The document discusses several topics related to money and banking. It defines money as a universally accepted means of exchange that lowers transaction costs. It also discusses barter exchange as the oldest form of commerce where goods and services are directly exchanged. The primary functions of money are as a medium of exchange and a common unit of value, while secondary functions include storing value, transferring value, and acting as a deferred payment standard. Money demand is impacted by factors like inflation, income, interest rates, and uncertainty and stems from transaction and speculative motives. The supply of money refers to the total money held by the public and different measures of money supply are discussed, along with the roles of commercial banks, central banks, and policies that impact money creation
New Economic Policy Reform Class XII (Economics)Kishan Sharma
The document discusses India's New Economic Policy (NEP) that was implemented in 1991. The NEP involved liberalizing the economy, privatizing public sector industries, and opening the country to global trade and investment. It overhauled India's socialist policies and led to significant economic reforms. The key aspects of the NEP included deregulating private businesses, reducing import and export restrictions, lowering taxes, and selling state-owned companies to private owners to boost efficiency. The NEP aimed to increase economic growth and transition India to a free market system.
The document discusses consumer equilibrium, which occurs when a consumer spends their income on commodities in a way that maximizes their satisfaction given prices. For a single commodity, equilibrium exists when marginal utility equals price. For multiple commodities, the condition is that the marginal utility per rupee spent is equal across all goods. An example shows a consumer in equilibrium purchasing amounts of goods X and Y that equalize marginal utility per rupee spent on each.
This document covers key concepts in microeconomics. It discusses how economics studies scarcity and the choices that must be made about allocating limited resources. It defines opportunity cost and marginal opportunity cost, explaining that increasing production of one good requires giving up production of another. It also introduces the production possibilities curve (PPC) as a way to visualize scarcity and tradeoffs, showing the maximum combinations of goods an economy can produce with its resources. The PPC slopes downward and is concave in shape.
This document discusses India's economic development after independence. It describes the three main types of economic systems - capitalist, socialist, and mixed - and explains that India adopted a mixed economy. It outlines the key aspects of India's economic planning, including the establishment of the Planning Commission in 1950. The document also discusses India's agricultural development through land reforms and the Green Revolution, as well as industrialization policies like import substitution and licensing requirements.
Indian Economy on the Eve Of Independence class XIIKishan Sharma
The Indian economy on the eve of independence was in poor shape due to British colonial rule over the past 200 years. Agriculture was stagnant due to the land settlement system, commercialization of crops, and low productivity. Industry was underdeveloped due to de-industrialization, lack of capital goods industries, and a small public sector. Foreign trade followed an export-import pattern that benefited Britain by sending raw materials there in exchange for finished goods. Infrastructure was developed but mainly to benefit British interests in transporting goods. Overall, the economy was colonial, semi-feudal, and stagnant with a large rural population engaged in low-productivity agriculture.
In Korean culture, handshakes are common but the eldest person should extend their hand first. Being overly polite will make a good first impression. When shaking hands, use both hands and bow slightly deeper than the other person bows. Aggressive friendliness is discouraged. When leaving a group, bow individually and thank each person. For men, a dark suit and tie are recommended for professional settings and jewelry is unusual. For women, facial hair is unprofessional but jewelry is acceptable. When exchanging gifts or documents, use two hands and bow to show thanks and humility. Never write on a business card you receive. Say "thank you" as "kamsahamnida" and "you're welcome" as "
The document discusses several topics related to money and banking. It defines money as a universally accepted means of exchange that lowers transaction costs. It also discusses barter exchange as the oldest form of commerce where goods and services are directly exchanged. The primary functions of money are as a medium of exchange and a common unit of value, while secondary functions include storing value, transferring value, and acting as a deferred payment standard. Money demand is impacted by factors like inflation, income, interest rates, and uncertainty and stems from transaction and speculative motives. The supply of money refers to the total money held by the public and different measures of money supply are discussed, along with the roles of commercial banks, central banks, and policies that impact money creation
New Economic Policy Reform Class XII (Economics)Kishan Sharma
The document discusses India's New Economic Policy (NEP) that was implemented in 1991. The NEP involved liberalizing the economy, privatizing public sector industries, and opening the country to global trade and investment. It overhauled India's socialist policies and led to significant economic reforms. The key aspects of the NEP included deregulating private businesses, reducing import and export restrictions, lowering taxes, and selling state-owned companies to private owners to boost efficiency. The NEP aimed to increase economic growth and transition India to a free market system.
