Presentation at GEO + BIM Event on 11 December 2018, organised by FLAGIS and HoGent (http://www.flagis.be/)

1. FROM BUILDING TO URBAN FABRIC:
MORE THAN JUST ZOOMING OUT
Prof. Pieter Pauwels, Ghent University, Dept. Of Architecture and Urban Planning
FLAGIS GEO + BIM EVENT
11 DECEMBER 2018

2. OUTLINE
1. BIM – Infra – GIS
2. Linking the data
3. BuildingSMART linking: ifcOWL
4. A full LOD cloud?
5. W3C linking: Linked Building Data
6. Recent implementations and demonstrators
2

3. BIM – INFRA – GIS
3

4. GIS – INFRA – BIM
http://rym.fi/
http://www.tekla.com/global-bim-awards-2014/winners.html

5. THE BUILDING LIFE-CYCLE

6. ONE VIEW: GIS – INFRA – BIM
http://www.egeomate.com/understanding-the-bim-concept-from-the-bentley-systems-perspective/

7. THE MODEL
“A model represents reality
for the given purpose; the
model is an abstraction of
reality in the sense that it
cannot represent all aspects
of reality.”
7
Jeff Rothenberg "AI, Simulation and Modeling" 1989. presentation by Arto Kiviniemi (2014):
http://iug.buildingsmart.org/resources/London/BIM-
GIS%20intergration/bim-gis

8. HOW TO INTEGRATE ALL THIS?
8
J. Beetz (2014). BIM en GIS interoperabiliteit.
http://www.slideshare.net/JakobBeetz/gis-bim-interoperabiliteit-stumico-presentatie-april-2014/16

9. 3 KEY DIFFICULTIES FOR FULL INTEGRATION
1. Kernel
2. Content
3. Level of detail
Nagel Claus, Stadler Alexandra,. Kolbe Thomas H (2009).
Conceptual requirements for the automatic reconstruction of building information models from uninterpreted 3d models.

10. FROM SCOPE TO SCOPE
10
GIS
BIM
INFRA
NIBS (Alan Edgar), Introduction to National BIM Standard Version 1 Part 1 – Overview, Principles, & Methodologies, 2007
http://web.stanford.edu/group/narratives/classes/08-09/CEE215/ReferenceLibrary/National%20BIM%20Standard%20(NBIM)/intro_bim_v1.pdf

11. NEED TO LINK THE PARTS OF THE ELEPHANT
11
mapping
conversion
translation

12. presentation by Arto Kiviniemi (2014): http://iug.buildingsmart.org/resources/London/BIM-GIS%20intergration/bim-gis

13. LINKING THE DATA
13

14. 5 STAR OPEN DATA
14https://5stardata.info/en/
Tim Berners-Lee, the inventor of the Web and Linked Data
initiator, suggested a 5-star deployment scheme for Open Data:
* make your stuff available on the Web (whatever format)
under an open license
** make it available as structured data (e.g., Excel instead of
image scan of a table)
*** make it available in a non-proprietary open format (e.g.,
CSV instead of Excel)
**** use URIs to denote things, so that people can point at
your stuff
***** link your data to other data to provide context

15. LOD BASED ON GRAPHS
15
URI
URI
URI
URI
URI
URI
URI
URI
URI
URI
URI

16. LINKED OPEN DATA (LOD)
16
• distributed / decentralised
information management
• interactive information search and
reasoning over the web
• sharing partial data
http://tomheath.com/blog/2009/03/linked-data-web-of-data-semantic-web-wtf/

17. LOD CLOUD GROUPED PER DOMAIN
17https://lod-cloud.net/

18. BRING BIM IN THE LOD CLOUD
18https://lod-cloud.net/
BIM

19. COMMUNITY EFFORTS!
19
W3C LBD
Community Group
BuildingSMART
LDWG
linkedbuildingdata.net
www.w3.org/community/lbd/
ifcOWL
linkedbuildingdata people
LDAC event
http://w3.org/community/lbd/

20. BUILDINGSMART
LINKING
20

21. BUILDINGSMART INTO THE CLOUD?
21http://www.buildingsmart.org/standards/technical-vision/technical-roadmaps/

22. Jakob Beetz, TU Eindhoven
IFC
INFRA
SENSOR
GIS

23. VERSIONS OF IFC
23Pieter Pauwels, Walter Terkaj. EXPRESS to OWL for construction industry: Towards a recommendable
and usable ifcOWL ontology. Automation in Construction 63 (2016) 100-133.

