A student was showing to an exchange student how to move quickly through the underground. “there” he said at the end of a rushed journey “that saved 2 minutes”. after a moment the exchange student replied “what are you going to do with them?”

1. busineerviceupport
§

2. Business : Service & Support
Pre-paired Workbook
Ferudun SABAH
Sufiyane
www.sufi-yane.com
MAY 2010 ISTANBUL
ISBN 978-605-88973-1-1
REVISED EDITION MAY'2020 ISTANBUL

3. A student was showing to an exchange student
how to move quickly through the underground.
“there” he said
at the end of a rushed journey
“that saved 2 minutes”.
after a moment
the exchange student replied
“what are you going to do with them?”

4. Form
Follow
Function
Flow

5. Function
Form
Flow Follow

6. problem
1382, "a difficult question proposed for solution," from O.Fr. problème (14c.), from L. problema, from Gk. problema "a
problem, a question," lit. "thing put forward," from proballein "propose," from pro "forward" + ballein "to throw" (see
ballistics). Problem child first recorded 1920.
solution
late 14c., "a solving or being solved," from O.Fr. solucion, from L. solutionem (nom. solutio) "a loosening or unfastening,"
also "a solving," from pp. stem of solvere "to loosen, untie, solve, dissolve" (see solve). Meaning "liquid containing a
dissolved substance" is first recorded 1590s.
complain
c.1370, from stem of O.Fr. complaindre "to lament," from V.L. *complangere, orig. "to beat the breast," from L. com-
intensive prefix + plangere "to strike, beat the breast," from PIE base *plag- "to strike." Older sense of "lament" died out
17c.
care
O.E. caru, cearu "sorrow, anxiety, grief," also "serious mental attention," from P.Gmc. *karo, from PIE base *gar- "cry out,
scream." Sense of "charge, oversight, protection" is c.1400. The verb is O.E. carian, cearian "to feel concern or interest,"
from P.Gmc. *karojanan. Phrase couldn't care less is from 1946; could care less in the same sense (with an understood
negative) is 1966. Care figures in many "similies of indifference" in the form don't care a _____, with the blank filled by
fig, pin, button, cent, straw, rush, point, farthing, snap, etc.
trans-
prefix meaning "across, beyond, to go beyond," from L. trans-, from prep. trans "across, over, beyond," probably originally
prp. of a verb *trare-, meaning "to cross" (see through).
transform
mid-14c., from O.Fr. transformer, from L. transformare "change the shape or form of," from trans- "across" + formare "to
form" (see form).
1400–50; late ME < LL trānsfōrmātiōn- (s. of trānsfōrmātiō) change of shape.

7. X
two-runs-four

8. energy
1590s, from M.Fr. energie, from L.L. energia, from Gk. energeia "activity, operation," from energos "active, working," from
en- "at" + ergon "work" (see urge (v.)). Used by Aristotle with a sense of "force of expression;" broader meaning of "power"
is first recorded in English 1660s. Energy crisis first attested 1970.
entropy
1868, from Ger. Entropie "measure of the disorder of a system," coined 1865 (on analogy of Ger. Energie) by physicist
Rudolph Clausius (1822-1888) from Gk. entropia "a turning toward," from en- "in" + trope "a turning" (see trope).
synergy
1660, "cooperation," from Mod.L. synergia, from Gk. synergia "joint work, assistance, help," from synergos "working
together," related to synergein "work together, help another in work," from syn- "together" + ergon "work" (see urge (v.)).
Meaning "combined activities of a group" is from 1847.
syntropic
f. Gr. SYN- + - turning + -IC; cf. TROPIC.
Forming a series of similar parts pointing in the same direction, as ribs or vertebræ. So (in recent Dicts.) syntrope, any
one of such parts; syntropy, condition of being syntropic.

9. en(ergy)tropy & syn(ergy)tropy
X

10. half
O.E. half, halb (Mercian), healf (W. Saxon) "side, part" (original sense preserved in behalf), from P.Gmc. *khalbas
"something divided" (cf. O.N. halfr, O.Fris., M.Du. half, Ger. halb, Goth. halbs "half"). Used also in O.E. phrases as in
modern Ger., to mean "one half unit less than," cf. þridda healf "two and a half," lit. "half third." The construction in two
and a half, etc., is first recorded c.1200. Of time, in half past ten, etc., first attested 1750; in Scottish, the half often is
prefixed to the following hour, as in Ger. (halb elf "ten thirty"). Half-and-half "ale and porter" is from 1756; half-baked in
sense of "silly" is from 1855; half-breed "mixed race" is from 1760; half-blooded in this sense is from c.1600. Half-brother
(early 14c.) and half-sister (c.1200) were in M.E.. Halftime in football is from 1871. half-truth is first recorded 1658;
half-hearted is from 1610s. To go off half-cocked "speak or act too hastily" (1833) is in allusion to firearms.
double
early 13c., from O.Fr. duble, from L. duplus "twofold," from duo "two" + -plus "fold." Verb meaning "to work as, in addition
to one's regular job" is c.1920, circus slang, from performers who also played in the band. Double-header is first recorded
1869, Amer.Eng., originally a kind of fireworks or a railway train pulled by two engines; baseball sense is c.1890. Double
Dutch "gibberish" is attested from 1864 (High Dutch for "incomprehensible language" is recorded from 1789). Double
agent is first attested 1935; double date is from 1931. Double-take and double talk both first attested 1938. Military
double time (1833) was originally 130 steps per minute; in modern U.S. Army 180 steps of 36 inches in a minute. To
double park a motor vehicle is recorded from 1931.
single
c.1300, "individual, unbroken, unmarried," from O.Fr. sengle "being one, separate," from L. singulus "one, individual,
separate" (usually in pl. singuli "one by one"), from sim- (stem of simplus) + dim. suffix. Meaning "unaccompanied or
unsupported by others" is from 1340. The verb meaning "to separate from the herd" (originally in deer-hunting, often
with forth or out) is recorded from 1575. Single-handed is first attested 1709. Single-parent (adj.) is attested from 1969.
dual
c.1600, from L. dualis, from duo "two."

11. HALF DOUBLE
1:2 2:1
SINGLE DUAL
1:1 2:2
ONE
1
<half<double<single<dual<one>

12. support
late 14c., from O.Fr. supporter, from L. supportare "convey, carry, bring up," from sub "up from under" + portare "to carry"
(see port (1)). Related: Supported; supporting. The noun meaning "act of assistance, backing" is recorded from late 14c.;
sense of "that which supports" is from 1560s. Meaning "services which enable something to fulfil its function and remain
in operation" (e.g. tech support) is from 1953.
service
c.1100, "celebration of public worship," from O.Fr. servise, from L. servitium "slavery, servitude," from servus "slave" (see
serve). Meaning "act of serving" is attested from 1230. Sense of "duty of a military man" first recorded 1580s, hence "the
military as an occupation" (1706). Meaning "the furniture of the table" (tea service, etc.) is from mid-15c. Serving "a
helping of food" is from 1769. Serviceable "ready to serve" is from early 14c.

13. PRO
D
U
CT
SUPPORT
SOLUTION
PROBLEM(support[
CUSTOM
ER
SERVICE
CARE
COM
PLAIN
(service[

14. versus
mid-15c., in legal case names, denoting action of one party against another, from L. versus "turned toward or against,"
from pp. of vertere "to turn," from PIE *wert- "to turn, wind," from base *wer- "to turn, bend" (cf. O.E. -weard "toward,"
originally "turned toward," weorthan "to befall," wyrd "fate, destiny," lit. "what befalls one;" Skt. vartate "turns round,
rolls;" Avestan varet- "to turn;" L. vertere (freq. versare) "to turn;" O.C.S. vruteti "to turn, roll," Rus. vreteno "spindle,
distaff;" Lith. verciu "to turn;" Gk. rhatane "stirrer, ladle;" Ger. werden, O.E. weorðan "to become," for sense, cf. "to turn
into;" Welsh gwerthyd "spindle, distaff;" O.Ir. frith "against").

15. CUSTOM
ER
SERVICE
CARE
COM
PLAIN
PRODUCT
SUPPORTSOLUTIONPROBLEM
(service[versus]support)

16. product
c.1430, "mathematical quantity obtained by multiplication," from M.L. productum, from L. "something produced," noun
use of neuter pp. of producere "bring forth" (see produce). General sense of "anything produced" is attested in Eng. from
1575.
produce
late 15c., from L. producere "lead or bring forth, draw out," from pro- "forth" + ducere "to bring, lead" (see duke).
Originally "extend," sense of "bring into being" is first recorded 1510s; that of "to put (a play) on stage" is from 1580s. The
noun, "thing or things produced," is 1690s, from the verb, and was originally accented like it. Specific sense of
"agricultural productions" (as distinguished from manufactured goods) is from 1745.
customer
14c., "customs official;" later "buyer" (early 15c.), from Anglo-Fr. custumer, from M.L. custumarius, from L.
consuetudinarius (see custom). More generalized meaning "a person with whom one has dealings" emerged 1540s; that
of "a person to deal with" (usually wth an adjective, tough, etc.) is by 1580s. In Shakespeare, the word also can mean
"prostitute.”

17. PRODUCT
SUPPORT
SOLUTION
PROBLEM
(PRODUCT)
CUSTOMER
SERVICE
CARE
COMPLAIN
(CUSTOMER)

18. by
O.E. be (unstressed) or bi (stressed) "near, in, by, during, about," from P.Gmc. *bi "around, about" (cf. O.S., O.Fris. bi, be
"by near," Du. bij, Ger. bei "by, at, near," Goth. bi "about"), from *umbi (cognate with second element in PIE *ambhi
"around," cf. Skt. abhi "toward, to," Gk. amphi- "around, about"). Originally an adverbial particle of place, in which sense it
is retained in place names (Whitby, Grimsby, etc.). Elliptical use for "secondary course" (opposed to main) was in O.E.
This also is the sense of the second by in the phrase by the by (1610s). Phrase by and by (early 14c.) originally meant
"one by one," modern sense is from 1520s. By and large (1660s) originally was nautical, "sailing to the wind and off it,"
hence "in one direction then another.”

19. PRODUCT
SUPPORT
SOLUTION
PROBLEM
CUSTOMER
SERVICE
CARE
COMPLAIN
((customer)(by)(product))

20. busy
O.E. bisig "careful, anxious, busy, occupied," cognate with O.Du. bezich, Low Ger. besig; no known connection with any
other Germanic or Indo-European language. Still pronounced as in M.E., but for some unclear reason the spelling shifted
to -u- in 15c. The word was a euphemism for "sexually active" in 17c. Of telephone lines, 1893. In M.E., sometimes with a
sense of "prying, meddlesome," preserved in busybody. Busy work is first recorded 1910. The verb is O.E. bisgian.
business
O.E. bisignes (Northumbrian) "care, anxiety, occupation," from bisig "careful, anxious, busy, occupied, diligent" (see busy)
+ -ness. Sense of "work, occupation" is first recorded late 14c. Sense of "trade, commercial engagements" is first attested
1727. Modern two-syllable pronunciation is 17c. Business card first attested 1840; business letter from 1766.