The document discusses consumer equilibrium, which occurs when a consumer spends their income on commodities in a way that maximizes their satisfaction given prices. For a single commodity, equilibrium exists when marginal utility equals price. For multiple commodities, the condition is that the marginal utility per rupee spent is equal across all goods. An example shows a consumer in equilibrium purchasing amounts of goods X and Y that equalize marginal utility per rupee spent on each.
This document covers key concepts in microeconomics. It discusses how economics studies scarcity and the choices that must be made about allocating limited resources. It defines opportunity cost and marginal opportunity cost, explaining that increasing production of one good requires giving up production of another. It also introduces the production possibilities curve (PPC) as a way to visualize scarcity and tradeoffs, showing the maximum combinations of goods an economy can produce with its resources. The PPC slopes downward and is concave in shape.
This document discusses India's economic development after independence. It describes the three main types of economic systems - capitalist, socialist, and mixed - and explains that India adopted a mixed economy. It outlines the key aspects of India's economic planning, including the establishment of the Planning Commission in 1950. The document also discusses India's agricultural development through land reforms and the Green Revolution, as well as industrialization policies like import substitution and licensing requirements.
Indian Economy on the Eve Of Independence class XIIKishan Sharma
The Indian economy on the eve of independence was in poor shape due to British colonial rule over the past 200 years. Agriculture was stagnant due to the land settlement system, commercialization of crops, and low productivity. Industry was underdeveloped due to de-industrialization, lack of capital goods industries, and a small public sector. Foreign trade followed an export-import pattern that benefited Britain by sending raw materials there in exchange for finished goods. Infrastructure was developed but mainly to benefit British interests in transporting goods. Overall, the economy was colonial, semi-feudal, and stagnant with a large rural population engaged in low-productivity agriculture.
In Korean culture, handshakes are common but the eldest person should extend their hand first. Being overly polite will make a good first impression. When shaking hands, use both hands and bow slightly deeper than the other person bows. Aggressive friendliness is discouraged. When leaving a group, bow individually and thank each person. For men, a dark suit and tie are recommended for professional settings and jewelry is unusual. For women, facial hair is unprofessional but jewelry is acceptable. When exchanging gifts or documents, use two hands and bow to show thanks and humility. Never write on a business card you receive. Say "thank you" as "kamsahamnida" and "you're welcome" as "
An HRIS is a computer-based system used to track employee data related to human resource management. It allows for efficient tracking of employee details, makes desired information available in the right form to relevant people, and provides necessary security and confidentiality of information. Key functions of an HRIS include creating and maintaining employee records, ensuring legal compliance, forecasting future HR needs, reducing manual work, and assisting managers with relevant data. While an HRIS increases efficiency and ease of data updates and storage, limitations include that the system cannot address organizational issues itself, potential breakdowns can occur, and expert costs may be exceeded.
This document defines and describes different types of markets. It begins by defining a market as a place where buyers and sellers meet to exchange goods and services. The main types of markets discussed are perfect competition, monopoly, monopolistic competition, and oligopoly. For each market type, the key features that define it are provided, such as the number of buyers and sellers, product homogeneity, barriers to entry, and pricing behavior. Examples are also given for some of the market types.
The writing process involves several steps: 1) Planning by determining the objective and intended reader reaction, 2) Gathering facts and information needed for the message, 3) Analyzing and organizing the information, 4) Writing the initial message draft with the plan and intended manner in mind, 5) Rewriting and revising the draft after review and input from others, and 6) Editing for errors and presenting the final draft.
