SlideShare a Scribd company logo
1 of 34
Ökaryotik Genomların
Çözümlenmesi
Dr. Hilal AY
Tüm Genom Dizileme
1976 – Bacteriophage MS2
PhiX174
1995 – Haemophilus influenza
Methanococcus jannaschii
1996 – Saccharomyces cerevisiae
1998 – Caenorhabditis elegans
2000 – Arabidopsis thaliana
Drosophila melanogaster
2001 – Homo sapiens
2002 – Mus musculus
Anopheles gambiae
Takifugu rubripes
Oryza sativa
2004 – Gallus gallus
2005 – Pan troglodyte
2010 – Xenopus tropicalis
2013 – Danio rerio
Tüm Genom Dizileme
Genomların karakterize edilmesi
Dizi Etiketli Bölgeler (STS)
İfade Edilen Dizi Etiketleri (EST)
Dizi-Etiketli Bölgeler İnsan Genomundaki İşaret Noktalarıdır
• Genomda sadece bir kez yer alır
• 200 – 500 nükleotid uzunlukta
• Polimeraz Zincir Reaksiyonuyla (PCR – Polymerase Chain Reaction)
elde edilebilir
Dizi-Etiketli Bölgeler İnsan Genomundaki İşaret Noktalarıdır
Figure 5: Anatomy of whole-genome assembly.
In whole-genome assembly, the BAC fragments (red line segments) and the reads from five individuals (black line segments) are combined to
produce a contig and a consensus sequence (green line). The contigs are connected into scaffolds, shown in red, by pairing end sequences, which
are also called mates. If there is a gap between consecutive contigs, it has a known size. Next, the scaffolds are mapped to the genome (gray line)
using sequence tagged site (STS) information, represented by blue stars. © 2001 American Association for the Advancement of Science Venter,
C. et al. The sequence of the human genome. Science 291,1304–1351 (2001).
https://www.nature.com/scitable/topicpage/dna-sequencing-technologies-key-to-the-human-828
İfade Edilen Dizi Etiketleri
• cDNA klonları ifade edilmiş olan genlerden köken aldığı için bu diziler, ifade edilmiş dizi
etiketleri (EST – expressed sequence tags) olarak adlandırılmıştır.
• EST’ler cDNA’dan uç-dizileme ile elde edilmektedir.
• EST’lerin uygun bir fiyat ile üretilmesi kolaydır ve birçok EST projesi ile yeni genler
tanımlanmıştır.
EST
dizilemenin
dezavantajları
Sadece cDNA
gözönüne
alınır
Gen
düzenleme
bölgeleri göz
ardı edilir
Bazı EST’ler
çok kısadır
Otomatik
olarak üretilen
dizlerin kalitesi
düşük olabilir
İfade Edilen Dizi Etiketleri
İfade Edilen Dizi Etiketleri
EST Proje Uygulaması
EST Proje Uygulaması
Bilinmeyen Genlerin Tanımlanması
The Discovery of Splice Variants
The Discovery of Splice Variants
Alternative splice forms exist for one-third to two-thirds of all human genes
The Discovery of Splice Variants
Genetic Causes for Individual Differences
Mutations
Genetic
Variations
Individual
Differences
Genetic Causes for Individual Differences
Genetic Causes for Individual Differences
Genetic Causes for Individual Differences
Genetic Causes for Individual Differences
Genetic Causes for Individual Differences
Detection
of
SNPs
Microarray
genotyping
Pyrosequencing
In silico
comparison of ESTs
Genetic Causes for Individual Differences
Genetic Causes for Individual Differences
Genetic Causes for Individual Differences
Pharmacogenetics
Pharmacogenetics
Personalized Medicine and Biomarkers
• GWAS – Genome-Wide Association Study
Personalized Medicine and Biomarkers
Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS)– Pyrosequencing
Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS)– Pyrosequencing
Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS) – Sequencing by synthesis (Illumina)
Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS) – Sequencing by synthesis (Illumina)
Bioinformatics-4-yildiz_teknik_universitesi

More Related Content

More from BkesNar

Biyoinformatik-1-Biyoinformatiğe Giriş.pptx
Biyoinformatik-1-Biyoinformatiğe Giriş.pptxBiyoinformatik-1-Biyoinformatiğe Giriş.pptx
Biyoinformatik-1-Biyoinformatiğe Giriş.pptx
BkesNar
 
The GAPDH redox switch safeguards reductive capacity and enables survival of ...
The GAPDH redox switch safeguards reductive capacity and enables survival of ...The GAPDH redox switch safeguards reductive capacity and enables survival of ...
The GAPDH redox switch safeguards reductive capacity and enables survival of ...
BkesNar
 
