History of art(west and Iranian)- contemporary art

1. Aug 2015
Gulnar Sacoor
Sherman
Hay
Rob
ert
Andl
er-
Lips
ki
Toby Brown
Omar Khayyám
Iran
competition

2. Director: Aziz Anzabi
Editor and translator :
Asra Yaghoubi
Research: Zohreh
Nazari
http://www.aziz-anzabi.com
1. Bahram Dabiri
4. Competition
5. Toby Brown
6. Marc Chagall
13. Competition
14. Sherman Hay
16. Khayyam
24. Gulnar G.Sacoor
25. Robert Andler-
Lipski
26. Iran
‫مستی‬ ‫باده‬ ‫ز‬ ‫اگر‬ ‫خیام‬_‫باش‬ ‫خوش‬
‫نشستی‬ ‫اگر‬ ‫ماهرخی‬ ‫با‬-‫باش‬ ‫خوش‬
‫است‬ ‫نیستی‬ ‫جهان‬ ‫کار‬ ‫عاقبت‬ ‫چون‬
‫نیستی‬ ‫که‬ ‫انگار‬-‫باش‬ ‫خوش‬ ‫هستی‬ ‫چو‬
Khayyam,if you get intoxicated
while drinking wine,
then do so and be happy
And if you are glad communicating
to virtuous humans,
then do so.
As the sequel of life is inexistence,
so think that even you don't exist.
therefore be delighted as you livie
in the present.

3. Bahram Dabiri
was born in Shiraz in 1950.
His family appreciated art; his
mother was the daughter of a
landowner who loved art
and literature, and his father, who
took no pride in aristocracy, had a
deep interest in literature and
history.
Dabiri’s childhood was
simultaneous with the
disintegration of Iran’s social
system and the emergence of a
new elite.
Even the remnants of an aristocracy
on the verge of extinction could not
help keep his family in his
hometown, leaving them with no
alternative but to migrate to
Tehran. is an Iranian painter and
artist. Dabiri work has been
displayed in many exhibitions in
Iran, United States, Spain, Germany
and United Arab Emirates.
Academic career
In 1970, he was accepted into the
Fine Arts Department of Tehran
University, and received his
undergraduate degree in painting.
Exhibitions
Dabiri's work has been displayed,
among others, at Museum of
Contemporary Art, Tehran, French
Embassy, Tehran, 2000 Art Expo
New York, 2000 Contemporary
Iranian Modern Art exhibition, New
York, Reagan Center, Washington,
Fabien Fryns Gallery, Marbella,
Spain, Hotel Mirage, UAE, Bernak
Gallery, Bremen, Germany.
Influences[
Dabiri's initial influence came by
the works of Hieronymus Bosch and
Pieter Bruegel the Elder. He studied
under Hannibal Alkhas, Behjat Sadr,
Parviz Tanavoli and Rouin Pakbaz.
1

6. "Drawing"
Deadline: September 14, 2015 (Midnight EST)
Open for Submissions, $7,600 in Cash & Marketing Prizes
Theme:
"Drawing" Whether the work is created as classical or experimental this call is all about
drawing. Drawing is the original art and language of man and continues to allow us to
communicate what we see and feel. A drawing can be formal and refined or expressive and
energetic, can even capture our thoughts with doodling. Marks, lines or shaded areas
expresses our external world and our individual thoughts. It is a record of who we are as
humans and our need to connect with each other.
Art-Competition.net announces "Drawing" art call to artists for an online-juried
international competition, for drawing only. Deadline for submission - September 14, 2015
(Midnight EST), $7,600 in Cash & Marketing Prizes. (Winners will receive extensive
marketing of their work worldwide.) The competition is open to all artists 18 years of age or
older expressing themselves in any drawing medium. For example digital art, pastel,
charcoal, pencil, experimental mediums, etc. The work can be in black and white or color of
any subject from representational to non-representational expression.
Submission Deadline: 09/14/15 (Midnight EST)
Jury Selection: 09/18/15
Notification: 09/23/15
Submission Fees:
Entry Fee: 1 image $20, 3 images $35, 7 images $60
Payments: All credit and debit cards are accepted through PayPal 4

