after birth to exclude ongoing diabetes.
C14 idf diabetes in childhood and adolescence 2013
This document provides guidelines for managing diabetes in children and adolescents in under-resourced countries. It summarizes key information from other comprehensive guidelines, adapting them to focus on practical management with limited resources. The guidelines cover diagnosing diabetes, treating diabetic ketoacidosis, administering insulin therapy, managing hypoglycemia, sick day care, blood glucose monitoring, nutrition, physical activity, education, ongoing care, and complications screening. The goal is to optimize clinical practice given each center's expertise and refer elsewhere when needed.
C14 idf diabetes in childhood and adolescence guidelines 2011
- The document provides guidelines for diabetes care in childhood and adolescence developed by the International Society for Pediatric and Adolescent Diabetes (ISPAD) and the International Diabetes Federation (IDF).
- It estimates that approximately 440,000 children worldwide have diabetes, with 70,000 new cases diagnosed each year. However, many children die before their diabetes is diagnosed due to lack of access to insulin.
- The guidelines are intended to improve diabetes management and outcomes for children and adolescents globally by providing evidence-based care recommendations tailored to different resource settings and levels of care. They cover topics such as education, treatment, complications, and more.
Gdm rcog diagnosis and treatment of gestational diabetes 2011
This document summarizes recent evidence on the diagnosis and treatment of gestational diabetes. It finds that:
1) Several large studies including HAPO have demonstrated a linear relationship between maternal glucose levels and fetal growth outcomes like birthweight.
2) Two major trials, ACHOIS and MFMU Network, showed treating gestational diabetes according to different diagnostic criteria significantly reduced adverse outcomes.
3) While lifestyle changes are usually effective, 7-20% of women require medication like metformin or insulin to control glucose.
C14 idf diabetes and ramadan practical guidelines
The IDF-DAR Practical Guidelines provide recommendations for healthcare professionals to help patients with diabetes safely participate in Ramadan fasting. Ramadan fasting is compulsory for healthy adult Muslims but exemptions exist for those with medical conditions like diabetes. The number of Muslims with diabetes is increasing worldwide as diabetes rises globally. Many patients still wish to fast during Ramadan against medical advice, so guidelines are needed to minimize health risks. The guidelines aim to educate healthcare workers on evaluating patient risk and adjusting diabetes management, like medications and nutrition, to support safe fasting.
C4 iwgdf guidance on footwear and offloading interventions to prevent and hea...
This document provides recommendations from the International Working Group on the Diabetic Foot (IWGDF) for footwear and offloading interventions to prevent and heal foot ulcers in patients with diabetes. The recommendations are based on a systematic review of the literature and expert opinion. The document begins with 13 recommendations regarding casting/prefabricated devices, therapeutic footwear, surgical offloading, and other offloading interventions. It then provides the rationale for each recommendation, discussing the quality of evidence. The quality of evidence is assessed as high, moderate, or low.
C13 nice type 2 diabetes in adults management 2015
This document provides guidelines for managing type 2 diabetes in adults. It focuses on patient education, dietary advice, managing cardiovascular risk factors like blood pressure, managing blood glucose levels, and treating long-term complications. The guidelines were updated in 2015 and replace several previous NICE guidelines on type 2 diabetes. Proper management of type 2 diabetes is complex and requires lifestyle changes, medical therapy, and involvement of multiple areas of healthcare to help control blood glucose and reduce health risks.
C13 nice type 2 diabetes prevention population and community level interventi...
This document provides recommendations for population and community-level interventions to prevent type 2 diabetes. It recommends integrating national strategies on non-communicable diseases and conducting local needs assessments. A local prevention strategy should be developed involving stakeholders. Interventions should target communities at high risk of diabetes and convey healthy lifestyle messages to the whole population. National and local actions are recommended to promote healthy diets and physical activity. Training should be provided for those involved in promoting healthy lifestyles. The recommendations aim to reduce risk factors for diabetes and encourage behavior change through community-level interventions.
C19 nice type 2 diabetes in adults management 2015
This document provides guidelines for managing type 2 diabetes in adults. Some of the key recommendations include:
1. Offering structured education to patients at diagnosis and annually to teach self-management skills. Education programs should be evidence-based and tailored to individual needs.
2. Integrating dietary advice with an individualized management plan including lifestyle changes like increased physical activity and weight loss.
3. Adding medications if lifestyle changes do not lower blood pressure below 140/80 mmHg (or 130/80 mmHg for those with organ damage), and monitoring blood pressure monthly until it is controlled.