21. PRODUCT CUSTOMERCARE SOLUTION
SERVICE
SUPPORT
PROBLEM
COMPLAIN
BUSINESS
business

22. The straight line is one of the five basic elements in Western ideography.
The straight vertical line stands for unity, oneness, the self (who am I?), the number 1, authority, power, the absolute,
that which is outstanding, and contact between the lower and the higher.
When placed between other signs, has a demarcating and dividing meaning.
In logic, for example, A B can mean either A or B, but not both.
In dualistic systems of meaning represents the positive pole.
In the context of electrical power supply means power on, as opposed to for power off.
As an electrical sign also denotes single-phase current.
In addition the short vertical line often signifies seriousness or danger, (as does ).
The traffic sign is an example, as is in the ground-to-air emergency code,
where it indicates that the pilot is badly wounded and in need of a doctor.

23. one

24. Form
Follow
Function
Flow

25. Follow
Flow
Function Form

26. reverse
c.1300, from O.Fr. revers "reverse, cross," from L. reversus, pp. of revertere "turn back" (see revert). Reverse angle in
film-making is from 1934. Reverse discrimination is attested from 1976.
late 14c., "opposite or contrary" (of something), from reverse (adv./adj.); meaning "a defeat, a change of fortune" is from
1520s; meaning "back side of a coin" is from 1620s. Of gear-shifts in motor cars, from 1875. As a type of sports play
(originally rugby) it is recorded from 1921.
to
O.E. to "in the direction of, for the purpose of, furthermore," from W.Gmc. *to (cf. O.S., O.Fris. to, Du. too, O.H.G. zuo, Ger.
zu "to"), from PIE pronomial base *do- "to, toward, upward" (cf. L. donec "as long as," O.C.S. do "as far as, to," Gk. suffix -de
"to, toward," O.Ir. do, Lith. da-). In O.E., the preposition (go to town) leveled with the adverb (the door slammed to) except
where the adverb retained its stress (tired and hungry too); there it came to be written with -oo (see too). The nearly
universal use of to with infinitives (to sleep, to dream, etc.) arose in M.E. out of the O.E. dative use of to, and helped drive
out the O.E. inflectional endings (though in this use to itself is a mere sign, without meaning). Commonly used as a prefix
in M.E. (to-hear "listen to," etc.), but few of these survive (to-do, together, and time references like today, tonight,
tomorrow -- Chaucer also has to-yeere). To and fro "side to side" is attested from 1340.
at
O.E. æt, common P.Gmc. (cf. O.N., Goth. at, O.Fris. et, O.H.G. az), from PIE *ad- "to, near, at" (cf. L. ad "to, toward" Skt. adhi
"near"). Lost in Ger. and Du., which use their equivalent of to; in Scandinavian, however, to has been lost and at fills its
place. At-home (n.) "reception of visitors" is from 1745; baseball at-bat "player's turn at the plate" is from 1941. The
colloquial use of at after where ("where it's at") is attested from 1859. In choosing between at church, in church, etc. at is
properly distinguished from in or on by involving some practical connection; a worshipper is at church; a tourist is in the
church. At last is recorded from late 13c.; adv. phrase at least was in use by 1775. At in M.E. was used freely with
prepositions (e.g. at after, which is in Shakespeare), but this has faded with the exception of at about, which was used in
modern times by Trollope, Virginia Woolfe, D.H. Lawrence, and Evelyn Waugh, but nonetheless is regarded as a sign of
incompetent writing by my copy editor bosses.
from
O.E. fram, originally "forward movement, advancement," evolving into sense of "movement away," from P.Gmc. *fr- (cf.
Goth. fram "from, away," O.N. fra "from," fram "forward"), corresponding to PIE *pr- (see pro).

27. reverse
@
TO
FROM

28. forward
O.E. foreweard "toward the front," from fore + -ward. The verb is first recorded 1590s. Related: Forwarded. Adj. sense of
"early" is from 1520s; that of "presumptuous" is attested from 1560s. The position in football so called since 1879. British
English until mid-20c. preserved the distinction between forward and forwards, the latter expressing "a definite
direction viewed in contrast with other directions." In Amer.Eng., however, forward prevails in all senses since Webster
(1832) damned forwards as "a corruption.”
require
c.1300, "to ask a question, inquire," from O.Fr. requerre, from V.L. *requærere, from L. requirere "seek to know, ask," from
re- "repeatedly" + quærere "ask, seek" (see query). The original sense of this word has been taken over by request. Sense
of "demand (someone) to do (something)" is from 1751, via the notion of "to ask for imperatively, or as a right" (1380).
recognize
1414, "resume possession of land," from M.Fr. reconiss-, stem of reconoistre "to know again, identify, recognize," from
O.Fr., from L. recognoscere "acknowledge, recall to mind, know again, examine, certify," from re- "again" + cognoscere
"know" (from co- "with" + gnoscere "become acquainted;" see notice). Meaning "perceive something or someone as already
known" first recorded 1533.
resolve
late 14c., from L. resolvere "to loosen, undo, settle," from re-, intensive prefix, + solvere "loosen" (see solve). Same sense
evolution as in resolution. The noun meaning "determination" is first recorded 1592.
respond
c.1300, respound, from O.Fr. respondere "respond, correspond," from L. respondere "respond, answer to, promise in
return," from re- "back" + spondere "to pledge" (see spondee). Modern spelling and pronunciation is from c.1600.

29. AT
TO
FROM
RECOGNIZE
RESPOND
RESOLVE
REQUIRE
forward

30. experience
late 14c., from O.Fr. experience, from L. experientia "knowledge gained by repeated trials," from experientem (nom.
experiens), prp. of experiri "to try, test," from ex- "out of" + peritus "experienced, tested." The v. (1530s) first meant "to
test, try;" sense of "feel, undergo" first recorded 1580s. Related: Experienced; experiences; experiencing.
with
O.E. wið "against, opposite, toward," a shortened form related to wiðer, from P.Gmc. *withro- "against" (cf. O.S. withar
"against," O.N. viðr "against, with, toward, at," M.Du., Du. weder, Du. weer "again," Goth. wiþra "against, opposite"), from
PIE *wi-tero-, lit. "more apart," from base *wi- "separation" (cf. Skt. vi, Avestan vi- "asunder," Skt. vitaram "further,
farther," O.C.S. vutoru "other, second"). In M.E., sense shifted to denote association, combination, and union, partly by
influence of O.N. vidh, and also perhaps by L. cum "with" (as in pugnare cum "fight with"). In this sense, it replaced O.E.
mid "with," which survives only as a prefix (e.g. midwife). Original sense of "against, in opposition" is retained in
compounds such as withhold, withdraw, withstand. Often treated as a conjunction by ungrammatical writers and used
where and would be correct. First record of with child "pregnant" is recorded from c.1200. With it "cool" is black slang,
recorded by 1931.
within
O.E. wiðinnan, lit. "against the inside," see with + in.
without
O.E. wiðutan, lit. "against the outside" (opposite of within), see with + out. As a word expressing lack or want of something
(opposite of with), attested from c.1200. In use by 1393 as a conjunction, short for without that.

31. WITHOUT WITH
AT
TO
FROM
WITHIN
experience
RECOGNIZE
RESPOND
RESOLVE
REQUIRE

32. duration
late 14c., from O.Fr. duration, from M.L. durationem (nom. duratio), from L. durare "harden" (see endure). Phrase for the
duration (1916) originally refers to British enlistment in World War I.
time
O.E. tima "limited space of time," from P.Gmc. *timon "time" (cf. O.N. timi "time, proper time," Swed. timme "an hour"),
from PIE *di-mon-, from base *da- "cut up, divide" (see tide). Abstract sense of "time as an indefinite continuous
duration" is recorded from 1388. Personified since at least 1509 as an aged bald man (but with a forelock) carrying a
scythe and an hour-glass. In English, a single word encompasses time as "extent" and "point" (Fr. temps/fois, Ger.
zeit/mal) as well as "hour" (e.g. "what time is it?" cf. Fr. heure, Ger. Uhr). Extended senses such as "occasion," "the right
time," "leisure," or times (v.) "multiplied by" developed in O.E. and M.E., probably as a natural outgrowth of phrases like,
"He commends her a hundred times to God" (O.Fr. La comande a Deu cent foiz).
tide
O.E. tid "point or portion of time, due time," from P.Gmc. *tidiz "division of time" (cf. O.S. tid, Du. tijd, O.H.G. zit, Ger. Zeit
"time"), from PIE *di-ti- "division, division of time," suffixed form of base *da- "to divide, cut up" (cf. Skt. dati "cuts,
divides;" Gk. demos "people, land," perhaps lit. "division of society;" daiesthai "to divide;" O.Ir. dam "troop, company").
Meaning "rise and fall of the sea" (1340) is probably via notion of "fixed time," specifically "time of high water;" either a
native evolution or from M.L.G. getide (cf. also Du. tij, Ger. Gezeiten "flood tide"). O.E. had no specific word for this, using
flod and ebba to refer to the rise and fall. The verb meaning "to carry (as the tide does)" is recorded from 1626, usually
with over.

33. tide

34. phase
1812, "phase of the moon," back-formed as a sing. from Mod.L. phases, pl. of phasis, from Gk. phasis "appearance" (of a
star), "phase" (of the moon), from stem of phainein "to show, to make appear" (see phantasm). L. sing. phasis was used in
Eng. from 1660. Non-lunar application is first attested 1841. Meaning "temporary difficult period" (especially of
adolescents) is attested from 1913. The verb meaning "to synchronize" is from 1938, from the noun.
first quarter
the instant, approximately one week after a new moon, when one half of the moon's disk is illuminated by the sun.
last quarter
the instant, approximately one week after a full moon, when half of the moon's disk is illuminated by the sun.
full moon
the moon when the whole of its disk is illuminated, occurring when in opposition to the sun.
Why is one side of the moon visible from earth?
The moon is 'tidally locked' with earth. Planets and moons are not made of purely smoothe, evenly distributed material.
They have lots of bumps and bulges, even if their over-all shape is spherical. The side of the moon that faces earth
represents the more massive side of the moon. Over a very long time, the mutual tidal and gravitational forces between
the earth and moon caused the more massive chunk of the moon to always face earth. All orbiting bodies have a tendency
toward this tidal locking, but again, it takes an enormous amount of time and depends also on the rate of rotation of the
body. Interestingly, there is something called 'libration', which causes the moon to apparently wobble from side to side
and also a little up and down. [Think Libra, the scale. Imagine a balance scale slowly moving up and down until it settles.]
The moon is not actually wobbling. The effect is the result of a practically constant rotational rate for the moon on its
axis, and the fact that the orbital velocity of the moon around the earth is not constant. Because the moon's orbit is
elliptical, the moon revolves more rapidly when it is closer to the earth. Also, some of the libration happens because the
moon does not orbit around the earth exactly in the earth's equatorial plane. This means we can 'peak' a little above and
a little below the usual view that we get of the moon. Over a period of about 15 years of lunar observation from earth, we
can see very roughly 60% of the moon's surface as a result of all that libration.