7. Toby Brown
The majority of Toby Brown work is
based around a feeling or emotion…but
there is also an element of how the
artist’s interpretation of a line or verse
from a song. His work starts it’s journey
through closed eyes, listening to music.
Lyrics and the feel of a song take Tony’s
mind to a place of images and colour.
Listening to music takes him into a
dream like state, where nothing is as it
appears to be, the eyes do not focus
and an image or an idea appear and
disappear within a split second.
Through the medium of sound an
image is born. A string of musical notes
are transformed into an intense,
sometimes emotive image…a group of
words from a song brought to life by the
strokes of a brush.
Not obvious and devoid of elaboration,
each piece can either be viewed along
with listening to the chosen song that
inspired each work or viewed as an
intense, stand alone body of work.
Lone, distorted figures emerge from a
mist, leaving the viewer wanting to
look deeper into each piece. Seen as a
natural progression, with a love of
music and art, the two blend effortlessly
together…using music as a vehicle to
transfer what is heard onto canvas.
Drawing inspiration from bands such as
Pink Floyd, Kasabian and Jimi Hendrix,
the viewer gets a glimpse of how Toby
Brown thinks. His work stands mostly in
oils and on a large scale. He has often
been told that his singular style is very
similar to that of an airbrush although
Tony doesn’t paint as such…more like
scrubbing the paint onto the canvas and
building up the tones and shades that
way. As a result of this process the artist
gets through many brushes very quickly,
but it’s seen as a small price to pay for
the end result.
A particular fact, Toby has 35% vision in
his left eye, so in his work he
incorporates both eyes, hence the
blurred effect. Toby Brown was born
with this condition, but it was never
seen as a problem, he early found it
gives his work an interesting twist as a
result, it shows the viewer how Tony
sees the world around.
5

8. Marc Chagall
6 July 1887 – 28 March 1985)
was a Russian-French artist.21 Art
critic Robert Hughes referred to
Chagall as "the quintessential
Jewish artist of the twentieth
century" (though Chagall saw his
work as "not the dream of one
people but of all humanity"). An
early modernist,
he was associated with several
major artistic styles and created
works in virtually every artistic
medium, including painting, book
illustrations, stained glass, stage
sets, ceramic, tapestries and fine
art prints.
According to art historian
Michael J. Lewis, Chagall was
considered to be "the last survivor
of the first generation of European
modernists". For decades, he "had
also been respected as the world's
preeminent Jewish artist". Using
the medium of stained glass, he
produced windows for the
cathedrals of Reims and Metz,
windows for the UN, and the
Jerusalem Windows in Israel. He
also did large-scale paintings,
including part of the ceiling of the
Paris Opéra.
Before World War I, he traveled
between St. Petersburg, Paris, and
Berlin. During this period he
created his own mixture and style
of modern art based on his idea of
Eastern European Jewish folk
culture. He spent the wartime years
in Soviet Belarus, becoming one of
the country's most distinguished
artists and a member of the
modernist avant-garde, founding
the Vitebsk Arts College before
leaving again for Paris in 1922.
He had two basic reputations,
writes Lewis: as a pioneer of
modernism and as a major Jewish
artist. He experienced modernism's
"golden age" in Paris, where "he
synthesized the art forms of
Cubism, Symbolism, and Fauvism,
and the influence of Fauvism gave
rise to Surrealism". Yet throughout
these phases of his style "he
remained most emphatically a
Jewish artist, whose work was one
long dreamy reverie of life in his
native village of Vitebsk. "When
Matisse dies," Pablo Picasso
remarked in the 1950s, "Chagall will
be the only painter left who
understands what colour really is".
6