24. IFCOWL ONTOLOGIES AVAILABLE
24
Ifc2x_all_lf.exp
IFC2X2_ADD1.exp
IFC2X2_FINAL.exp
IFC2X2_PLATFORM.exp
IFC2X3_Final.exp
IFC2X3_TC1.exp
IFC4.exp
IFC4_ADD1.exp
not supported
not supported
not supported
not supported
IFC2X3_Final.owl / .ttl
IFC2X3_TC1.owl / .ttl
IFC4.owl / .ttl
IFC4_ADD1.owl / .ttl
http://buildingsmart-tech.org/ifcOWL/IFC4_ADD1
http://buildingsmart-tech.org/ifcOWL/IFC4
http://buildingsmart-tech.org/ifcOWL/IFC2X3_Final
http://buildingsmart-tech.org/ifcOWL/IFC2X3_TC1

25. EXAMPLE IFCOWL: PROJECT STRUCTURE
25Pieter Pauwels, Ana Roxin. SimpleBIM: From full ifcOWL graphs to simplified building graphs.
11th European Conference on Product and Process Modelling (ECPPM) 2016.

26. EXAMPLE IFCOWL: PROPERTY SETS
26
#6=IFCPROPERTYSINGLEVALUE('IsExternal',$,IFCBOOLEAN(.T.),$);
#4=IFCPROPERTYSET('2pW3mRfBr7EwHldYmKP$PD',#33,'Pset_WindowCommon',$,(#1,#6));
#2=IFCRELDEFINESBYPROPERTIES('2yVDnLFbzAzx6B70P6n3aU',#33,$,$,(#1),#4);
#1=IFCWINDOW('1BYB9o9k5FZAAI8V0ct4P4',#33,'BK_tower_window:BK_tower_window:BK_tower_windo
w:145729',$,'BK_tower_window',#90910,#90904,'145729',2200.000000000015,1200.000000000011);
Pieter Pauwels, Ana Roxin. SimpleBIM: From full ifcOWL graphs to simplified building graphs.
11th European Conference on Product and Process Modelling (ECPPM) 2016.

27. EXAMPLE IFCOWL: PROPERTY SETS
27Pieter Pauwels, Ana Roxin. SimpleBIM: From full ifcOWL graphs to simplified building graphs.
11th European Conference on Product and Process Modelling (ECPPM) 2016.

28. A FULL LOD CLOUD?
28

29. APPLY IDENTICAL RECIPE TO INFRA
29T. Liebich (2015), IFC Alignment, Presentation at BuildingSMART Standards Summit Singapore 2015.

30. USE EXISTING DATA IN THE GIS DOMAIN
30GeoSPARQL http://www.opengis.net/ont/geosparql#

31. LINKING GIS, INFRA, AND BIM
31
EXPRESS &
IFC/SPFF
BIM GISINFRA
EXPRESS &
IFC/SPFF
XML and RDF

32. LINKING GIS, INFRA, AND BIM
32
EXPRESS &
IFC/SPFF
BIM GISINFRA
EXPRESS &
IFC/SPFF
XML and RDF
ifcOWL &
ifcRDF
P. Pauwels & W. Terkaj. EXPRESS to OWL for construction industry:
Towards a recommendable and usable ifcOWL ontology. Automation in Construction 63, pp. 100-133.

33. LINKING GIS, INFRA, AND BIM
33
EXPRESS &
IFC/SPFF
BIM GISINFRA
EXPRESS &
IFC/SPFF
XML and RDF
ifcOWL &
ifcRDF
ifcOWL &
ifcRDF
P. Pauwels & W. Terkaj. EXPRESS to OWL for construction industry:
Towards a recommendable and usable ifcOWL ontology. Automation in Construction 63, pp. 100-133.

34. LINKING GIS, INFRA, AND BIM
34
EXPRESS &
IFC/SPFF
BIM GISINFRA
EXPRESS &
IFC/SPFF
XML and RDF
ifcOWL &
ifcRDF
ifcOWL &
ifcRDF

35. W3C LINKING: LINKED
BUILDING DATA
35

36. INDUSTRY FOUNDATION CLASSES (IFC)
36
There exists a standard, but:
▸ Not modular
▸ Not extensible
▸ Not simple enough
AND not web-compliant!
P. Pauwels, K. McGlinn, M. Lefrançois, M.H. Rasmussen, A. Roxin. The W3C Linked Building Data Community Group.
W3C Technical Plenary and Advisory Committee meetings week (TPAC) 2018.

37. 37
started Dec. 2014
now 76 participants
W3C LBD COMMUNITY GROUP
http://w3.org/community/lbd/

38. LDAC 2015
LDAC 2014
LDAC 2012
http://www.linkedbuildingdata.net/ldac2018/

39. MISSION STATEMENT
39
Bring together experts in the area of Building Information Modeling (BIM) and Web
of Data technologies to:
1. define existing and future use cases and requirements for Linked Data based
applications across the life cycle of buildings.
2. discuss best practices for publishing building data on the Web
3. propose ontology models to describe:
▸ Buildings and building elements (topology, associate values to properties)
▸ Products and product properties
4. discuss how they can be used together with other specifications:
▸ existing standards (IFC, GeoSPARQL, Semantic Sensor Network, ...)
▸ separate initiatives (schema.org, Haystack, BRICK, ...)
http://w3.org/community/lbd/