35. phase

36. counter
prefix meaning "against, in return," from Anglo-Fr. countre-, Fr. contre-, from L. contra "opposite, contrary to, against, in
return," also used as a prefix (see contra-)
contra
prefix meaning "against," from L. adverb and preposition contra (see contra). The L. word was used as a prefix in Late
Latin. in French, it became contre- and passed into Eng. as counter-. The O.E. equivalent was wiðer (surviving in withers
and widdershins), from wið "with, against.”
mid-14c., from L. contra (prep. and adv.) "against," originally "in comparison with," ablative singular feminine of *com-
teros, from Old L. com "with, together" + -tr, zero degree of the comp. suffix -ter-.
counter-steering
is the technique used by single-track vehicle operators, cyclists and motorcyclists, to initiate a turn toward a given
direction by first steering counter to the desired direction ("steer left to turn right"). In order to negotiate a turn
successfully, the combined center of mass of the rider and the single-track vehicle must first be leaned in the direction of
the turn, and steering briefly in the opposite direction causes that lean. Once sufficient lean is established to sustain the
desired turn, the rider, or in many cases the bike itself, then steers into the turn to cause the bike to turn in the desired
direction and stop the lean from increasing. This technique does not apply to multiple-tracked vehicles such as trikes and
bicycles or motorcycles with sidecars attached. It is important to distinguish between counter-steering as a physical
phenomenon and counter-steering as a rider technique for initiating a lean (the usual interpretation of the term). The
physical phenomenon always occurs, because there is no other way to cause the bike and rider to lean short of some
outside influence such as an opportune side wind, although at low speeds it can be lost or hidden in the minute
corrections made to maintain balance.

37. DURING
AFTER BEFORE
counter

38. turn
late O.E. turnian "to rotate, revolve," in part also from O.Fr. torner "to turn," both from L. tornare "turn on a lathe," from
tornus "lathe," from Gk. tornos "lathe, tool for drawing circles," from PIE base *ter- "to rub, rub by turning, turn, twist"
(see throw). Expression to turn (something) into (something else) probably retains the classical sense of "to shape on a
lathe" (attested in Eng. from c.1300). To turn up "arrive" is recorded from 1755. Turning-point in the fig. sense is
attested from 1836. Turn-off "something that dampens one's spirits" first recorded 1975 (said to have been in use since
1968); to turn (someone) on "excite, stimulate, arouse" is recorded from 1903. Someone should revive turn-sick "dizzy,"
which is attested from mid-15c. To turn (something) loose "set free" is recorded from 1590s. Turn around (v.) "reverse" is
first attested 1880, Amer.Eng. Turn down (v.) "reject" first recorded 1891, Amer.Eng. Turn in "go to bed" is attested from
1690s, originally nautical. To turn the stomach "nauseate" is recorded from 1620s.
mid-13c., "action of rotation," from Anglo-Fr. tourn (O.Fr. tour), from L. tornus "turning lathe;" also partly a noun of action
from turn (v.). Meaning "an act of turning, a single revolution or part of a revolution" is attested from late 15c. Sense of
"place of bending" (in a road, river, etc.) is recorded from early 15c. Meaning "beginning of a period of time" is attested
from 1853 (e.g. turn of the century, 1926). Sense of "act of good will" is recorded from c.1300. Meaning "spell of work" is
from late 14c.; that of "an individual's time for action, when these go around in succession" is recorded from late 14c.
Turn about "by turns, alternately" is recorded from 1640s. Phrase done to a turn (1780) suggests meat roasted on a spit.
The turn of the screw (1796) is the additional twist to tighten its hold, sometimes with reference to torture by
thumbscrews.

39. turn

40. synchronous
1669, "existing or happening at the same time," from L.L. synchronus "simultaneous," from Gk. synchronos "happening at
the same time," from syn- "together" + khronos "time." Meaning "recurring at the same successive instants of time" is
attested from 1677.

41. 1.61.4
1.81.2
1.22
1.261.24
1.281.21 1.29
1.25
1.23
1.27
syn.chronous

42. diachronic
1857, from Gk. dia "throughout" + khronos "time." Use in linguistics dates from 1927.
through
c.1300, metathesis of O.E. þurh, from W.Gmc. *thurkh (cf. O.S. thuru, O.Fris. thruch, M.Du. dore, Du. door, O.H.G. thuruh,
Ger. durch, Goth. þairh "through"), from PIE base *tr- "through" (cf. Skt. tirah, Avestan taro "through, beyond," L. trans
"beyond," O.Ir. tre, Welsh tra "through"). Not clearly differentiated from thorough until early Mod.Eng. Spelling thro was
common 15c.-18c. Reformed spelling thru (1917) is mainly Amer.Eng.
out
O.E. ut, common Gmc. (cf. O.N., O.Fris., Goth. ut, Du. uit, Ger. aus), from PIE base *ud- "up, up away" (cf. Skt. ut "up, out,"
uttarah "higher, upper, later, northern;" Avestan uz- "up, out," O.Ir. ud- "out," L. usque "all the way to, without
interruption," Gk. hysteros "the latter," Rus. vy- "out"). Meaning "unconscious" is attested from 1898, originally in boxing.
push
c.1300, from O.Fr. poulser, from L. pulsare "to beat, strike, push," frequentative of pellere (pp. pulsus) "to push, drive,
beat" (see pulse (1)). The noun is first recorded 1570. Meaning "approach a certain age" is from 1937. Meaning "promote"
(1714) led to pusher "peddler of illegal drugs," first recorded 1935 in prison slang (earlier it meant "prostitute," 1923).
Pushy "forward, aggressive" first recorded 1936. To push (someone) around is from 1923. Phrase push comes to shove is
from 1958; to push (one's) luck is from 1911. To push the envelope in figurative sense is late 1980s. Push-up, the
exercise, is from 1906; to push up daisies "be dead and buried" is from c.1860. Push-button (n.) is from 1898; adj. sense
"characterized by the use of push-buttons" is from 1946.
pull
O.E. pullian "to pluck or draw out," of unknown origin, perhaps related to Low Ger. pulen "remove the shell or husk."
Original sense preserved in pull teeth, pull weeds, etc., by late 16c. it had replaced draw as the main word for this
activity. The noun meaning "personal or private influence" is 1889 in Amer.Eng. Common verb in slang usages 19c.-20c.;
to pull (someone's) chain in figurative sense is from 1980, probably on the notion of a captive animal; to pull (someone's)
leg is from 1886, on notion of "playfully tripping." To pull one's punches is from 1934; pull in "arrive" is 1905, from the
railroad; to pull (something) on (someone) is from 1916; to pull (something) out of one's ass is Army slang from 1970s.
Pullover first recorded 1907. To pull rank is from 1923; to pull the rug from under (someone) is from 1946.

43. PULL&PUSH PULL&PUSHPULL&PUSHPULL&PUSHPULL&PUSH
dia.chronous

44. Form
Follow
Function
Flow

45. Form
Function
Follow Flow

46. process
early 14c., "fact of being carried on" (e.g. in process), from O.Fr. proces "journey" (13c.), from L. processus "process,
advance, progress," from pp. stem of procedere "go forward" (see proceed). Meaning "course or method of action" is from
mid-14c.; sense of "continuous series of actions meant to accomplish some result" (the main modern sense) is from
1620s. Legal sense of "course of action of a suit at law" is attested from early 14c. Verb meaning "prepare by special
process" first recorded 1884; processor is 1909; data processor is 1958; word processor is c.1974; food processor is 1977.
proceed
1382, from O.Fr. proceder (13c.), from L. procedere "go forward, advance," from pro- "forward" + cedere "to go" (see cede)
Proceeds (n.) "results, profits" is first attested 1665, on the notion of "that which proceeds from something." Proceedings
"records of the doings of a society" is from 1830.
cede
1633, from L. cedere "to yield," originally "to go, leave," from PIE base *ked- "to go, yield" (cf. Skt. a-sad- "to go, approach;"
Avestan apa-had- "turn aside, step aside;" Gk. hodos "way," hodites "wanderer, wayfarer;" O.C.S. chodu "a walking, going,"
choditi "to go").
progress
early 15c., "a going on, action of walking forward," from O.Fr. progres, from L. progressus (see progression). Figurative
sense of "growth, development, advancement to higher stages" is from c.1600.
progression
c.1440, "action of moving forward," from O.Fr. progression (1425), from L. progressionem (nom. progressio) "a going
forward," from progressus, pp. of progredi "go forward," from pro- "forward" + gradi "to step, walk," from gradus "step"
(see grade).
grade
1511, from Fr. grade "grade, degree," from L. gradus "step, degree," replacing M.E. gree "step, degree in a series," from
O.Fr. grei "step," from L. gradus, related to gradi "to walk, step, go," from PIE *ghredh- (cf. Lith. gridiju "to go, wander,"
O.C.S. gredo "to come," O.Ir. in-greinn "he pursues," and second element in congress, progress, etc.). The verb is 1659,
from the noun. Railway sense is from 1835.

47. pro(c/gr)ess

48. continuous
1670s, from L. continuus "uninterrupted, hanging together" (see continue). Related: Continuously (1670s).
keystone
"stone in the middle of an arch, which holds up the others," 1637, from key (1) in fig. sense of "that which holds together
other parts." Fig. sense is from 1641. Pennsylvania was called the Keystone State because of its position (geographical
and political) in the original American confederation, between northern states and southern ones. Keystone cops were
the bumbling crew of officers in the slapstick films produced by Keystone Company, formed by Canadian-born U.S. film
director Mack Sennett (1884-1960) in 1912.
five
The cardinal number next after four, represented by the symbols 5 or V.

49. continuous
4
53
18
2
6
7
9

50. interrupt
c.1420, from L. interruptus, pp. of interrumpere "break apart, break off," from inter- "between" + rumpere "to break" (see
rupture, and compare corrupt).
1375–1425; late ME interrupten < L interruptus ptp. of interrumpere to break apart, equiv. to inter- inter- + rup-, var. s.
of rumpere to burst + -tus ptp. suffix; see rupture.
inter
L. inter (prep., adj.) "among, between," from PIE *enter "between, among" (cf. Skt. antar, O.Pers. antar "among, between,"
Gk. entera (pl.) "intestines," O.Ir. eter, O.Welsh ithr "among, between," Goth. undar, O.E. under "under"), a comparative of
*en- "in." Also in certain L. phrases in Eng., such as inter alia "among other things." Spelled entre- in Fr., most words
borrowed into Eng. in that form were re-spelled 16c. to conform with L. except entertain, enterprise.
rupture
1481, from L. ruptura "the breaking (of an arm or leg), fracture," from pp. stem of rumpere "to break," cognate with O.E.
reafian "to seize, rob, plunder," reofan "to tear, break;" O.N. rjufa "to break;" see reft). Meaning "abdominal hernia" first
attested 1539. The verb is first recorded 1739.