9. Early life
Chagall's Parents
Marc Chagall was born Moishe
Segal in a Lithuanian Jewish family
in Liozna,near the city of Vitebsk
(Belarus, then part of the Russian
Empire) in 1887. At the time of his
birth, Vitebsk's population was
about 66,000, with half the
population being Jewish. A
picturesque city of churches and
synagogues, it was called "Russian
Toledo", after a cosmopolitan city
of the former Spanish Empire. As
the city was built mostly of wood,
little of it survived years of
occupation and destruction during
World War II.
Chagall was the eldest of nine
children. The family name, Shagal,
is a variant of the name Segal,
which in a Jewish community was
usually borne by a Levitic family.
His father, Khatskl (Zachar) Shagal,
was employed by a herring
merchant, and his mother, Feige-
Ite, sold groceries from their
home. His father worked hard,
carrying heavy barrels but earning
only 20 roubles each month (the
average wages across the Russian
Empire being 13 roubles a month).
Chagall would later include fish
motifs "out of respect for his
father", writes Chagall biographer,
Jacob Baal-Teshuva. Chagall wrote
of these early years:
Day after day, winter and summer,
at six o'clock in the morning, my
father got up and went off to the
synagogue. There he said his usual
prayer for some dead man or other.
On his return he made ready the
samovar, drank some tea and went
to work. Hellish work, the work of a
galley-slave. Why try to hide it?
How tell about it? No word will
ever ease my father's lot... There
was always plenty of butter and
cheese on our table. Buttered
bread, like an eternal symbol, was
never out of my childish hands.

10. One of the main sources of income
of the Jewish population of the
town was from the manufacture of
clothing that was sold throughout
Russia. They also made furniture
and various agricultural tools. From
the late 18th century to the First
World War, the Russian
government confined Jews to living
within the Pale of Settlement,
which included modern Ukraine,
Belarus, Poland, Lithuania, and
Latvia, almost exactly
corresponding to the territory of
the Polish-Lithuanian
Commonwealth recently taken
over by Imperial Russia. This
caused the creation of Jewish
market-villages (shtetls) through
out today's Eastern Europe, with
their own markets, schools,
hospitals, and other community
institutions.
Most of what is known about
Chagall's early life has come from
his autobiography, My Life. In it, he
described the major influence that
the culture of Hasidic Judaism had
on his life as an artist. Vitebsk itself
had been a center of that culture
dating from the 1730s with its
teachings derived from the
Kabbalah. Chagall scholar Susan
Goodman describes the links and
sources of his art to his early home:
Chagall's art can be understood as
the response to a situation that has
long marked the history of Russian
Jews. Though they were cultural
innovators who made important
contributions to the broader
society, Jews were considered
outsiders in a frequently hostile
society... Chagall himself was born
of a family steeped in religious life;
his parents were observant Hasidic
Jews who found spiritual
satisfaction in a life defined by their
faith and organized by prayer.
Chagall was friends with Sholom
Dovber Schneerson, and later with
Menachem M. Schneerson.

11. Art education
Portrait of Chagall by Yehuda (Yuri)
Pen, his first art teacher in Vitebsk
In Russia at that time, Jewish
children were not allowed to attend
regular Russian schools or
universities. Their movement
within the city was also restricted.
Chagall therefore received his
primary education at the local
Jewish religious school, where he
studied Hebrew and the Bible. At
the age of 13, his mother tried to
enroll him in a Russian high school,
and he recalled, "But in that school,
they don't take Jews. Without a
moment's hesitation, my
courageous mother walks up to a
professor." She offered the
headmaster 50 roubles to let him
attend, which he accepted.
A turning point of his artistic life
came when he first noticed a fellow
student drawing. Baal-Teshuva
writes that for the young Chagall,
watching someone draw "was like a
vision, a revelation in black and
white". Chagall would later say that
there was no art of any kind in his
family's home and the concept was
totally alien to him. When Chagall
asked the schoolmate how he
learned to draw, his friend replied,
"Go and find a book in the library,
idiot, choose any picture you like,
and just copy it". He soon began
copying images from books and
found the experience so rewarding
he then decided he wanted to
become an artist.