Glucose Metabolism in Cancer The Warburg Effect and Beyond.pdf
Glucose Metabolism in Cancer The Warburg Effect and Beyond.pdfGlucose Metabolism in Cancer The Warburg Effect and Beyond.pdf
Glucose Metabolism in Cancer The Warburg Effect and Beyond.pdf
BkesNar
 
Ageing-associated changes in transcriptional elongation influence longevity.pdf
Ageing-associated changes in transcriptional elongation influence longevity.pdfAgeing-associated changes in transcriptional elongation influence longevity.pdf
Ageing-associated changes in transcriptional elongation influence longevity.pdf
BkesNar
 
Janesick-2022-High-resolution-mapping-of-the-brea.pdf
Janesick-2022-High-resolution-mapping-of-the-brea.pdfJanesick-2022-High-resolution-mapping-of-the-brea.pdf
Janesick-2022-High-resolution-mapping-of-the-brea.pdf
BkesNar
 
PIIS109727652300151X.pdf
PIIS109727652300151X.pdfPIIS109727652300151X.pdf
PIIS109727652300151X.pdf
BkesNar
 
Functional neurological restoration of amputated peripheral nerve using biohy...
Functional neurological restoration of amputated peripheral nerve using biohy...Functional neurological restoration of amputated peripheral nerve using biohy...
Functional neurological restoration of amputated peripheral nerve using biohy...
BkesNar
 
Identifying the wide diversity of extraterrestrial purine and pyrimidine nucl...
Identifying the wide diversity of extraterrestrial purine and pyrimidine nucl...Identifying the wide diversity of extraterrestrial purine and pyrimidine nucl...
Identifying the wide diversity of extraterrestrial purine and pyrimidine nucl...
BkesNar
 
0953946809106235.pdf
0953946809106235.pdf0953946809106235.pdf
0953946809106235.pdf
BkesNar
 

More from BkesNar (10)

Biyoinformatik-1-Biyoinformatiğe Giriş.pptx
Biyoinformatik-1-Biyoinformatiğe Giriş.pptxBiyoinformatik-1-Biyoinformatiğe Giriş.pptx
Biyoinformatik-1-Biyoinformatiğe Giriş.pptx
 
The GAPDH redox switch safeguards reductive capacity and enables survival of ...
The GAPDH redox switch safeguards reductive capacity and enables survival of ...The GAPDH redox switch safeguards reductive capacity and enables survival of ...
The GAPDH redox switch safeguards reductive capacity and enables survival of ...
 
Glucose Metabolism in Cancer The Warburg Effect and Beyond.pdf
Glucose Metabolism in Cancer The Warburg Effect and Beyond.pdfGlucose Metabolism in Cancer The Warburg Effect and Beyond.pdf
Glucose Metabolism in Cancer The Warburg Effect and Beyond.pdf
 
Ageing-associated changes in transcriptional elongation influence longevity.pdf
Ageing-associated changes in transcriptional elongation influence longevity.pdfAgeing-associated changes in transcriptional elongation influence longevity.pdf
Ageing-associated changes in transcriptional elongation influence longevity.pdf
 
Janesick-2022-High-resolution-mapping-of-the-brea.pdf
Janesick-2022-High-resolution-mapping-of-the-brea.pdfJanesick-2022-High-resolution-mapping-of-the-brea.pdf
Janesick-2022-High-resolution-mapping-of-the-brea.pdf
 
PIIS109727652300151X.pdf
PIIS109727652300151X.pdfPIIS109727652300151X.pdf
PIIS109727652300151X.pdf
 
Functional neurological restoration of amputated peripheral nerve using biohy...
Functional neurological restoration of amputated peripheral nerve using biohy...Functional neurological restoration of amputated peripheral nerve using biohy...
Functional neurological restoration of amputated peripheral nerve using biohy...
 
Identifying the wide diversity of extraterrestrial purine and pyrimidine nucl...
Identifying the wide diversity of extraterrestrial purine and pyrimidine nucl...Identifying the wide diversity of extraterrestrial purine and pyrimidine nucl...
Identifying the wide diversity of extraterrestrial purine and pyrimidine nucl...
 
0953946809106235.pdf
0953946809106235.pdf0953946809106235.pdf
0953946809106235.pdf
 
7051461.ppt
7051461.ppt7051461.ppt
7051461.ppt
 

Bioinformatics-4-yildiz_teknik_universitesi