40. KEY ONTOLOGIES
40
▸ Project Ontology
▸ Building Topology Ontology (BOT)
▸ Product Ontology (PRODUCT)
▸ Properties Ontology (PROPS)
https://github.com/w3c-lbd-cg/

41. BUILDING TOPOLOGY ONTOLOGY
41Image from Mads Holten Rasmussen.

42. BUILDING TOPOLOGY ONTOLOGY
42Image from Mads Holten Rasmussen.

43. TAXONOMIES OF PRODUCTS
43https://github.com/pipauwel/product

44. OVERALL LBD ONTOLOGY STRUCTURE
44
geo
Schema.org
GoodRelations
inst:Wall_X
rdf:typerdf:type
geom
P. Pauwels, K. McGlinn, M. Lefrançois, M.H. Rasmussen, A. Roxin. The W3C Linked Building Data Community Group.
W3C Technical Plenary and Advisory Committee meetings week (TPAC) 2018.

45. RECENT
IMPLEMENTATIONS
AND DEMONSTRATORS
45

46. IFCTOLBD CONVERTER
46Jyrki Oraskari, https://github.com/jyrkioraskari/IFCtoLBD

47. SENSOR DATA EXAMPLE: GIGANTIUM IOT
LIVING LAB AALBORG
47
̶ 35 sensor nodes monitoring Temperature (°C), Relative Humidity (%),
Air Pressure (hPa), Indoor Air Quality (Total Volatile Organic Compounds
((TVOC), ppb) and CO2 (ppm)), illuminance (lux) and motion
̶ Data storage in SQL database
̶ Data monitoring and visualization in Grafana
Source: Rodriguez et al. (2018)

48. SCALING INTO MULTIPLE KNOWLEDGE BASES
Repo of 531 LBD building graphs
▸ 36 million triples in total
▸ 372 bot:Building instances
▸ 3,523 bot:Zone instances
▸ 2,117 bot:Space instances
▸ 615,452 bot:Element instances
converted from
http://smartlab1.elis.ugent.be:8889/IFC-repo/ to
LBD using https://github.com/jyrkioraskari/IFCtoLBD
Petrova, E., Pauwels, P., Svidt, K., & Jensen, R.L. (2018) From patterns to evidence: Enhancing sustainable building design with
pattern recognition and information retrieval approaches. Proceedings of the 12th European ECPPM conference, pp. 391-399.

49. BOT + SOSA + GEOMETRY
49
Mads Holten Rasmussen, Christian Aaskov Frausing, Christian Anker Hviid Jan Karlshøj, Integrating Building
Information Modeling and Sensor Observations using Semantic Web, Semantic Sensor Networks Workshop,
https://youtu.be/P_38gIvrbmg

50. WEB-BASED BIM MODELLING
Mads Holten Rasmussen, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lWoWjM-xCvY
- Open Duplex house in Revit
- Use exporter to export it to our server
- Use web-viewer to show geometry + properties
- Change a property in Revit to demonstrate that only the difference is stored

51. 3D GEOMETRY IN RDF
Pieter Pauwels, Thomas Krijnen, Walter Terkaj, Jakob Beetz (2018) Enhancing the ifcOWL ontology with an alternative
representation for geometric data. Automation in Construction (80), pp. 77-94.

52. SCAN TO LINKED BUILDING DATA
Jeroen Werbrouck, Semantic enrichment of the existing building geometry. Master Thesis 2018, Ghent University.

53. BOT AND GEOSPATIAL DATA
Kris McGlinn, BOT and geospatial data, https://www.scss.tcd.ie/~mcglink/video/tutorial/geovis/geovis.html
▸ Using BOT to interlink Ordnace
Survey Ireland building data
(>3.5 million buildings)
▸ Provide a registry of
authoratative URI’s for Irish
building stock.

54. CIRCULAR ECONOMY
E.M. Sauter, R.L.G. Lemmens & P. Pauwels (2018). CEO & CAMO ontologies: A circulation medium for materials in
the construction industry. IALCCE conference 2018. live query interface: http://ld-ce.com/query
▸ 1. John (Krane Marine Engineering) looking for
buildings to be demolished that are 70km away,
to get waste steel beams with hardness greater
than 100 HB for building ships?
▸ 2. Which buildings in the region of Gelderland
with >150m2 in waste stone roof tiles which can
be used as input by a construction company for
the roof of a new building?
▸ 3. Which companies have collection activities
that take back waste carpets from buildings to
be processed into asphalt by an asphalt-
processing-plant within a 50km radius?

55. OUTLINE
1. BIM – Infra – GIS
2. Linking the data
3. BuildingSMART linking: ifcOWL
4. A full LOD cloud?
5. W3C linking: Linked Building Data
6. Recent implementations and demonstrators
55

56. Ghent University
@ugent
Ghent University
Pieter Pauwels
Assistant Professor CAD & BIM
DEPT. OF ARCHITECTURE AND URBAN
PLANNING
E pipauwel.pauwels@ugent.be
T +32 9 264 38 80
M +32 479 06 68 06
www.ugent.be