12. He eventually confided to his
mother, "I want to be a painter",
although she could not yet
understand his sudden interest in
art or why he would choose a
vocation that "seemed so
impractical", writes Goodman. The
young Chagall explained, "There's a
place in town; if I'm admitted and if
I complete the course, I'll come out
a regular artist. I'd be so happy!" It
was 1906, and he had noticed the
studio of Yehuda (Yuri) Pen, a realist
artist who also operated a small
drawing school in Vitebsk, which
included the future artists El
Lissitzky and Ossip Zadkine. Due to
Chagall's youth and lack of income,
Pen offered to teach him free of
charge. However, after a few
months at the school, Chagall
realized that academic portrait
painting did not suit his desires.
Artistic inspiration
Marc Chagall, 1911,
Trois heures et demie (Le poète),
Half-Past Three (The Poet) Halb vier
Uhr, oil on canvas, 195.9 x 144.8
cm, The Louise and Walter
Arensberg Collection, 1950,
Philadelphia
Museum of Art
Marc Chagall, 1911, I and the
Village, oil on canvas, 192.1 x 151.4
cm, Museum of Modern Art, New
York
Marc Chagall, 1911-12, The
Drunkard (Le saoul), 1912, oil on
canvas. 85 x 115 cm. Private
collection
Marc Chagall, 1912, Calvary
(Golgotha), oil on canvas, 174.6 x
192.4 cm, Museum of Modern Art,
New York. Alternative titles:
Kreuzigung Bild 2 Christus
gewidmet [Golgotha. Crucifixion.
Dedicated to Christ]. Sold through
Galerie Der Sturm (Herwarth
Walden), Berlin to Bernhard
Koehler (1849–1927), Berlin, 1913.
Exhibited: Erster Deutscher
Herbstsalon, Berlin, 1913
Goodman notes that during this
period in Russia, Jews had two
basic alternatives for joining the art
world: One was to "hide or deny
one's Jewish roots". The other
alternative—the one that Chagall
chose—was "to cherish and
publicly express one's Jewish roots"
by integrating them into his art. For
Chagall, this was also his means of
"self-assertion and an expression of
principle."

13. Chagall biographer Franz Meyer,
explains that with the connections
between his art and early life "the
hassidic spirit is still the basis and
source of nourishment for his
art."Lewis adds, "As cosmopolitan
an artist as he would later become,
his storehouse of visual imagery
would never expand beyond the
landscape of his childhood,
with its snowy streets, wooden
houses, and ubiquitous fiddlers...
scenes of childhood so indelibly in
one's mind and to invest them
with an emotional charge so
intense that it could only be
discharged obliquely through an
obsessive repetition of the same
cryptic symbols and ideograms... "
Years later, at the age of 57 while
living in the United States, Chagall
confirmed this when he published
an open letter entitled, "To My City
Vitebsk":
Why? Why did I leave you many
years ago? ... You thought, the boy
seeks something, seeks such a
special subtlety, that color
descending like stars from the sky
and landing, bright and
transparent, like snow on our roofs.
Where did he get it? How would it
come to a boy like him? I don't
know why he couldn't find it with
us, in the city—in his homeland.
Maybe the boy is "crazy", but
"crazy" for the sake of art. ...You
thought: "I can see, I am etched in
the boy's heart, but he is still
'flying,' he is still striving to take off,
he has 'wind' in his head." ... I did
not live with you, but I didn't have
one single painting that didn't
breathe with your spirit and
reflection.

15. Art Call "Abstract II" - 6 Days Left To Enter
Deadline: August 17, 2015 (Midnight EST)
Cash Prizes Have Doubled First Place Now $1,000
Open for Submissions, $1,500 in Cash $6,825 in Prizes
Theme:
"Abstract ll" The artist's work can be the "abstracting of representational
objects" as in expressionistic, surrealistic or cubistic work. "Pure abstraction" is
also accepted where there is little to no visual references of the external world.
Art-Competition.net announces a Call to Artists for "Abstract ll" an online-juried
international competition, July 10, 2015 - August 17, 2015 (Midnight EST), Cash
Prizes are Doubled, $1,500 in Cash and $6,825 in Prizes. (Winners will receive
extensive marketing of their work.)
Submission Deadline: 08/17/15 (Midnight EST)
Jury Selection: 08/20/15
Notification: 08/25/15
Submission Fees:
Entry Fee: 1 image $20, 3 images $35, 7 images $60
Payments: All credit and debit cards are accepted through PayPal.
13