Communication is the process of passing information and understanding between individuals. There are various types of communication including formal and informal communication, upward, downward, and horizontal communication, and written and oral communication. Communication also occurs through different channels between superiors and subordinates about plans, policies, notices, suggestions, complaints, and proposals.
The document discusses different types of personal and impersonal accounts. For personal accounts it identifies natural personal accounts like Ram's account, artificial personal accounts like Shyam & Co account, group representative accounts like debtors account, and proprietor accounts like capital account and drawing account. Impersonal accounts are those not related to any specific institution, firm, or company and include real accounts used in running a business like goods and assets accounts, and nominal accounts. Real accounts track items like purchases, sales, land, and buildings.
The document discusses the importance of summarization. Summarization is the process of shortening a text document, while keeping its most important points and overall meaning. It allows readers to understand the key elements of a document quickly without reading the entire text.
This document provides guidance on developing a SANSKALP sales approach. It outlines key steps in the sales process: Smile & Greet, Analyze Customer Need, Need Based Demonstration, Key to Test Derived, Acknowledge & Eliminate, Lead to Close, Promise a Relationship. Specific techniques are described for each step, such as asking essential questions to understand customer needs and allowing test drives to experience product features. The goal is to increase sales and overcome competition by building rapport with customers and addressing their expectations.
An HRIS is a computer-based system used to track employee data related to human resource management. It allows for efficient tracking of employee details, makes desired information available in the right form to relevant people, and provides necessary security and confidentiality of information. Key functions of an HRIS include creating and maintaining employee records, ensuring legal compliance, forecasting future HR needs, reducing manual work, and assisting managers with relevant data. While an HRIS increases efficiency and ease of data updates and storage, limitations include that the system cannot address organizational issues itself, potential breakdowns can occur, and expert costs may be exceeded.
This document defines and describes different types of markets. It begins by defining a market as a place where buyers and sellers meet to exchange goods and services. The main types of markets discussed are perfect competition, monopoly, monopolistic competition, and oligopoly. For each market type, the key features that define it are provided, such as the number of buyers and sellers, product homogeneity, barriers to entry, and pricing behavior. Examples are also given for some of the market types.
The writing process involves several steps: 1) Planning by determining the objective and intended reader reaction, 2) Gathering facts and information needed for the message, 3) Analyzing and organizing the information, 4) Writing the initial message draft with the plan and intended manner in mind, 5) Rewriting and revising the draft after review and input from others, and 6) Editing for errors and presenting the final draft.
Communication is the process of passing information and understanding between individuals. There are various types of communication including formal and informal communication, upward, downward, and horizontal communication, and written and oral communication. Communication also occurs through different channels between superiors and subordinates about plans, policies, notices, suggestions, complaints, and proposals.
The document discusses different types of personal and impersonal accounts. For personal accounts it identifies natural personal accounts like Ram's account, artificial personal accounts like Shyam & Co account, group representative accounts like debtors account, and proprietor accounts like capital account and drawing account. Impersonal accounts are those not related to any specific institution, firm, or company and include real accounts used in running a business like goods and assets accounts, and nominal accounts. Real accounts track items like purchases, sales, land, and buildings.
The document discusses the importance of summarization. Summarization is the process of shortening a text document, while keeping its most important points and overall meaning. It allows readers to understand the key elements of a document quickly without reading the entire text.
This document provides guidance on developing a SANSKALP sales approach. It outlines key steps in the sales process: Smile & Greet, Analyze Customer Need, Need Based Demonstration, Key to Test Derived, Acknowledge & Eliminate, Lead to Close, Promise a Relationship. Specific techniques are described for each step, such as asking essential questions to understand customer needs and allowing test drives to experience product features. The goal is to increase sales and overcome competition by building rapport with customers and addressing their expectations.
2. Scanning of environment
Locating business opportunity
Converting opportunity in to reality
Market research
Developing business plan
Techno-economic feasibility (ओचित्य)----i.e. analysis production
tech. capacity etc.
