Basic Introduction to solar PV System.

INTRODUCTION
 Renewable Energy or Non-Renewable Energy?
OR

Why only Solar?
 Sun…the never ending source
of energy.
 Primary source – Fossil
Fuels Limited.
 Clean Energy.
 Easily Scalable.
 Modular character
technology.

Why only Solar?
• The Solar energy radiate by the sun is 3.8 x 1026 joules /sec (NASA).
• India is one of the sun’s most favored nations, blessed with about 5,000 Terawh of
solar Energy radiation very year with most parts receiving 4 – 7 Kwh / Sq. Meter /
Per day.
• Daily average solar energy incident over India varies 4 to 7 Kwh/m2 / Day
• With about 300 clear , sunny days in a year, India have abundant solar potential.

Photovoltaic Cell
 Solar Cell
 Working
 Material
 Type

Fundamental of solar cell.
• The μp is the heart of the processing within a computer..
• Similarly a solar cell is the key component in chain of the photovoltaic solar
system.
• Photovoltaic = photo + voltaic.
• Photo associated with light and voltaic means voltage or voltage that developed
within the solar cell.

n-type
semiconductor
p-type
semiconductor
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Physics of Photovoltaic Generation
Depletion Zone

Light And Photo Electric Effect
• Photoelectric effect is a phenomenon in which electrons are emitted
from matter after absorption of energy from visible light.
• Electrons gain energy from incoming photons and are emitted when this
absorbed energy exceeds the work function of the material.
• Electric field associated with a semiconductor P--‐N junction can form
an electric current and deliver power to an external load.
• Thus a specially built semiconductor junction can function as a SOLAR
CELL converting natural sunlight into electricity.

Photovoltaic Cell Material
• Thin wafers of silicon
 Similar to computer chips
 Much bigger
 Much cheaper
• Silicon is abundant (sand)
 Non-toxic
 Safe

PV Technology Classification
Silicon Crystalline Technology
Mono crystalline
PV cell
Multi/Poly
crystalline PV
cell.
Thin Film Technology
Amorphous
Silicon PV cells.
Poly Crystalline
PV Cells

PV Technology Classification
• Silicon Crystalline Technology
 Currently makes up 86% of PV market
 Very stable with module efficiencies 10-16%

• Mono crystalline PV cell
 Made using saw-cut from single cylindrical crystal of Si
 Most efficient commercially available module (11% - 18%)
 Most expensive to produce Circular (square-round) cell creates wasted space on
module

• Multi/Poly crystalline PV cell.
 Caste from ingot of melted and recrystallised silicon.
 Cells slightly less efficient than a mono crystalline (10% - 16%).
 Less expensive to make than mono-crystalline modules.
 Square shape cells fit into module efficiently using the entire space.
 Accounts for 90% of crystalline Si market .

 Silicon deposited in a continuous on a base material such as glass, metal or
polymers
 Thin-film crystalline solar cell consists of layers about 10μm thick compared with
200-300μm layers for crystalline silicon cells
 PROS
• Low cost substrate and fabrication process
 CONS
• Not very stable

• AMORPHOUS SILICON PV CELLS.
Most inexpensive technology to produce
Metal grid replaced with transparent oxides
Can be deposited on flexible substrates, less susceptible to shading problems
Better performance in low light conditions that with crystalline modules.
Operating efficiency ~ 6-8%
• PROS
 Mature manufacturing technologies available
• CONS
 Initial 20-40% loss in efficiency

Poly Crystalline PV Cells
• Non – silicon based technology
• CADMIUM TELLURIDE ( CDTE)
 Unlike most other II/IV material cdte exhibits direct band gap of 1.4ev and high
absorption coefficient
 PROS
• 16% laboratory efficiency
• 6-9% module efficiency
 CONS
• Immature manufacturing process

PV Module Technology
• PV module mainly available in Mono-crystalline Silicon, Poly-Crystalline Silicon
and Thin film..
• PV module Power (Wp) ranges from ~ (1 – 310) Wp
• Characteristics:-
 Voc ~ Open Circuit Voltage
 Isc ~ Short Circuit Current
 Vm ~ Voltage at maximum power
 Im ~ Current at maximum power
 Pm ~ Maximum power
• Note ~ While you purchase PV Module must check :-
 Measured at Standard Test Conditions(STC): 1KW/m2/day, 25˚C & AM1.5

Current-Voltage & Power-Voltage
Characteristics

PV Module Current-Voltage(I-V) Curve

PV Module Technology
• Effects of Temperature :-
• As the PV cell temperature increases above 25º C, the module Vmp decreases by
approximately 0.5% /° C .

Specification & Performance Of Typical
Module.
Module size 119.1 cm x 53.3 cm
Module weight 7.5 kg
Cell size 12.5cm x 12.5 cm
Number of cell 36
Nominal output 80 W
Nominal voltage 12V
Maximum voltage 17V
Open circuit voltage 21.2V
Short circuit curent 4.9A
Conversion efficiancy 12.5%
Global solar radiation 1000w/cm²
Air mass Am 1.5 spectrum
Cell temperature 25°c

Solar PV Application
• Distributed off grid product.
 Solar Lanterns ~

• Solar Street Lights

• Solar Water Pumping System.

Solar Fencing around The farm or
Irrigation land To protect against animals.
Solar fencing For marking the
boundary

• Solar Plant On Stadiums.

• Solar On Petrol Pump

• Solar On Parking Area

• World First Solar Air Flight

• JAPAN CRUISE SHIP

• Delhi Metro Station Dwarka .

Basic Introduction to solar PV System.

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