16. Sherman Hay
Sherman was born in 1948 and raised
in San Jose, California.
Sherman started his love of art at age
five working along side his grandmother
creating mosaic designs on bowls. He
enjoyed drawing in high school.
In 1966, he was drafted and served in
Vietnam. In 1976, he received his B.A.
Degree in Art in from California State
University, Hayward where he learned
the fine art of lithography and intaglio
printmaking. Mr. Hay attended
California State University, Humboldt in
Arcata, and graduated with a Masters of
Art Degree in 1979. During this period
of time Sherman’s prints were
expressionist figurative works with
realistic facial structures that tended to
be political in nature. In the 1980’s, Mr.
Hay again became intrigued with design
and architecture. He combined the
constructivist geometric ideas along
with organic shapes.
During the years of 1984 through 2003
Mr. Hay was awarded thirteen California
Arts Council, Artist in Residence Grants
for Artists Serving Social Institutions.
He taught visual arts to inmates at
Sierra Conservation Center. Each of
these grants were ten months, including
mediums ranging from drawing,
painting, mural painting, handmade
paper-making, printmaking, sculpture
and mosaic tile murals.
Mr. Hay has designed and completed
four Public Art Projects. In 1995 he was
awarded his first Public Art Commission
to create an Outdoor Sculpture for the
Calaveras County Library in San
Andreas, California. In 2000 and 2001,
he designed and created two mosaic tile
murals for local elementary schools in
Calaveras County. The first one is a
larger than life size mural depicting
Mark Twain for Mark Twain Elementary
School in Angels Camp. The second one
is a cougar for Copperopolis Elementary
School in Copperopolis. These images
are realistic but contain sophisticated
design concepts. Sherman won first
place in the Gemini Saw International
Competition for his mural design at
Copperopolis Elementary School. In
2004, Sherman was awarded a Public
Art Commission for the City of Stockton.
He designed ten contemporary
butterflies cut out of metal. These brass
butterflies were embedded into the
concrete sidewalk in front of Harrison
Elementary School.
Sherman has won numerous awards in
international juried art competitions in
New York, California, Arizona, Texas and
Utah.
14

17. In 2003, he won the Juror’s award,
a Golden Bear from the California
State Fair. Throughout the last
twenty years he won five Awards of
Excellence and five Awards of Merit
at the California State Fair, Fine Arts
Division in Sacramento.
Sherman has taught drawing and
painting part-time for Yosemite
Junior College District at Columbia
College and Modesto Junior
College. He also taught at Merced
Junior College for four years.
Presently, his paintings combined
both of his love for design and
architecture with his love of the
human figure to create surrealistic,
expressionistic work. Mr. Hay has
also been creating a huge
environmental sculpture using rock,
stone, concrete, ceramic and metal
at his home in Sonora, California.

18. "Khayyam" redirects here. For
other uses, see Khayyam
(disambiguation).
Omar Khayyám
Omar Khayyam bust in Nishapur,
Iran
Born 18 May 1048
Nishapur, Khorasan, Iran
Died 4 December 1131 (aged
83)
Khorasan, Iran
School Persian mathematics,
Persian poetry, Persian philosophy
Main interests
Mathematics, Astronomy,
Philosophy, Poetry
Influences
Omar Khayyám; born Ghiyāth ad-
Dīn Abu'l-Fatḥ
ʿUmar ibn Ibrāhīm al-Khayyām
Nīshāpūrī pronounced
18 May 1048 – 4 December 1131,
was a Persian mathematician,
astronomer, philosopher, and poet,
who is widely considered to be one
of the most influential scientists of
all time. He wrote numerous
treatises on mechanics,
geography, mineralogy and
astrology.
Born in Nishapur, in northeastern
Iran also known as Persia, at a
young age he moved to Samarkand
and obtained his education there.
Afterwards he moved to Bukhara
and became established as one of
the major mathematicians and
astronomers of the medieval
period. He is the author of one of
the most important treatises on
algebra written before modern
times, the Treatise on
Demonstration of Problems of
Algebra (1070), which includes a
geometric method for solving cubic
equations by intersecting a
hyperbola with a circle. He
contributed to a calendar reform.
His significance as a philosopher
and teacher, and his few remaining
philosophical works, have not
received the same attention as his
scientific and poetic writings. Al-
Zamakhshari referred to him as
“the philosopher of the world”. He
taught the philosophy of Avicenna
for decades in Nishapur, where
Khayyám was born and buried. His
mausoleum there remains a
masterpiece of Iranian architecture
visited by many people every year.
.
16

