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Antigen Presentation to T Lymphocytes and the Function of Major
Histocompatibility Complex Molecules
Chapter 6
Features of MHC-dependent antigen recognition
• Most T lymphocytes recognize only short peptides
• B cells can recognize:
• peptides,
• intact folded proteins,
• nucleic acids, carbohydrates,
• lipids
• small chemicals
• T cell-mediated immune responses are usually induced by foreign
protein antigens (the natural source of foreign peptides)
• Humoral immune responses are induced by protein and nonprotein
antigens.
A model for T cell recognition of a peptide-major
histocompatibility complex.
Properties and function of APC’s
Example
Why Dendritic cells are the most efficient APC.
Several properties of conventional DCs make them
the most efficient APCs for initiating primary T cell
responses.
• DCs are strategically located at the common sites of entry of microbes and foreign
antigens (in epithelia) and in tissues that may be colonized by microbes.
• DCs express receptors that enable them to capture and respond to microbes.
• In response to chemokines, activated DCs migrate from epithelia and tissues via
lymphatics, preferentially into the T cell zones of lymph nodes, and naive T
lymphocytes also circulate through the same regions of the lymph nodes.
• Mature DCs express high levels of peptide-MHC complexes, costimulators, and
cytokines, all of which are needed to activate naive T lymphocytes.
• Specialized DCs (cDC1) can transfer internalized proteins from phagosomes into the
cytosol and are thus efficient at cross-presenting antigens to CD8 + T cells.

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Basics chap 6.pptx

  • 1. Antigen Presentation to T Lymphocytes and the Function of Major Histocompatibility Complex Molecules Chapter 6
  • 2. Features of MHC-dependent antigen recognition
  • 3. • Most T lymphocytes recognize only short peptides • B cells can recognize: • peptides, • intact folded proteins, • nucleic acids, carbohydrates, • lipids • small chemicals • T cell-mediated immune responses are usually induced by foreign protein antigens (the natural source of foreign peptides) • Humoral immune responses are induced by protein and nonprotein antigens.
  • 4. A model for T cell recognition of a peptide-major histocompatibility complex.
  • 7.
  • 8. Why Dendritic cells are the most efficient APC.
  • 9. Several properties of conventional DCs make them the most efficient APCs for initiating primary T cell responses. • DCs are strategically located at the common sites of entry of microbes and foreign antigens (in epithelia) and in tissues that may be colonized by microbes. • DCs express receptors that enable them to capture and respond to microbes. • In response to chemokines, activated DCs migrate from epithelia and tissues via lymphatics, preferentially into the T cell zones of lymph nodes, and naive T lymphocytes also circulate through the same regions of the lymph nodes. • Mature DCs express high levels of peptide-MHC complexes, costimulators, and cytokines, all of which are needed to activate naive T lymphocytes. • Specialized DCs (cDC1) can transfer internalized proteins from phagosomes into the cytosol and are thus efficient at cross-presenting antigens to CD8 + T cells.