51. interrupt

52. step
O.E. steppan (Anglian), stæppan (W.Saxon) "take a step," from W.Gmc. *stap- "tread" (cf. O.Fris., M.Du., Du. stap, O.H.G.
stapfo, Ger. stapfe "footstep"), from PIE base *stebh- "to tread, step" (cf. O.C.S. stopa "step, pace," stepeni "step, degree").
Originally strong (p.t. stop, pp. bestapen); weak forms emerged 13c., universal from 16c. Stepping stone first recorded
early 14c.; in the figurative sense 1653. Step on it "hurry up" is 1923, from notion of gas pedal; step out (v.) is from 1907.
O.E. steop-, with connotations of "loss," in combinations like steopcild "orphan," related to astiepan, bestiepan "to bereave,
to deprive of parents or children," from P.Gmc. *steupa- "bereft" (cf. O.Fris. stiap-, O.N. stjup-, Swed. styv-, M.L.G. stef-,
Du. stief-, O.H.G. stiof-, Ger. stief-), lit. "pushed out," from PIE *steup-, from base *(s)teu- (see steep (adj.)).
Etymologically, a stepfather or stepmother is one who becomes father or mother to an orphan, but the notion of
orphanage faded in 20c. For sense evolution, cf. L. privignus "stepson," related to privus "deprived.”
O.E. steppa (Mercian), stæpe, stepe (W.Saxon) "stair, act of stepping," from the source of step (v.). Meaning "action which
leads toward a result" is recorded from 1549. Stepladder (one with steps instead of rungs) is from 1751. Warning phrase
watch your step is attested from 1934. Step-dancing first recorded 1886.
stair
O.E. stæger "flight of steps," also "a single step," from P.Gmc. *staigri (cf. O.N., O.Fris. stiga, M.Du. stighen, O.H.G. stigan,
Ger. steigen, Goth. steigan "to go up, ascend;" O.E. stigan "to climb, go;" Ger. Steig "path," O.E. stig "narrow path"), from PIE
*steigh- "go, rise, stride, step, walk" (cf. Gk. steikhein "to go, march in order," stikhos "row, line, rank, verse;" Skt.
stighnoti "mounts, rises, steps;" O.C.S. stignati "to overtake," stigna "place;" Lith. staiga "suddenly;" O.Ir. tiagaim "I walk;"
Welsh taith "going, walk, way").

53. RESOLVE
FROM
RESPOND
RECOGNIZE
TO
REQUIRE
WITH
AT
WITHOUT
AFTERBEFORE
DURING
UP
POSITIVE
CERTAIN
DOWN
NEGATIVE
VAGUE
<<< VALUE
WASTE>>>
step

54. stage
c.1300, "story of a building, raised floor for exhibitions," from O.Fr. estage "a story or floor of a building, stage for
performance," from V.L. *staticum "a place for standing," from L. statum, pp. of stare "to stand" (see stet). Meaning
"platform for presentation of a play" is attested from 1548; generalized for "profession of an actor" from 1589. Sense of
"period of development or time in life" first recorded 1608, probably from M.E. sense of "degree or step on the 'ladder' of
virtue, 'wheel' of fortune, etc.," in parable illustrations and morality plays. The verb meaning "to put (a play) on the stage"
first recorded 1879; general sense of "to mount" (a comeback, etc.) is attested from 1924. Stage-coach is 1658, from the
sense of "division of a journey without stopping for rest" (1603). Stage mother is from 1919. Stage-Door Johnny "young
man who frequents stage doors seeking the company of actresses, chorus girls, etc." is attested from 1912. Stage-struck is
from 1813; earlier stage-smitten (1682). Stage-whisper first attested 1865.
trust
c.1200, from O.N. traust "help, confidence," from P.Gmc. *traust- (cf. O.Fris. trast, Du. troost "comfort, consolation," O.H.G.
trost "trust, fidelity," Ger. Trost "comfort, consolation," Goth. trausti "agreement, alliance"). Related to O.E. treowian "to
believe, trust," and treowe "faithful, trusty" (see true). Meaning "businesses organized to reduce competition" is recorded
from 1877. The verb (early 13c.) is from O.N. treysta "to trust." Trust-buster is recorded from 1903. Trustee in the sense
of "person who is responsible for the property of another" is attested from 1650s. Trustworthy is first attested 1808.
thrust
c.1175, from O.N. þrysta "to thrust, force," from P.Gmc. *thrustijanan, perhaps from PIE *trud- "push, press" (see threat),
but OED finds this derivation doubtful. The noun is recorded from 1513; fig. sense of "principal theme, aim, point,
purpose" is recorded from 1968.

55. UNDERSTAND
TRUSTCOMMUNICATE COMMUNICATE
THRUST
stage

56. end
O.E. ende, from P.Gmc. *andja (cf. O.Fris. enda, O.N. endir, O.H.G. enti), originally "the opposite side," from PIE *antjo
"end, boundary," from base anta-/*anti- "opposite, in front of, before" (see ante). Original sense of "outermost part" is
obsolete except in phrase ends of the earth. Sense of "destruction, death" was in O.E. Meaning "division or quarter of a
town" was in O.E. The verb is from O.E. endian. The end "the last straw, the limit" (in a disparaging sense) is from 1929.
The phrase end run is first attested 1902 in U.S. football; extended to military tactics in World War II; general fig. sense is
from 1968. End time in ref. to the end of the world is from 1917. Be-all and end-all is from Shakespeare ("Macbeth"
I.vii.5).
and
O.E. and, ond, orig. meaning "thereupon, next," from P.Gmc. *unda (cf. O.S. endi, O.Fris. anda, M.Du. ende, O.H.G. enti,
Ger. und, O.N. enn), cognate with L. ante, Gk. anti (see ante). Phrase and how as an exclamation of emphatic agreement
dates from early 1900s.
aim
early 14c., "to estimate, calculate," from O.Fr. esmar, from L. aestimare "appraise" (see estimation); current meaning
apparently developed from "esteem," to "calculate," through "calculate with a view to action" (c.1400), then "calculate the
direction of a missile" (1570s). The noun is recorded from c.1400, originally "guess;" meaning "action of aiming" is from
early 15c. (to take aim, originally make aim); that of "thing intended, purpose" is from 1620s. Related: Aimless (1620s).

57. end & aim

58. Form
Follow
Function
Flow

59. Flow
Follow
Form Function

60. alternating current
An electric current that repeatedly changes its direction or strength, usually at a certain frequency or range of
frequencies. The term is also used to describe alternating voltages. Power stations generate alternating current because
it is easy to raise and lower the voltage of such current using transformers; thus the voltage can be raised very high for
transmission (high voltages lose less power as heat than do low voltages), and lowered to safe levels for domestic and
industrial use. In North America, the frequency of alternation of the direction of flow is 60 Hz, or 60 cycles per second. In
other parts of the world it is 50 Hz.
attach
early 14c., "to take or seize (property or goods) by law," a legal term, from O.Fr. estachier "to attach" (Fr. attacher, It.
attaccare), perhaps from a- "to" + Frank. *stakon "a post, stake" or a similar Gmc. word (see stake (n.)). Meaning "to
fasten, affix, connect" is first attested 1802, from French.
control
early 14c., "to check, verify, regulate," from Anglo-Norm. contreroller "exert authority," from M.L. contrarotulus "a
counter, register," from L. contra- "against" (see contra) + rotulus, dim. of rota "wheel" (see roll). From a medieval method
of checking accounts by a duplicate register. Sense of "dominate, direct" is c.1450. Related: Controllable (1570s);
controlled (1580s; of rent, from c.1930); controlling (1520s). Control group in scientific experiments is attested from
1952 (from a sense of control attested since 1875). Control freak is late 1960s slang.
axial
"pertaining to an axis," 1842 (in axially), from axis + -al.
axis
1540s, "imaginary straight line around which a body (such as the Earth) rotates," from L. axis "axle, pivot, axis of the
earth or sky," from PIE *aks- "axis" (cf. O.E. eax, O.H.G. ahsa "axle;" Gk. axon "axis, axle, wagon;" Skt. aksah "an axle, axis,
beam of a balance;" Lith. aszis "axle"). Fig. sense in world history of "alliance between Germany and Italy" (later extended
to include Japan) is from 1936. Original reference was to a "Rome-Berlin axis" in central Europe. The word later was
used in ref. to a London-Washington axis (World War II) and a Moscow-Peking axis (early Cold War).

61. attach & control

62. direct current
An electric current that moves in one direction with constant strength. Batteries are a source of direct current. Direct
current is not used for long-distance power transmission because it is difficult to step up the voltage to a level that is
efficient for energy transfer and then to step the voltage back down again for safe domestic use.
direct
late 14c., from L. directus "straight," pp. of dirigere "set straight," from dis- "apart" + regere "to guide" (see regal). The adj.
is from late 14c. Related: Directed; directing.
connect
1670s, from L. connectere (see connection). Earlier was connex (1540s), from Fr. connexer, from L. *connexare, freq. of
conectere (pp. stem connex-). A similar change took place in Fr., where connexer was superseded by connecter. Meaning
"to establish a relationship" (with) is from 1881. Slang meaning "get in touch with" is attested by 1926, from telephone
connections. Meaning "awaken meaningful emotions, establish rapport" is from 1942. Of a hit or blow, "to reach the
target," from c.1920. Related: Connecting (1680s); connectedness (1690s).
connection
14c., connexion, from O.Fr. connexion, from L. connexionem, from *connexare, freq. of connectere "to fasten together, to
tie, join together," from com- "together" + nectere "to bind, tie" (see nexus). Spelling shifted to connection mid-18c. under
infl. of connect, abeted by affection, direction, etc.
radial
1570, from M.L. radialis, from L. radius "beam of light" (see radius). As a type of tire, attested from 1965, short for
radial-ply (tire).
radius
1597, "cross-shaft," from L. radius "staff, spoke of a wheel, beam of light," of unknown origin. Perhaps related to radix
"root," but Tucker suggests connection to Skt. vardhate "rises, makes grow," via root *neredh- "rise, out, extend forth;" or
else Gk. ardis "sharp point." The geometric sense first recorded 1611. Plural is radii. Meaning "circular area of defined
distance around some place" is attested from 1953. Meaning "shorter bone of the forearm" is from 1615 in Eng.; it was
used thus by Roman writer Aulus Cornelius Celsus (1c.).

63. direct & connect

64. consultation
early 15c., from M.Fr. consultation, from L. consultationem, from consultare "consult," frequentative of consulere "to
deliberate, consider," originally probably "to call together," as in consulere senatum "to gather the senate" (to ask for
advice), from com- "with" + *selere "take, gather (the Senate) together," from PIE base *sal- "to take, seize.”
author
c.1300, autor "father," from O.Fr. auctor, from L. auctorem (nom. auctor) "enlarger, founder, master, leader," lit. "one who
causes to grow," agent noun from auctus, pp. of augere "to increase" (see augment). Meaning "one who sets forth written
statements" is from late 14c. The -t- changed to -th- on mistaken assumption of Gk. origin. The verb is attested from
1590s.
respond
c.1300, respound, from O.Fr. respondere "respond, correspond," from L. respondere "respond, answer to, promise in
return," from re- "back" + spondere "to pledge" (see spondee). Modern spelling and pronunciation is from c.1600.
inform
early 14c., "to train or instruct in some specific subject," from L. informare "to shape, form, train, instruct, educate," from
in- "into" + forma "form." Sense of "report facts or news" first recorded late 14c. Informative "instructive" is from 1650s.
Informer "one who gives information against another" (especially in ref. to law-breaking) is from c.1500.
own
O.E. agen "one's own," lit. "possessed by," from P.Gmc. *aigana- "possessed, owned" (cf. O.S. egan, O.Fris. egin, O.N. eiginn,
Du. eigen, Ger. eigen "own"), from pp. of PIE *aik- "to be master of, possess," source of O.E. agan "to have" (see owe).
evolved in early M.E. from O.E. geagnian, from root agan "to have, to own" (see own), and in part from own (adj.) (q.v.). It
became obsolete after c.1300, but was revived early 17c., in part as a back-formation of owner (mid-14c.), which
continued. To own up "make full confession" is from 1853.
delegate
late 14c., from L. delegatus, pp. of delegare "to send as a representative," from de- "from, away" + legare "send with a
commission." The verb is from 1520s.