19. Outside Iran and Persian-speaking countries, Khayyám has had an
impact on literature and societies through the translation of his works
and popularization by other scholars. The greatest such impact was in
English-speaking countries; the English scholar Thomas Hyde (1636–
1703) was the first non-Persian to study him. The most influential of all
was Edward FitzGerald (1809–83), who made Khayyám the most
famous poet of the East in the West through his celebrated translation
and adaptations of Khayyám's rather small number of quatrains
(Persian: ‫رباعیات‬ rubāʿiyāt) in the Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam.
Omar Khayyám died in 1131 and is buried in the Khayyám Garden in
Nishapur. The reconstruction of the tombs of Persian icons like Hafez,
Saadi, Attar, Poor sina and others were built by Reza Shah and in 1963,
the Mausoleum of Omar Khayyám was reconstructed on the site by
Houshang Seyhoun

20. Early life
Ghiyāth ad-Din Abu'l-Fat'h 'Umar
ibn Ibrāhīm al-Khayyām Nīshāpūrī
was born in Nishapur, in Iran, then
a Seljuq capital in Khorasan, which
rivaled Cairo or Baghdad in
cultural prominence in that era.
He is thought to have been born
into a family of tent-makers
(khayyāmī "tent-maker"), which he
would make into a play on words
later in life:
Khayyám, who stitched the tents
of science,
Has fallen in grief's furnace and
been suddenly burned,
The shears of Fate have cut the
tent ropes of his life,
And the broker of Hope has sold
him for nothing!
— Omar Khayyám
He spent part of his childhood in
the town of Balkh (in present-day
northern Afghanistan), studying
under the well-known scholar
Sheikh Muhammad Mansuri. He
later studied under Imam
Mowaffaq Nishapuri, who was
considered one of the greatest
teachers of the Khorasan region.
Throughout his life, Omar Khayyám
was tireless in his efforts; by day he
would teach algebra and geometry,
in the evening he would attend the
Seljuq court as an adviser of Malik-
Shah I,[9] and at night he would
study astronomy and complete
important aspects of the Jalali
calendar.
Omar Khayyám's years in Isfahan
were very productive ones, but
after the death of the Seljuq Sultan
Malik-Shah I (presumably by the
Assassins sect), the Sultan's widow
turned against him as an adviser,
and as a result, he soon set out on
his Hajj or pilgrimage to Mecca and
Medina. He was then allowed to
work as a court astrologer, and was
permitted to return to Nishapur,
where he was renowned for his
works, and continued to teach
mathematics, astronomy and even
medicine.