4. Involving patients in decisions about individual HbA1c targets and intensifying drug treatment if levels rise
C14 idf the ramadan nutrition plan for diabetes
The document discusses the Ramadan Nutrition Plan (RNP), a mobile and web-based application that provides individualized medical nutrition therapy for patients with diabetes during Ramadan fasting. The RNP is based on principles of optimal nutrition and provides country-specific meal plans. It aims to ensure patients consume adequate calories and distribute carbohydrates appropriately during fasting periods to prevent hypoglycemia and hyperglycemia. The RNP recommends patients meet with healthcare providers before Ramadan to modify nutrition plans, adjust medications, and educate on risks. It provides 10 principles for medical nutrition therapy during Ramadan, including consuming balanced meals, maintaining hydration and distributing calories appropriately between meals and snacks.
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Module 205.4 20_b_en
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive function. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
Module 205.4 20_a_en
The document discusses the benefits of meditation for reducing stress and anxiety. Regular meditation practice can help calm the mind and body by lowering heart rate and blood pressure. Making meditation a part of a daily routine, even if just 10-15 minutes per day, can offer improvements to mood, focus, and overall well-being over time.
Module 205.3 en
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive function. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms for those who already suffer from conditions like anxiety and depression.
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The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive function. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
Module 204.2 en
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
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The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help boost feelings of calmness, happiness and focus.
Module 203.3 en_0
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
Module 203.2 en_0
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms for those who already suffer from conditions like depression and anxiety.
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The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help boost feelings of calmness and well-being.
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The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise stimulates the production of endorphins in the brain which can help alleviate feelings of stress or sadness.
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The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help boost feelings of calmness, happiness and focus.
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The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive function. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
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The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive function. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
Module 205.5 en
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive function. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms for those who already suffer from conditions like depression and anxiety.
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The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive function. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
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The Nervous and Chemical Regulation of Respiration
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a simplified look into the mechanisms involved in the regulation of respiration:
Learning objectives:
1. Describe the organisation of respiratory center
2. Describe the nervous control of inspiration and respiratory rhythm
3. Describe the functions of the dorsal and respiratory groups of neurons
4. Describe the influences of the Pneumotaxic and Apneustic centers
5. Explain the role of Hering-Breur inflation reflex in regulation of inspiration
6. Explain the role of central chemoreceptors in regulation of respiration
7. Explain the role of peripheral chemoreceptors in regulation of respiration
8. Explain the regulation of respiration during exercise
9. Integrate the respiratory regulatory mechanisms
10. Describe the Cheyne-Stokes breathing
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 42, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 36, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 13, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
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According to research conducted by the National Family Health Survey of India, diabetic cases show a projection which might increase to 10.4% by 2030.
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There is increasing confidence that cell therapies will soon play a role in the treatment of autoimmune disorders, but the extent of this impact remains to be seen. Early readouts on autologous CAR-Ts in lupus are encouraging, but manufacturing and cost limitations are likely to restrict access to highly refractory patients. Allogeneic CAR-Ts have the potential to broaden access to earlier lines of treatment due to their inherent cost benefits, however they will need to demonstrate comparable or improved efficacy to established modalities.
In addition to infrastructure and capacity constraints, CAR-Ts face a very different risk-benefit dynamic in autoimmune compared to oncology, highlighting the need for tolerable therapies with low adverse event risk. CAR-NK and Treg-based therapies are also being developed in certain autoimmune disorders and may demonstrate favorable safety profiles. Several novel non-cell therapies such as bispecific antibodies, nanobodies, and RNAi drugs, may also offer future alternative competitive solutions with variable value propositions.
Widespread adoption of cell therapies will not only require strong efficacy and safety data, but also adapted pricing and access strategies. At oncology-based price points, CAR-Ts are unlikely to achieve broad market access in autoimmune disorders, with eligible patient populations that are potentially orders of magnitude greater than the number of currently addressable cancer patients. Developers have made strides towards reducing cell therapy COGS while improving manufacturing efficiency, but payors will inevitably restrict access until more sustainable pricing is achieved.
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Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar lead (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
6. Describe the flow of current around the heart during the cardiac cycle
7. Discuss the placement and polarity of the leads of electrocardiograph
8. Describe the normal electrocardiograms recorded from the limb leads and explain the physiological basis of the different records that are obtained
9. Define mean electrical vector (axis) of the heart and give the normal range
10. Define the mean QRS vector
11. Describe the axes of leads (hexagonal reference system)
12. Comprehend the vectorial analysis of the normal ECG
13. Determine the mean electrical axis of the ventricular QRS and appreciate the mean axis deviation
14. Explain the concepts of current of injury, J point, and their significance
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
7. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
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