65. AUTHORIZEINFORM
CONSULT
RESPOND
delegate
OWN

66. more
O.E. mara (adj.) "greater, more," used as a comp. of micel "great" (see mickle), from P.Gmc. *maizon (cf. O.S. mera, O.N.
meiri, O.Fris. mara, M.Du. mere, O.H.G. mero, Ger. mehr), from PIE *meis (cf. Avestan mazja "greater," O.Ir. mor "great,"
Gk. -moros "great," Oscan mais "more"). O.E. used related ma "more" as adv., n., from P.Gmc. *mais; this became M.E. mo,
but more in this sense began to predominate in later M.E.

67. MINI/MAXIMIZE
(PRODUCTIVITY)
RATIONALIZE
(EFFECTIVENESS)
OPTIMIZE
(EFFICIENCY)
ECONOMIZE
(QUALITY)
more

68. contract
early 14c., from L. contractus, pp. of contrahere "to draw together," metaphorically, "to make a bargain," from com-
"together" + trahere "to draw" (see tract (1)). Noun came first, then verb and variant meaning "become narrowed, get
smaller," especially of a withered limb (both 17c.). U.S. underworld slang sense of "arrangement to kill someone" first
recorded 1940. Related: Contracting (1580s).
@
the @-sign is not a new invention. Some researchers even believe it was used as early as in the sixth or seventh century,
probably as a ligature (combination) of the two letters a and d for Latin ad, meaning to. In England it is called at-sign or
commercial at, in Germany Klammeraffe (hanging monkey), in France arobas or petit escargot (small snail), in Spain
arroba (an entity for weight) and in Italy chiocciolina (small snail).
Common names: at sign, at, strudel. Rare: each, vortex, whorl, INTERCAL: whirlpool, cyclone, snail, ape, cat, rose,
cabbage, amphora. ITU-T: commercial at. It is ironic that @ has become a trendy mark of Internet awareness since it is a
very old symbol, derived from the latin preposition "ad" (at). Giorgio Stabile, a professor of history in Rome, has traced
the symbol back to the Italian Renaissance in a Roman mercantile document signed by Francesco Lapi on 1536-05-04. In
Dutch it is called "apestaartje" (little ape-tail), in German "affenschwanz" (ape tail). The French name is "arobase". In
Spain and Portugal it denotes a weight of about 25 pounds, the weight and the symbol are called "arroba". Italians call it
"chiocciola" (snail).

69. SCOPE
(CONTEXT)
TERMS
(CONDITIONS)
FINANCIALS
(CONTAINER)
DELIVERABLES
(CONTENTS)
contract
@

70. ship
O.E. scip "ship, boat," from P.Gmc. *skipan (cf. O.N., O.S., Goth. skip , Dan. skib , Swed. skepp , M.Du. scip , Du.
schip , O.H.G. skif , Ger. Schiff ), perhaps originally "tree cut out or hollowed out," and derived from PIE base
*skei- "to cut, split." The O.E. word was used for small craft as well; in 19c., distinct from a boat in having a
bowsprit and three masts, each with a lower, top, and topgallant mast. Fr. esquif , It. schifo are Gmc. loan-
words. Ship-board "side of a ship" is from c.1200. Ship-shape "properly arranged" first attested 1644. Phrase
ships that pass in the night is from Longfellow's poem "Aftermath" (1873). Phrase runs a tight ship is attested
from 1971.
harbor
c.1150, from O.E. herebeorg, from here "army, host" (see harry) + beorg "refuge, shelter" (related to beorgan "save,
preserve"); perhaps modeled on O.N. herbergi, from P.Gmc. *kharjaz + *berg-. Sense shifted in M.E. to "refuge,
lodgings," then to "place of shelter for ships."
safe
"chest for keeping valuables," c.1430, save, from M.Fr. en sauf "in safety," from sauf (see safe (adj.)). Spelling with -f-
first recorded 1688, from infl. of safe (adj.) .
late 13c., "uninjured, unharmed," from O.Fr. sauf , from L. salvus "uninjured, healthy, safe," related to salus
"good health," saluber "healthful," all from PIE *solwos from base *sol- "whole" (cf. L. solidus "solid," Skt.
sarvah "uninjured, intact, whole," Avestan haurva- "uninjured, intact," O.Pers. haruva- , Gk. holos "whole").
Meaning "not exposed to danger" is attested from late 14c.; of actions, etc., "free from risk," first recorded
1580s. Safe-conduct (late 13c.) is from O.Fr. sauf-conduit (13c.).
build
late O.E. byldan "construct a house," verb form of bold "house," from P.Gmc. *buthlam (cf. O.Fris. bodel "building,
house"), from PIE *bhu- "to dwell," from base *bheue- "to be, exist, grow." Rare in O.E.; in M.E. it won out over more
common O.E. timbran . Modern spelling is unexplained.
pp. of build. Meaning "physically well-developed" is by 1940s ( well-built in reference to a woman is from 1871);
Built-in (adj.) is from 1898.

71. A ship in harbour is safe,
but that is not what ships are built for.
BYJOHNAUGUSTUSSHEDD
BYJOHNAUGUSTUSSHEDD

72. MOBIUSSTRIP

73. SIGHT

74. ?
?
PERCEIVE
QUESTIONING
PRICE
PART
VARIABLE
UNDERSTAND
QUEST
EXPENSE
TOTAL
CONSTANT
REALIZE
QUESTION
COST
WHOLE
FUNCTION
DATA
INFORMATION
KNOWLEDGE
WISDOM
RELATION PATTERN PRINCIPLE

75. WHERE IS THE LIFE WE HAVE LOST IN LIVING ?
WHERE IS THE WISDOM WE HAVE LOST IN KNOWLEDGE ?
WHERE IS THE KNOWLEDGE WE HAVE LOST IN INFORMATION ?
THEROCKBYT.S.ELIOT

76. ?

77. perceive
c.1300, via Anglo-Fr. parceif, O.N.Fr. *perceivre, O.Fr. perçoivre, from L. percipere "obtain, gather," also, metaphorically,
"to grasp with the mind," lit. "to take entirely," from per "thoroughly" + capere "to grasp, take" (see capable). Replaced O.E.
ongietan. Both the L. senses were in O.Fr., though the primary sense of Mod.Fr. percevoir is literal, "to receive, collect"
(rents, taxes, etc.), while Eng. uses the word almost always in the metaphorical sense.
questioning
1795–1805; question + -ing
price
early 13c., pris, from O.Fr. pris "price, value, wages, reward," also "honor, praise, prize" (Fr. prix), from L.L. precium, from
L. pretium "reward, prize, value, worth," from PIE *preti- "back," on notion of "recompense" (cf. Skt. aprata "without
recompense, gratuitously," Gk. protei "toward, to, upon," Lett. pret "opposite," O.C.S. protivu "in opposition to, against").
Praise, price, and prize began to diverge in O.Fr., with praise emerging in M.E. by early 14c. and prize being evident by
late 1500s with the rise of the -z- spelling. Having shed the extra O.Fr. and M.E. senses, the word now again has the base
sense of the L. original. The verb meaning "to set the price of" is attested from late 14c. Priceless (1590s) logically ought
to mean the same as worthless, but it doesn't. Price-tag is recorded from 1881. Pricey "expensive" first attested 1932.
part
c.1000, "part of speech," from O.Fr. part, from L. partem (nom. pars, gen. partis) "part, piece, side, share," related to L.
portio "share, portion," from PIE base *per- "to assign, allot" (cf. Gk. peprotai "it has been granted," Skt. purtam "reward,"
Hittite parshiya- "fraction, part"). It has replaced native deal in most senses. Theatrical sense (1495) is from an actor's
"share" in a performance. Meaning "the parting of the hair" is 1890, Amer.Eng.
late 13c., "to divide into parts," from O.Fr. partir "to divide, separate," from L. partire, from pars (see part (n.)). Sense of
"to separate (someone from someone else)" is from early 14c.; that of "to take leave" is from early 15c. Meaning "to
separate the hair" is attested from 1610s.
variable
late 14c., of persons, from O.Fr. variable, from L. variabilis "changeable," from variare "to change" (see vary). Of weather,
seasons, etc., attested from late 15c.; of stars, from 1788. The noun meaning "quantity that can vary in value" first
recorded 1816, from the adj.

78. perspective
CULTUREANDMANAGEMENTINJAPANBYSHUJIHAYASHI

79. perspective
c.1380, "science of optics," from O.Fr. perspective, from M.L. perspectiva ars "science of optics," from fem. of perspectivus
"of sight, optical" from L. perspectus, pp. of perspicere "inspect, look through," from per- "through" + specere "look at" (see
scope ). Sense of "art of drawing objects so as to give appearance of distance or depth" is first found 1598, influenced by
It. prospettiva, an artists' term. The fig. meaning "mental outlook over time" is first recorded 1762.
scope
"extent," 1534, "room to act," from It. scopo "aim, purpose, object, thing aimed at, mark, target," from L. scopus, from Gk.
skopos "aim, target, watcher," from PIE *spek- "to observe" (cf. Skt. spasati "sees;" Avestan spasyeiti "spies;" Gk. skopein
"behold, look, consider," skeptesthai "to look at;" L. specere "to look at;" O.H.G. spehhon "to spy," Ger. spähen "to spy").
Sense of "distance the mind can reach, extent of view" first recorded c.1600.