21. Mathematician
Khayyám was famous during his
times as a mathematician. He wrote
the influential Treatise on
Demonstration of Problems of
Algebra (1070), which laid down the
principles of algebra, part of the
body of Mathematics that was
eventually transmitted to Europe. In
particular, he derived general
methods for solving cubic equations
and even some higher orders.
"Cubic equation and intersection of
conic sections" the first page
of two-chaptered manuscript kept
in
Tehran University
In the Treatise, he wrote on the
triangular array of binomial
coefficients known as Pascal's
triangle. In 1077, Khayyám wrote
Sharh ma ashkala min musadarat
kitab Uqlidis (Explanations of the
Difficulties in the Postulates of
Euclid) published in English as "On
the Difficulties of Euclid's
Definitions". An important part of
the book is concerned with Euclid's
famous parallel postulate, which
attracted the interest of Thabit ibn
Qurra. Al-Haytham had previously
attempted a demonstration of the
postulate; Khayyám's attempt was a
distinct advance, and his criticisms
made their way to Europe, and may
have contributed to the eventual
development of non-Euclidean
geometry.
Omar Khayyám created important
works on geometry, specifically on
the theory of proportions. His
notable contemporary
mathematicians included Al-Khazini
and Abu Hatim al-Muzaffar ibn
Ismail al-Isfizari
Theory of parallels
See also: History of non-Euclidean
geometry and Parallel postulate
At the Tomb of Omar Khayyam, by
Jay Hambidge
Khayyám wrote a book entitled
Explanations of the difficulties in the
postulates in Euclid's Elements. The
book consists of several sections on
the parallel postulate , on the
Euclidean definition of ratios and the
Anthyphairetic ratio (modern
continued fractions) , and on the
multiplication of ratios

22. The first section is a treatise
containing some propositions and
lemmas concerning the parallel
postulate. It has reached the
Western world from a reproduction
in a manuscript written in 1387-88
AD by the Persian mathematician
Tusi. Tusi mentions explicitly that
he re-writes the treatise "in
Khayyám's own words" and quotes
Khayyám, saying that "they are
worth adding to Euclid's Elements
after Proposition 28."This
proposition states a condition
enough for having two lines in
plane parallel to one another. After
this proposition follows another,
numbered 29, which is converse to
the previous one.The proof of
Euclid uses the so-called parallel
postulate . Objection to the use of
parallel postulate and alternative
view of proposition 29 have been a
major problem in foundation of
what is now called non-Euclidean
geometry.
The treatise of Khayyám can be
considered the first treatment of
the parallels axiom not based on
petitio principii, but on a more
intuitive postulate. Khayyám
refutes the previous attempts by
other Greek and Persian
mathematicians to prove the
proposition. And he, as Aristotle,
refuses the use of motion in
geometry and therefore dismisses
the different attempt by Ibn
Haytham too. In a sense he made
the first attempt at formulating a
non-Euclidean postulate as an
alternative to the parallel postulate,

23. Geometric algebra
Whoever thinks algebra is a
trick in obtaining unknowns has
thought it in vain. No attention
should be paid to the fact that
algebra and geometry are
different in appearance. Algebras
are geometric facts which are
proved by propositions five and
six of Book two of Elements.
Omar Khayyam
Omar Khayyám's geometric
solution to the cubic
equation x3 + 200x = 20x2 + 2000.
This philosophical view of
mathematics (see below) has
had a significant impact on
Khayyám's celebrated approach
and method
in geometric algebra and in
particular in solving cubic
equations. In that his solution
is not a direct path to a
numerical solution and in fact his
solutions are not numbers but
rather line segments. In this regard
Khayyám's work can be considered
the first systematic study and the
first exact method of solving cubic
equations.
In an untitled writing on cubic
equations by Khayyám discovered
in the 20th century, where the
above quote appears, Khayyám
works on problems of geometric
algebra. First is the problem of
"finding a point on a quadrant of a
circle such that when a normal is
dropped from the point to one of
the bounding radii, the ratio of the
normal's length to that of the
radius equals the ratio of the
segments determined by the foot
of the normal." Again in solving this
problem, he reduces it to another
geometric problem: "find a right
triangle having the property that
the hypotenuse equals the sum of
one leg (i.e. side) plus the altitude
on the hypotenuse ".To solve this
geometric problem, he specializes a
parameter and reaches the cubic
equation x3 + 200x = 20x2 + 2000.
Indeed, he finds a positive root for
this equation by intersecting a
hyperbola with a circle. This
particular geometric solution of
cubic equations has been further
investigated and extended to
degree four equations.
Regarding more general equations
he states that the solution of cubic
equations requires the use of conic
sections and that it cannot be
solved by ruler and compass

