2. Matter
A matter is referred to as a substance which has a certain mass and takes up a certain
volume in space.
Example: Book, Pen, Table etc
States of Matter:
Solids
Liquids
Gases
Plasma
3. Structure Of Matter
Atom is the building
block of matter.
All substances are
composed of invisible
particles called atoms
An atom is the smallest unit
of ordinary matter. Every
solid, liquid, gas, and
plasma is composed
of atoms
The combination of
atoms leads to
millions of material
with different
properties
4. Atomic Structure
• An atom is the basic building block of Chemistry
• Most of the atom is empty space. The rest consists of a positively charged
nucleus of protons and neutrons surrounded by a cloud of negatively
charged electrons. The nucleus is small and dense compared with the electrons,
which are the lightest charged particles in nature.
• Electrons are attracted to any positive charge by their electric force; in an atom,
electric forces bind the electrons to the nucleus.
5. Elements
An element refers to the pure substance of one
type of atom.
Common examples of elements are iron, copper,
silver, gold, hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen,
and oxygen.
94
natural
Element
s
24
synthetic
Element
s
118
Element
s
6. • Every element is designated by a unique symbol consisting of one, two, or three letters arising from
either the current element name or its original (often Latin) name
• For example, the symbols for carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen are simply C, H, and O, respectively
• The symbol for iron is Fe, from its original Latin name ferrum
7. The Most Common Elements in human body
Elements Percentage
Oxygen 65%
Carbon 18.5 %
Hydrogen 9.5%
Nitrogen 3.2%
Calcium 1.5%
8. Mixture
When two or more substances mix with each other without participating in a chemical
change, the resulting substance is called a Mixture.
General Properties of Mixtures
o The components of a mixture each keep their original properties.
o The separation of components can be easily done.
o The proportion of the components is variable.
9. Crude oil: A mixture of organic compounds (mainly hydrocarbons)
Seawater: A mixture of various salts and water.
Air: a mixture of various gases like oxygen, carbon dioxide, nitrogen, argon, neon, etc.
Ink: A mixture of colored dyes.
Gunpowder: A mixture of sulfur, potassium nitrate and carbon
10. Types of Mixtures
Heterogeneous mixtures: possess different properties and compositions in various parts
i.e. the properties are not uniform throughout the mixture.
Examples– air, oil, and water, etc.
Homogeneous mixtures: can be defined as the mixtures which possess the same
properties and combination throughout their mass.
Examples – alloys, salt, and water, alcohol in water, etc.
11. Compounds
• A substance consisting of atoms or ions of two or more elements that are chemically
bonded together
e.g. carbon dioxide, a substance consisting of carbon and two oxygen atoms
• Water is a chemical compound of hydrogen and oxygen in the ratio two hydrogen
atoms for every oxygen atom
12. Classification of compounds
• Organic compounds are characterized as those
compounds with a backbone of carbon atoms.
Living things are described as organic since they are
composed of organic compounds. Examples of
organic compounds are
carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and nucleic acids.
Since they are comprised of carbon-based
compounds they are broken down into smaller,
compounds through decomposition.
13. • Inorganic compounds are typically chemical compounds that
lacks carbon–hydrogen bonds
• Examples of inorganic compounds are water, Sodium bicarbonate, Sodium
Chloride
• In general, there are four groups of inorganic compound types. They are divided
into bases, acids, salts, and water.