81. understand
O.E. understandan "comprehend, grasp the idea of," probably lit. "stand in the midst of," from under + standan "to stand"
(see stand). If this is the meaning, the under is not the usual word meaning "beneath," but from O.E. under, from PIE
*nter- "between, among" (cf. Skt. antar "among, between," L. inter "between, among," Gk. entera "intestines;" see inter-).
But the exact notion is unclear. Perhaps the ult. sense is "be close to," cf. Gk. epistamai "I know how, I know," lit. "I stand
upon." Similar formations are found in O.Fris. (understonda), M.Dan. (understande), while other Gmc. languages use
compounds meaning "stand before" (cf. Ger. verstehen, represented in O.E. by forstanden ). For this concept, most I.E.
languages use fig. extensions of compounds that lit. mean "put together," or "separate," or "take, grasp."
quest
c.1300, "a search for something" (esp. of judicial inquiries or hounds seeking game), from O.Fr. queste (Fr. quête), prop.
"the act of seeking," from M.L. questa "search, inquiry," alteration of L. quæsitus, pp. of quærere "seek, gain, ask" (see
query). Romance sense of "adventure undertaken by a knight" is attested from late 14c. The verb is first recorded mid-
14c.
expense
late 14c., from Anglo-Fr. expense, O.Fr. espense "money provided for expenses," from L.L. expensa "disbursement, outlay,
expense," prop. neut. pl. pp. of L. expendere "to weigh out money, to pay down" (see expend). Related: Expenses. Latin
spensa also yielded M.L. spe(n)sa, whose sense specialized to "outlay for provisions," then "provisions, food," which was
borrowed into O.H.G. as spisa and is the root of Ger. Speise "food," now mostly meaning prepared food, and speisen "to
eat.”
total
late 14c., from O.Fr. total, from M.L. totalis "entire, total" (as in summa totalis "sum total"), from L. totus "all, whole,
entire," of unknown origin. The noun is 1557, from the adj.; the verb is 1716, from the noun; meaning "to destroy one's
car" first recorded 1954. Totality is from 1598; in the eclipse sense, 1842. Total war is attested from 1937, in ref. to a
concept developed in Germany.
constant
late 14c., "steadfast, resolute," from L. constantem (nom. constans) "standing firm, stable, steadfast," prp. of constare,
from com- "together" + stare "to stand," from PIE base *sta- "to stand" (see stet). Of actions and conditions from 1653.

82. ?

83. realize
1611, "bring into existence," from Fr. réaliser "make real," from M.Fr. real "actual," from O.Fr. (see real (adj.)). Sense of
"understand clearly" is first recorded 1775.
question
c.1300, from Anglo-Fr. questiun, O.Fr. question "legal inquest," from L. quæstionem (nom. quæstio) "a seeking, inquiry,"
from root of quærere (pp. quæsitus) "ask, seek" (see query). The verb is first recorded 1470, from O.Fr. questionner
(13c.). Question mark is from 1869, earlier question stop (1862). Depreciatory sense of questionable is attested from
1806.
cost
c.1200, from O.Fr. coster, from V.L. *costare, from L. constare "to stand at" (or with), from com- "with" + stare "to stand,"
from PIE base *sta- "to stand" (see stet). The idiom is the same one we use in Mod.E. when we say something "stands at X
dollars" to mean it sells for X dollars. Cost effective (also cost effective) attested from 1967.
whole
O.E. hal "entire, unhurt, healthy," from P.Gmc. *khailaz "undamaged" (cf. O.S. hel, O.N. heill, O.Fris. hal, M.Du. hiel, Du.
heel, O.H.G., Ger. heil "salvation, welfare"), from PIE *koilas (cf. O.S.C. celu "whole, complete;" see health). The spelling
with wh- developed c.1420. Whole-hearted is first recorded 1840. For phrase whole hog, see hog.
function
1530s, from M.Fr. fonction, from O.Fr. function, from L. functio (gen. functionis) "performance, execution," from functus,
pp. of fungi "perform, execute, discharge." Use in mathematics probably begun by Leibnitz (1692). As a verb, from 1856.
Related: Functioned; functioning.

84. MISSIONASIS
TOBE
TACTIC
VISION
STRATEGY
MANEUVER
eye

85. vision
late 13c., "something seen in the imagination or in the supernatural," from Anglo-Fr. visioun, O.Fr. vision, from L.
visionem (nom. visio) "act of seeing, sight, thing seen," from pp. stem of videre "to see," from PIE base *weid- "to know, to
see" (cf. Skt. veda "I know;" Avestan vaeda "I know;" Gk. oida, Doric woida "I know," idein "to see;" O.Ir. fis "vision," find
"white," i.e. "clearly seen," fiuss "knowledge;" Welsh gwyn, Gaulish vindos, Breton gwenn "white;" Goth., O.Swed., O.E.
witan "to know;" Goth. weitan "to see;" Eng. wise, Ger. wissen "to know;" Lith. vysti "to see;" Bulg. vidya "I see;" Pol. widzieć
"to see," wiedzieć "to know;" Rus. videt' "to see," vest' "news," O.Russ. vedat' "to know"). The meaning "sense of sight" is first
recorded late 15c. Meaning "statesman-like foresight, political sagacity" is attested from 1926.
mission
1598, originally of Jesuits sending members abroad, from L. missionem (nom. missio) "act of sending," from mittere "to
send," oldest form probably *smittere, of unknown origin. Diplomatic sense of "body of persons sent to a foreign land on
commercial or political business" is from 1626. In Amer.Eng., sometimes "an embassy" (1805). Meaning "dispatch of an
aircraft on a military operation" (1929, Amer.Eng.) later extended to spacecraft flights (1962), hence, mission control
(1964). As a style of furniture, said to be imitative of furniture of original Sp. missions to N.America, it is attested from
1900.
maneuver
late 15c., "hand-labor," from M.Fr. manoeuvre "manipulation, maneuver," from O.Fr. maneuvre "manual labor" (13c.),
from M.L. manuopera, from manuoperare "work with the hands," from L. manu operari, from manu, abl. of manus "hand"
(see manual) + operari (see operation). The military sense of "planned movement of troops or warship" is attested from
1758; general meaning "artful plan, adroit movement" is from 1774. The verb is first attested 1777.
eye
O.E. ege (Mercian), eage (W. Saxon), from P.Gmc. *augon, from PIE *oqw- "to see" (cf. Skt. akshi "the eye, the number
two," Gk. opsis "a sight," Goth. augo, O.C.S. oko, Lith. akis, L. oculus, Armenian aku). Until late 14c. the plural was in -an,
hence modern dial. plural een, ene. The verb is first recorded 1560s. Related: Eyed; eyeing. The eye of a needle was in
O.E.; to see eye to eye is from Isa. lii.8. Eye contact attested by 1965. Eye-opener "anything that informs and enlightens"
is from 1863. Have an eye on "keep under supervision" is attested from early 15c.

86. “GIVEMEALEVERLONGENOUGHANDAFULCRUMONWHICHTOPLACEIT,ANDISHALLMOVETHEWORLD.”BYARCHIMEDES

87. FORESIGHT

88. 4-EST AGENT HANDLE OPERATIONAL DATA
3-FOR-ALL SUPERVISOR MONITOR TACTICAL INFORMATION
END-2-END MANAGER PERFORM STRATEGIC KNOWLEDGE
ALL-IN-1 EXECUTIVE SUCCEED VISIONARY WISDOM
HOW
WHO WHEN WHERE
WHY
WHAT

89. If you're Volunteer Artist or Athlete, or if you defend the Home,
You sacrifice "Ease" for "Attention," and march like a metronome;
But of all elementary movements you learn in your Volunteer Corps
The one that is really perplexing is known as the Forming of Fours.
Imagine us numbered off from the right: the Sergeant faces the squad,
And says that the odd files do not move -- I never seem to be odd!
And then his instructions run like this (very simple in black and white) --
"A pace to the rear with the left foot, and one to the right with the right."
Of course if you don't think deeply, you do it without a hitch;
You have only to know your right and left, and remember which is which;
But as soon as you try to be careful, you get in the deuce of a plight,
With "a pace to the right with the left foot, and one to the rear with the right!"
Besides, when you're thoroughly muddled the Sergeant doubles your doubt
By saying that rules reverse themselves, as soon as you're "turned about";
So round you go on your right heel, and practice until you are deft
At "a pace to the front with the right foot, and one to the left with the left."
In my dreams the Sergeant, the Kaiser, and Kipling mix my feet,
Saying "East is left, and Right is Might, and never the twain shall meet!"
In my nightmare squad all files are odd, and their Fours are horribly queer,
With "a pace to the left with the front foot, and one to the right with the rear!"
FORMINGFOURSBYFRANKSIDGWICK

90. agent . handle . operational . data

91. agent
late 15c., "one who acts," from L. agentem (nom. agens, gen. agentis), prp. of agere "to set in motion, drive, lead, conduct"
(see act). Meaning "any natural force or substance which produces a phenomenon" is first recorded 1570s.
handle
O.E. handle, formed from hand in the sense of a tool in the way thimble was formed from thumb. The verb is O.E. handlian
"to touch or move with the hands." Akin to O.N. höndla "th seize, capture," Dan. handle "to trade, deal," Ger. handeln "to
bargain, trade." The commercial sense was weaker in Eng. than in some other Gmc. languages, but it emerged in
Amer.Eng. (1888) from the notion of something passing through one's hands. The slang sense of "nickname" is first
recorded 1870. Handlebar first recorded 1887 (as two words), in reference to bicycles; of mustaches, it is first recorded
1933. To fly off the handle (1843) is a figurative reference to an axe head. To get a handle on "get control of" is first
recorded 1972. Handler "boxer's assistant" (1950) was originally in dogfights or cockfights (1825).
operation
late 14c., "action, performance, work," also "the performance of some science or art," from O.Fr. operacion, from L.
operationem (nom. operatio) "a working, operation," from operari "to work, labor" (in L.L. "to have effect, be active,
cause"), from opera "work, effort," related to opus (gen. operis) "a work" (see opus). The surgical sense is first attested
1597. Military sense of "series of movements and acts" is from 1749.
data
1640s, plural of datum, from L. datum "(thing) given," neuter pp. of dare "to give" (see date (1)). Meaning "transmittable
and storable computer information" first recorded 1946. Data processing is from 1954.

92. supervisor . monitor . tactical . information

93. supervise
1588, "to look over," from M.L. supervisus, pp. of supervidere "oversee, inspect," from L. super "over" (see super-) + videre
"see" (see vision). Meaning "to oversee and superintend the work or performance of others" is attested from c.1645;
supervisor in this sense of "one who inspects and directs the work of others" is first recorded 1454.
monitor
1540s, "senior pupil at a school charged with keeping order, etc.," from L. monitor "one who reminds, admonishes, or
checks," from monere "to admonish, warn, advise," related to memini "I remember, I am mindful of," and to mens "mind,"
from PIE base *men- "to think" (see mind (n.)). The lizard so called because it is supposed to give warning of crocodiles
(1826). Meaning "squat, slow-moving type of ironclad warship" (1862) so called from name of the first vessel of this
design, chosen by Capt. Ericsson because it was meant to "admonish" the Confederate leaders in the U.S. Civil War.
Broadcasting sense of "a device to continuously check on the technical quality of a transmission" (1931) led to special
sense of "a TV screen displaying the picture from a particular camera." The verb is attested from 1924. Related:
Monitored; monitoring.
tactics
1620s, from Mod.L. tactica (17c.), from Gk. taktike techne "art of arrangement," noun use of fem. of taktikos "of or
pertaining to arrangement," especially "tactics in war," adj. to taxis "order," verbal noun of tassein "arrange," from PIE
base *tag- "to set aright.”
information
late 14c., "act of informing," from O.Fr. informacion, from L. informationem (nom. informatio) "outline, concept, idea,"
noun of action from informare (see inform). Meaning "knowledge communicated" is from c.1450. Short form info is
attested from 1906. Infomercial (with commercial) and infotainment (with entertainment) are from 1983. Before
infomercial was the print form, advertorial (1961).
metric
"pertaining to the system of measures based on the meter," 1864, from Fr. Métrique.