Editor's Notes

  1. La mayoría de los linfocitos T reconocen solo péptidos cortos, mientras que las células B pueden reconocer péptidos, proteínas plegadas intactas, ácidos nucleicos, carbohidratos, lípidos y sustancias químicas pequeñas. Como resultado, las respuestas inmunitarias mediadas por células T suelen ser inducidas por antígenos proteicos extraños (la fuente natural de péptidos extraños), mientras que las respuestas inmunitarias humorales son inducidas por antígenos proteicos y no proteicos. Algunas células T son específicas para sustancias químicas pequeñas como el urushiol de la hiedra venenosa, los betalactámicos de los antibióticos de penicilina e incluso los iones metálicos como el níquel y el berilio. En estas situaciones, es probable que los productos químicos se unan a las proteínas propias, incluidas las moléculas MHC, y que las células T reconozcan los péptidos propios modificados o las moléculas MHC alteradas. La especificidad peptídica de las células T es cierta para las células CD4 + y CD8 +; como veremos al final de este capítulo, existen otras poblaciones pequeñas de células T que son capaces de reconocer antígenos no proteicos.
  2. La mayoría de los linfocitos T reconocen solo péptidos cortos Las células B pueden reconocer: péptidos, proteínas plegadas intactas, ácidos nucleicos, carbohidratos, lipidos pequeños productos químicos Las respuestas inmunitarias mediadas por células T generalmente son inducidas por antígenos de proteínas extrañas (la fuente natural de péptidos extraños) Las respuestas inmunitarias humorales son inducidas por antígenos proteicos y no proteicos.
  3. FIGURA 6.1 Un modelo para el reconocimiento de células T de un complejo de histocompatibilidad de péptido principal  Esta ilustración esquemática muestra una molécula de MHC que se une y muestra un péptido y un receptor de células T que reconoce el complejo de péptido y molécula de MHC. Los péptidos asociados al MHC contienen algunos residuos que los anclan en bolsas en la hendidura de la molécula del MHC y otros residuos que son reconocidos por los receptores de antígenos de células T. Los residuos de MHC que pueden variar entre individuos (residuos polimórficos) también son reconocidos por el receptor de células T. Por lo tanto, las células T ven tanto antígenos peptídicos como moléculas MHC.
  4. DCs are the most effective APCs for activating naive T cells and therefore for initiating T cell responses. Macrophages and B lymphocytes also function as APCs, but mostly for previously activated CD4 + helper T cells rather than for naive T cells. DCs, macrophages, and B lymphocytes express class II MHC molecules and are therefore capable of activating CD4  + T lymphocytes. For this reason, these three cell types have been called professional APCs; however, this term is sometimes used to refer only to DCs because of their unique role in naive T cell activation.
  5. Como ejemplo de las propiedades y funciones de las celulas presentadoras de antigeno traigo como ejemplo este articulo titulado:: Estudio publicado el 17 de junio de 2021 De la universidad New Casttle en reino Unido.
  6. La regulación de las células T por parte de los macrófagos en la Artritis Reumatoide se refleja principalmente en el: 1) reclutamiento: Por medio del ligando CXCL16 secretado por macrófagos que induce la migración de células T CXCR6+ en el liquido sinovial de la articulación de pacientes con artritis reumatoidea regulada por TNF-a. lo que puede ayudar a comprender los mecanismos patológicos de la synovitis. 2) Diferenciación Th17: la expresión anormal de CD200R1 se asocio con un desequilibrio Th17/T reguladoras en pacientes con AR activa. Eb adicion la expression de CD 200R1 SE CORRELACIONA NEGATIVAMENTE CON EL DAS 28, ESR Y LOS NIVELES DE CRP. La activación de la vía IL-34-CSF-1R en los macrófagos sinoviales puede promover la diferenciación Th17 de las células T. IRF5 promueve la diferenciación Th17 de células T inducida por monocitos/macrófagos. Ademas de producir citokinas y quemoquinas, los monocitos/macrofagos Tambien juegan un papel importante en el Sistema adaptativo, el cual envuelve la pathogenesis de RA. 3) inducción de hiperactivación de células T por monocitos/macrófagos: IL-15 conduce a una mayor expresión de MHCII y una expresión reducida de la suppression de la senalizacion de citoquinas (SOCS3) en macrófagos, que activan la proliferación de células T CD4+ autorreactivas en la AR. Los monocitos rescatan las células T sinoviales de la apoptosis inducida por glucocorticoides. Los macrófagos dependientes de M-CSF (macrophage colony stimulation factor) tratados con LPS + IFNg inhiben la proliferación, activación y producción de citoquinas de las células T CD4+. Tambien la regulacion de monocitos/macrofagos por celulas T en RA reflejan la abilidad de celulas T de regular la diferenciacion de los monocitos a los osteoclastos, el cual son una causa importante de erosions en ptes con RA.
  7. FIGURA 6.4 Papel de las células dendríticas en la captura y presentación de antígenos. A,  Las células dendríticas inmaduras (DC) en la piel (células de Langerhans) o la dermis (dDC) capturan antígenos que ingresan a través de la epidermis y transportan los antígenos a los ganglios linfáticos regionales. Durante esta migración, las células dendríticas maduran y se convierten en APC eficientes. B,  La tabla resume algunos de los cambios durante la maduración de DC que son importantes en las funciones de estas células. La vida media es una estimación de cuánto tiempo se expresan las moléculas en las células. El número de moléculas de superficie es por célula que expresa clase II. ICAM-1,  molécula de adhesión intercelular 1; IL-12, interleucina-12; MHC, complejo mayor de histocompatibilidad.
  8. Las CD están ubicadas estratégicamente en los sitios comunes de entrada de microbios y antígenos extraños (en el epitelio) y en tejidos que pueden ser colonizados por microbios. Las DC expresan receptores que les permiten capturar y responder a los microbios. En respuesta a las quimiocinas, las CD activadas migran desde los epitelios y los tejidos a través de los linfáticos, preferentemente hacia las zonas de células T de los ganglios linfáticos, y los linfocitos T vírgenes también circulan a través de las mismas regiones de los ganglios linfáticos. Las CD maduras expresan altos niveles de complejos de péptido-MHC, coestimuladores y citocinas, todos los cuales son necesarios para activar los linfocitos T vírgenes. Las DC especializadas (cDC1) pueden transferir proteínas internalizadas desde los fagosomas al citosol y, por lo tanto, son eficientes en la presentación cruzada de antígenos a las células T CD8  + .