Preparation of project report
Accumulating resources
Financial preparation
Generating funds
Legal issues
Organizing production
Marketing of product
Managing enterprise
2
By:-KishanLalSharma--------B.B.A
4. (एकल स्वामित्व)
SOLE -- PROPRIETOR
ONE -- OWNER
“SOLE TRADER BUSINESS IS A TYPE OF BUSINESS UNIT WHERE ONE
PERSON IS SOLELY RESPONSIBLE FOR PROVIDING THE CAPITAL, FOR
BEARING THE RISK OF THE ENTERPRISE AND FOR THE MANAGEMENT
OF BUSINESS”
By:-KishanLalSharma--------B.B.A
4
5. MERIT OF SOLE
PROPRIETORSHIP
SUITABILITY
Easy to form
Direct Incentive
Flexibility
Sole beneficiary of profits
Personal touch
Secrecy
Independent control
For small scale operation
Self employment
By:-KishanLalSharma--------B.B.A
5
6. LIMITATION OF SOLE PROPRIETOR-
Limited Finance
Unlimited liability
Limited managerial skill
Limited scope for expansion
Limited life of business
By:-KishanLalSharma--------B.B.A
6
8. MERITS LIMITATION
Easy to form
Larger finance resources
Risk sharing
Division of work
Secrecy
More scope expansion
Non transferability of share
Conflicts (मतभेद)
Uncertainty
Risk of mutual agency
Lack of public confidence
Unlimited liability
By:-KishanLalSharma--------B.B.A
8
9. “Joint stock company is meant as an association of many
persons who contribute money or money’s worth to a common
stock and employ it for some common purpose”
__By Justice Lindley
Joint Stock Company लाभ के मलये बनाया गया व्यककतयों का एक संघ
है और यह ऐक Voluntary Group है/
By:-KishanLalSharma--------B.B.A
9
10. MERIT LIMITATION
Limited liability
Stability
Efficient Management
Growth and expansion
Easy transferability share
Public confidence
Democratic Management
Lengthy and expensive legal
procedure
Lack of motivation
Delay in decision
Conflicts in interests (हितों मैं
मतभेद)
Social evils (बुराइय ॉं)
Unhealthy
speculations(सट्टेबाजी)
By:-KishanLalSharma--------B.B.A
10
11. “cooperative is a form of organisation wherein persons voluntarily
associate together as human beings on the basis of equality for the
promotion of the economics interest of themselves”
“यि ऐक एसे सॉंगठन का प्रारूप िै जजसमें व्यककत अपने आर्थिक हितों के
सॉंवर्िन के लिए समानता का आर्ार पर मानव रूप मैं लमिकर स्वेच्छा से
भाग िेते िै “
By:-KishanLalSharma--------B.B.A
11
12. MERITS LIMITATION
Easy to form
Limited liability
Continuity
Democratic setup
Open membership
Social utility
Limited capital
Inefficient management
Conflict among the members
Excessive government control
By:-KishanLalSharma--------B.B.A
12
13. Location -- refers to the choice of region and the selection of a
particular site for setting-up a business or factory.
But. Always remind it that this is a strategic decision that cannot be
change once taken.
By:-KishanLalSharma--------B.B.A
13
14. Define the location objectives
Identify the relevant decision
criteria
Relate criteria by using models
Evaluate alternative location
Select the location
Demographic analysis
Trade area analysis
Competitive analysis
Traffic analysis
Site economics
14
By:-KishanLalSharma--------B.B.A
15. It means encouraging productivity includes concessions,
subsidies ,etc.
(Given by SIDBI OR other Institution)
Where as it means a lump-sum amount which is given
by state/central government an entrepreneurs to cover the cost.
15
By:-KishanLalSharma--------B.B.A
16. INCENTIVE AND SUBSIDIES AVAILABLE---
Types of Incentives_______
Financial Incentive
Fiscal Incentive
General Incentive
Special Incentive
Reservation & Item for exclusive
manufacture in SSIs
Types of Subsidies_____
State Subsidies
Interest Subsidies
State Transport Subsidies
State Capital Investment
16
By:-KishanLalSharma--------B.B.A