94. manager . perform . strategic . knowledge

95. manage
1560s, probably from It. maneggiare "to handle," esp. "to control a horse," from L. manus "hand" (see manual). Influenced
by Fr. manège "horsemanship" (earliest English sense was of handling horses), which also was from the Italian. Extended
to other objects or business from 1570s. Slang sense of "get by" first recorded 1650s. Related: Managed; managing.
perform
c.1300, "carry into effect, fulfill, discharge," via Anglo-Fr. performir, altered (by infl. of O.Fr. forme "form") from O.Fr.
parfornir "to do, carry out, finish, accomplish," from par- "completely" + fornir "to provide" (see furnish).
Theatrical/musical sense is from 1610.
strategy
1810, "art of a general," from Fr. stratégie, from Gk. strategia "office or command of a general," from strategos "general,"
from stratos "multitude, army, expedition," lit. "that which is spread out" (see structure) + agos "leader," from agein "to
lead" (see act). Strategic "pertaining to strategy" is from 1825.
know
1250–1300; ME knouleche, equiv. to know(en) to know1 + -leche, perh. akin to OE -lāc suffix denoting action or
practice, c. ON (-)leikr; cf. wedlock
M.E. cnawlece. For first element see know. Second element obscure, perhaps cognate with the -lock "action, process,"
found in wedlock
indication
1540s, from L. indicationem (nom. indicatio) "valuation," from indicare "point out, show," from in- "in" + dicare "proclaim,"
from stem of dicere "to speak, to say" (see diction).

96. executive . succeed . visionary . wisdom

97. executive
1640s, adj., "of the branch of government that carries out the laws," from M.Fr. executif, from L. executivus, from pp.
stem of exequi (see execution). The noun in this sense is from 1790. Meaning "businessman" is 1902 in Amer.Eng.
Executive privilege is first attested 1940.
succeed
late 14c., "come next after, take the place of another," from O.Fr. succeder (14c.), from L. succedere "come after, go near
to," from sub "next to, after" + cedere "go, move" (see cede). The sense of "turn out well, have a favorable result" is first
recorded late 15c., with ellipsis of adverb (succeed well).
visionary
"able to see visions," 1651, from vision (q.v.). Meaning "impractical" is attested from 1727. The noun is attested from
1702, from the adj., originally "one who indulges in impractical fantasies.”
wisdom
O.E. wisdom, from wis (see wise (adj.)) + -dom. A common Gmc. compound (cf. O.S., O.Fris. wisdom, O.N. visdomr, O.H.G.
wistuom "wisdom," Ger. Weistum "judicial sentence serving as a precedent"). Wisdom teeth so called from 1848 (earlier
teeth of wisdom, 1668), a loan-translation of L. dentes sapientiæ, itself a loan-transl. of Gk. sophronisteres (used by
Hippocrates, from sophron "prudent, self-controlled"), so called because they usually appear ages 17-25, when a person
reaches adulthood.
wise
O.E. wis, from P.Gmc. *wisaz (cf. O.S., O.Fris. wis, O.N. viss, Du. wijs, Ger. weise "wise"), from pp. adj. *wittos of PIE base
*woid-/*weid-/*wid- "to see," hence "to know" (see vision). Slang meaning "aware, cunning" first attested 1896. Related to
the source of O.E. witan "to know, wit."
factor
early 15c., "agent, deputy," from M.Fr. facteur "agent, representative," from L. factor "doer or maker," from facere "to do"
(see factitious). Sense of "circumstance producing a result" is from 1816; the v. use in mathematics is attested from 1837.
Related: Factored; factoring.

98. satisfaction
SET MEET GET

99. set
O.E. settan "cause to sit, put in some place, fix firmly," from P.Gmc. *satjanan (cf. O.N. setja, O.Fris. setta, Du. zetten, Ger.
setzen), causative form of P.Gmc. root *set- (cf. O.E. sittan "to sit," see sit). Confused with sit since early 14c. Of the sun,
moon, etc., "to go down," recorded from c.1300. Set-to "bout, fight" is 1743, originally pugilistic slang. Setup "arrangement"
is from 1890. Setback (n.) is from 1674; to set (someone) back "cost" is from 1900.
"fixed," from M.E. sett, prop. pp. of setten "to set" (see set (v.)). Meaning "ready, prepared" first recorded 1844.
meet
O.E. gemæte "suitable, having the same dimensions," from P.Gmc. *ga-mætijaz (cf. O.N. mætr, O.H.G. gimagi, Ger. gemäß
"suitable"), from collective prefix *ga- + PIE *med- "to measure." The root sense is thus the same as commensurate.
get
c.1200, from O.N. geta "to obtain, reach" (p.t. gatum, pp. getenn), from P.Gmc. *getan (cf. O.E. begietan "to beget," O.Swed.
gissa "to guess," lit. "to try to get"), from PIE base *ghe(n)d- "seize" (cf. Gk. khandanein "to hold, contain," Lith. godetis "be
eager," second element in L. prehendere "to grasp, seize," Welsh gannu "to hold, contain," O.C.S. gadati "to guess,
suppose"). Meaning "to seize mentally, grasp" is from 1892. O.E., as well as Du. and Fris., had the root only in compounds
(cf. beget, forget). Vestiges of O.E. cognate *gietan remain obliquely in pp. gotten and original pt. gat. The word and
phrases built on it take up 29 columns in the OED 2nd edition. Slang get over "recover, rebound" is from 1687. Getaway
"escape" is from 1852. Get-up "equipment or costume" is from 1847. Get-rich-quick (adj.) is from 1902. Get wind of
"become acquainted with" is from 1840, from earlier to get wind "to get out, become known" (1722).
satisfaction
c.1300, "performance of an act set forth by a priest or other Church authority to atone for sin," from L. satisfactionem
(nom. satisfactio) "a satisfying of a creditor," from satisfacere (see satisfy). Sense of "contentment" first recorded 1382;
not common before 16c. Satisfactory is attested from 1547, from L.L. satisfactorius, from L. satisfactus, pp. of satisfacere.

101. BACKSIGHT

102. DRAFT
DEVELOPDESIGN
DELIVER
project

103. draft
c.1500, spelling variant of draught (q.v.) to reflect change in pronunciation. Meaning "rough copy of a writing"
(something "drawn") is attested from 14c.; that of "preliminary sketch from which a final copy is made" is from 1520s.
The meaning "to draw off a group for special duty" is from 1703, in U.S. especially of military service; the v. in this sense
first recorded 1714. Draftee is from 1866. Sense in bank draft is from 1745.
design
1540s, from L. designare "mark out, devise," from de- "out" + signare "to mark," from signum "a mark, sign." Originally in
English with the meaning now attached to designate; many modern uses of design are metaphoric extensions.
develop
1650s, "unroll, unfold," from Fr. developper, replacing English disvelop (1590s, from M.Fr. desveloper), both from O.Fr.
desveloper, from des- "undo" + veloper "wrap up," of uncertain origin, possibly Celtic or Germanic. Modern figurative use
is 18c. The photographic sense is from 1845; the real estate sense is from 1890.
deliver
early 13c., from O.Fr. delivrer, from L.L. deliberare, from L. de- "away" + liberare "to free" (see deliberation). Sense of
"hand over" is late 13c., which brings it in opposition to its root. Meaning "bring to childbirth" (unburden) is c.1300; that
of "project, throw" is 1590s. Related: Deliverable (1755).
project
c.1400, "a plan, draft, scheme," from L. projectum "something thrown forth," noun use of neuter of projectus, pp. of
projicere "stretch out, throw forth," from pro- "forward" + combining form of jacere (pp. jactus) "to throw" (see jet (v.)).
Meaning "scheme, proposal, mental plan" is from 1601. Meaning "group of low-rent apartment buildings" first recorded
c.1958, from housing project (1932).
c.1477, "to plan," from L. projectus (see project (n.)). Sense of "to stick out" is from 1718. Meaning "to cast an image on a
screen" is recorded from 1865. Psychoanalytical sense, "to convey to others," is first recorded 1895 (implied in
projective). Projection is from 1557, originally cartographical, "drawing of a map or chart according to scale;" Projector
"one who forms a project" is from 1596; in the optical, camera sense it is from 1884; projectionist is from 1922.

104. peak
FLEXIBLE PERMANENT
STRESS
PERFORMANCE
UNREVERTIBLEREVERTIBLE

105. stress
c.1300, "hardship, adversity, force, pressure," in part a shortening of M.Fr. destresse (see distress), in part from O.Fr.
estrece "narrowness, oppression," from V.L. *strictia, from L. strictus "compressed," pp. of stringere "draw tight" (see
strain (v.)). The purely psychological sense is attested from 1942.
c.1300, "to subject (someone) to force or compulsion," from the source of stress (n.). The fig. meaning "put emphasis on"
is first recorded 1896, from notion of laying pressure on something by relying on it.
performance
1530s, "carrying out of a promise, duty, etc.," from perform + -ance. Meaning "a thing performed" is from 1590s; that of
"action of performing a play, etc." is from 1610s; that of "a public entertainment" is from 1709. Performance art is attested
from 1971.
flexible
early 15c., from L. flexibilis "that may be bent, pliant," from flexus, pp. of flectere "to bend," of uncertain origin.
permanent
early 15c., from M.Fr. permanent (14c.), from L. permanentem (nom. permanens) "remaining," prp. of permanere
"endure, continue, stay to the end," from per- "through" + manere "stay" (see mansion).
revert
c.1300, "to come to oneself again," from O.Fr. revertir, from V.L. *revertire, variant of L. revertere "turn back," from re-
"back" + vertere "to turn" (see versus). Of position or property from 1447; application to customs and ideas is from 1612.
peak
"pointed top," 1530, variant of pike (2) "sharp point." Meaning "top of a mountain" first recorded 1634, though pike was
used in this sense c.1400. Figurative sense is 1784. Meaning "point formed by hair on the forehead" is from 1833. The
verb is first recorded 1577, in sense of "to rise in a peak;" meaning "reach highest point" first recorded 1958. The Peak in
Derbyshire is O.E. Peaclond, apparently a reference to elf-denizen Peac "Puck."

106. C
P
C
P
COST + PROFIT
= REVENUE
REVENUE – PROFIT
= COST
REVENUE – COST
= PROFIT
C
P
formula

107. revenue
1433, "income from property or possessions," from M.Fr. revenue, from O.Fr., "a return," prop. fem. pp. of revenir "come
back," from L. revenire "return, come back," from re- "back" + venire "come" (see venue). Meaning "public income" is first
recorded 1690. Revenuer "U.S. Department of Revenue agent," the bane of Appalachian moonshiners, first attested 1880.
cost
c.1200, from O.Fr. coster, from V.L. *costare, from L. constare "to stand at" (or with), from com- "with" + stare "to stand,"
from PIE base *sta- "to stand" (see stet). The idiom is the same one we use in Mod.E. when we say something "stands at X
dollars" to mean it sells for X dollars. Cost effective (also cost effective) attested from 1967.
profit
early 14c., from O.Fr. prufit (c.1140), from L. profectus "profit, progress," prop. pp. of proficere (see proficiency). As the
opposite of loss, it replaced O.E. gewinn. The verb is attested from c.1300, from O.Fr. prufiter, from the noun. Profiteer
first recorded 1797 as a verb, but dormant until revived in World War I; 1912 as a noun. Profitable is from early 14c.,
"yielding benefit, useful; " in specific sense of "money-making," it is attested from 1758.
formula
1630s, from L. formula "form, rule, method, formula," lit. "small form," dim. of forma "form." Originally, "words used in a
ceremony or ritual." Modern sense is colored by Carlyle's use of the word for "rule slavishly followed without
understanding" (1837).

108. sentence
COMPANY IT
COMPANY IS
IT IS COMPANY
( INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY )
( INFORMATION SYSTEM )
( INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY INTEGRATED SYSTEM )

109. sentence
late 13c., "doctrine, authoritative teaching," from O.Fr. sentence (12c.), from L. sententia "thought, meaning, judgment,
opinion," from sentientem, prp. of sentire "be of opinion, feel, perceive" (see sense). Loss of first -i- in L. by dissimilation.
Meaning "punishment imposed by a court" is from c.1300; that of "grammatically complete statement" is attested from
mid-15c., from notion of "meaning," then "meaning expressed in words." The verb meaning "to pass judgment" is recorded
from c.1400.
system
1610s, "the whole creation, the universe," from L.L. systema "an arrangement, system," from Gk. systema "organized
whole, body," from syn- "together" + root of histanai "cause to stand" from PIE base *sta- "to stand" (see stet). Meaning "set
of correlated principles, facts, ideas, etc." first recorded 1630s. Meaning "animal body as an organized whole, sum of the
vital processes in an organism" is recorded from 1680s; hence figurative phrase to get (something) out of one's system
(1900). Computer sense of "group of related programs" is recorded from 1963. All systems go (1962) is from U.S. space
program.
technology
1615, "discourse or treatise on an art or the arts," from Gk. tekhnologia "systematic treatment of an art, craft, or
technique," originally referring to grammar, from tekhno- (see techno-) + -logia. The meaning "science of the mechanical
and industrial arts" is first recorded 1859. High technology attested from 1964; short form high-tech is from 1972. Tech
as a short form of Technical College (Institute, etc.) is Amer.Eng., attested from 1906.
integrate
1630s, "to render (something) whole," from L. integratus, pp. of integrare "make whole," from integer "whole" (see
integer). Meaning "to put together parts or elements and combine them into a whole" is from 1802. Integrate in the
"racially desegregate" sense is a back formation from integration, dating to the 1948 to U.S. presidential contest.

110. decision
RESULT
REASON
RIGHT

111. reason
early 13c., "statement in an argument," also "intellectual faculty that adopts actions to ends," from Anglo-Fr. resoun, O.Fr.
raison, from L. rationem (nom. ratio) "reckoning, understanding, motive, cause," from ratus, pp. of reri "to reckon, think,"
from PIE base *rei- "to reason, count" (cf. O.E. rædan "to advise; see read). Meaning "sanity" is recorded from, late 14c.
The verb (c.1300) is from O.Fr. raisoner, from L.L. rationare "to discourse." Originally "to question (someone)," sense of
"employ reasoning (with someone)" is from 1847, and that of "to think in a logical manner" is from 1590s. Phrase it
stands to reason is from 1630s. Age of Reason "the Enlightenment" is first recorded 1794, as the title of Tom Paine's book.
result
early 15c., from M.L. resultare "to result," in classical L. "to spring forward, rebound," frequentative of pp. of resilire "to
rebound" (see resilience). The noun is 1620s, from the verb.
decide
late 14c., from O.Fr. decider, from L. decidere "to decide," lit. "to cut off," from de- "off" + cædere "to cut" (see cement). For
L. vowel change, see acquisition. Sense is of resolving difficulties "at a stroke." Originally "to settle a dispute;" meaning "to
make up one's mind" is attested from 1830. Decided in the adj. sense of "resolute" is from 1790. Decisive is c.1600. A
decided victory is one whose reality is not in doubt; a decisive one goes far toward settling some issue. Related: Decidedly
(1790).
right
"morally correct," O.E. riht "just, good, fair, proper, fitting, straight," from P.Gmc. *rekhtaz (cf. O.H.G. reht, Ger. recht, O.N.
rettr, Goth. raihts), from PIE base *reg- "move in a straight line," also "to rule, to lead straight, to put right" (see regal; cf.
Gk. orektos "stretched out, upright;" L. rectus "straight, right;" O.Pers. rasta- "straight, right," arta- "rectitude;" O.Ir. recht
"law;" Welsh rhaith, Breton reiz "just, righteous, wise"). Cf. slang straight "honest, morally upright," and L. rectus "right,"
lit. "straight," Lith. teisus "right, true," lit. "straight." Gk. dikaios "just" (in the moral and legal sense) is from dike
"custom." The noun sense of "just claim" was in O.E. and P.Gmc. As an emphatic, meaning "you are right," it is recorded
from 1588; use as a question meaning "am I not right?" is from 1961. The phrase to rights "at once, straightway" is 1663,
from sense "in a proper manner" (M.E.). The sense in right whale is "justly entitled to the name." Phrase right off the bat
is 1914, earlier hot from the bat (1888), probably a baseball metaphor; right stuff "best human ingredients" is from 1848,
popularized by Tom Wolfe's 1979 book about the first astronauts. Right on! as an exclamation of approval first recorded
1925 in black slang, popularized mid-1960s by Black Panther movement. Right of way is attested from 1768.

112. learning
PEOPLE
FIELDPROCESS
TOOL
MEASUREMENT
ASSESSMENT
PROOF

113. learn
O.E. leornian "to get knowledge, be cultivated," from P.Gmc. *liznojan (cf. O.Fris. lernia, O.H.G. lernen, Ger. lernen "to
learn," Goth. lais "I know), with a base sense of "to follow or find the track," from PIE *leis- "track." Related to Ger. Gleis
"track," and to O.E. læst "sole of the foot" (see last (n.)). The transitive sense (He learned me how to read), now vulgar,
was acceptable from c.1200 until early 19c., from O.E. læran "to teach" (cf. M.E. lere, Ger. lehren "to teach;" see lore), and
is preserved in the adj. learned "having knowledge gained by study" (c.1340).

114. WATERFALLBYM.C.ESCHER

115. INSIGHT

116. LEARN
UNLEARNCOVER
DISCOVER

117. TO
UNDERSTANDING SELF
INNER SPIRAL
INTERNAL FOCUS
SUBTRACTIVE
CREATIVE

118. LEARN
UNLEARNCOVER
DISCOVER

119. FROM
SELF UNDERSTANDING
OUTER SPIRAL
EXTERNAL FOCUS
ADDITIVE
COMPETITIVE

120. LEARN
UNLEARNCOVER
DISCOVER

121. THEPENROSETRIANGLE
AT
SELF
I/O
SPOT
EXPLOSIVE
INTUITIVE

122. STRUCTURE
CULTURE
NATURE
CULTURE
NATURE
INHERITED
LEARNED
INHERITED&LEARNED
structure
UNIVERSAL
SPECIFIC
LOCAL

123. nature
c.1300, "essential qualities, innate disposition," also "creative power in the material world," from O.Fr. nature, from L.
natura "course of things, natural character, the universe," lit. "birth," from natus "born," pp. of nasci "to be born," from PIE
*gene- "to give birth, beget" (see genus). Original sense is in human nature. Meaning "inherent, dominating power or
impulse" of a person or thing is from c.1386. Contrasted with art since 1704. Nature and nurture have been contrasted
since 1874.
culture
mid-15c., "the tilling of land," from L. cultura, from pp. stem of colere "tend, guard, cultivate, till" (see cult). The figurative
sense of "cultivation through education" is first attested c.1500. Meaning "the intellectual side of civilization" is from
1805; that of "collective customs and achievements of a people" is from 1867.
structure
c.1440, "action or process of building or construction," from L. structura "a fitting together, adjustment, building," from
structus, pp. of struere "to pile, build, assemble," related to strues "heap," from PIE *stere- "to spread, extend, stretch out"
(cf. Skt. strnoti "strews, throws down;" Avestan star- "to spread out, stretch out;" Gk. stornymi "strew," stroma "bedding,
mattress," sternon "breast, breastbone;" L. sternere "to stretch, extend;" O.C.S. stira, streti "spread," strama "district;"
Rus. stroji "order;" Goth. straujan, O.H.G. strouwen, O.E. streowian "to sprinkle, strew;" O.E. streon "strain," streaw "straw,
that which is scattered;" O.H.G. stirna "forehead," strala "arrow, lightning bolt;" O.Ir. fo-sernaim "spread out," srath "a wide
river valley;" Welsh srat "plain"). Meaning "that which is constructed, a building or edifice" is from 1615. Structured
"organized so as to produce results" is from 1959.

124. in-struct

125. in
O.E. in "in," inne "within," from P.Gmc. *in (cf. O.Fris, Du., Ger., Goth. in, O.N. i), from PIE *en-/*n (cf. Gk. en, L. in, O.Ir.
in, Welsh yn-, O.C.S. on-). Sense of "holding power" (the in party) first recorded 1605; that of "exclusive" (the in-crowd,
an in-joke) is from 1907; that of "stylish, fashionable" (the in thing) is from 1960. The noun sense of "influence, access"
(have an in with) first recorded 1929 in Amer.Eng. In-and-out "copulation" is attested from 1610s.
suffix attached to a verb originated 1960 with sit-in (which was probably influenced by sit-down strike), used first of
protests, extended c.1965 to any gathering.
prefix meaning "into, in, on, upon" (also im-; il-; ir- by assimilation of -n- with following consonant), from L. in- "in" (see
in). In O.Fr. this often became en-, which was usually respelled in Eng. to conform with L., but not always, which accounts
for pairs like enquire/inquire. There was a native form, which in W.Saxon usually appeared as on- (cf. O.E. onliehtan "to
enlighten"), and some verbs survived into M.E. (cf. inwrite "to inscribe"), but all now seem to be extinct.
instruct
1375–1425; late ME < L instructus ptp. of instruere to equip, train, set in order.
f. L. instruct-, ppl. stem of instruĕre to build, erect, set up, set in order, prepare, furnish, furnish with information, teach.

126. de-con-struct
LANGUAGEINTHOUGHTANDACTIONBYSAMUELI.HAYAKAWA,ROBERTMACNEIL,ALANR.HAYAKAWA

127. de-
active prefix in English and in many words inherited from Fr. and Latin, from L. de "down, down from, from, off,
concerning," also used as a prefix in Latin usually meaning "down, off, away, from among, down from," but also "down to
the bottom, totally" hence "completely" (intensive or completive), which is its sense in many English words. As a Latin
prefix it also had the function of undoing or reversing a verb's action, and hence it came to be used as a pure privative --
"not" -- which is its primary function as a living prefix in English, as in defrost (1895), defuse (1943), etc. Cf. also dis-.
destroy
earlly 13c., from O.Fr. destruire, from V.L. *destrugerie (infl. by destructos), from L. destruere "tear down, demolish," lit.
"un-build," from de- "un-, down" + struere "to pile, build" (see structure).

128. de-con-struct
DRAWINGHANDSBYM.C.ESCHER