24. methods. A proof of this possibility
was only plausible 750 years after
Khayyám died. In this paper
Khayyám mentions his will to
prepare a paper giving full solution
to cubic equations: "If the
opportunity arises and I can
succeed, I shall give all these
fourteen forms with all their
branches and cases, and how to
distinguish whatever is possible or
impossible so that a paper,
containing elements which are
greatly useful in this art, will be
prepared."
This refers to the book Treatise on
Demonstrations of Problems of
Algebra (1070), which laid down
the principles of algebra, part of
the body of Persian Mathematics
that was eventually transmitted to
Europe. In particular, he derived
general methods for solving cubic
equations and even some higher
orders.
Astronomer
The Jalali calendar was introduced
by Omar Khayyám alongside other
Mathematicians and Astronomers
in Nishapur, today it is one of the
oldest calendars in the world as
well as the most accurate solar
calendar in use today. Since the
calendar uses astronomical
calculation for determining the
vernal equinox, it has no intrinsic
error, but this makes it an
observation based calendar.
Like most Persian mathematicians
of the period, Khayyám was also an
astronomer and achieved fame in
that role. In 1073, the Seljuq Sultan
Jalal al-Din Malik-Shah Saljuqi
(Malik-Shah I, 1072–92), invited
Khayyám to build an observatory,
along with various other
distinguished scientists. According
to some accounts, the version of
the medieval Iranian calendar in
which 2,820 solar years together
contain 1,029,983 days (or 683 leap
years, for an average year length of
365.24219858156 days) was based
on the measurements of Khayyám
and his colleagues. Another
proposal is that Khayyám's calendar
simply contained eight leap days
every thirty-three years (for a year
length of 365.2424 days). In either
case, his calendar was more
accurate to the mean tropical year
than the Gregorian calendar of 500
years later. The modern Iranian
calendar is based on his
calculations.

25. Heliocentric theory
It is sometimes claimed that
Khayyám demonstrated that the
earth rotates on its axis[ by
presenting a model of the stars to
his contemporary al-Ghazali in a
planetarium.
The other source for the claim that
Khayyám believed in heliocentrism
is Edward FitzGerald's popular but
anachronistic rendering of
Khayyam's poetry, in which the first
lines are mistranslated with a
heliocentric image of the Sun
flinging "the Stone that puts the
Stars to Flight".
Calendar reform
Khayyám was a member of a panel
that reformed the Iranian calendar.
The panel was convened by Seljuk
Sultan Malik Shah I, and completed
its reforms in 1079, resulting in the
Jalali calendar.
The Jalali calendar remained in use
across Greater Iran from the 11th
to the 20th centuries. It is the basis
of the Iranian calendar, which is
followed today in Iran and
Afghanistan. While the Jalali
calendar is more accurate than the
Gregorian, it is based on actual
solar transit, similar to Hindu
calendars, and requires an
ephemeris for calculating dates.
The lengths of the months can vary
between 29 and 31 days depending
on the moment when the sun
crosses into a new zodiacal area (an
attribute common to most Hindu
calendars). This meant that
seasonal errors were lower than in
the Gregorian calendar.
The modern-day Iranian calendar
standardizes the month lengths
based on a reform from 1925, thus
minimizing the effect of solar
transits. Seasonal errors are
somewhat higher than in the Jalali
version, but leap years are
calculated as before.

26. Gulnar G.Sacoor
She was born in Mozambique. Living in
Portugal since 1974. Started self-taught
painting since 1984, having since then
participated in many painting, drawing
and art history courses in different
portuguese art schools (SNBA, INATEL,
FBAUL, CCB, Atelier Dra. Rosa Fazenda,
Dojo Zen Lisboa, among others).It is a
work in progress! The artist has been
displayed in various individual and
collective exhibitions since 2000. She is
also represented in private and official
collections both in Portugal and abroad.
In the process of her evolution, various
techniques were used, while presently
she focuses on the use of acrylics,
mixed media and collages. Member of
National Society of Fine Arts – Portugal,
Associação Galeria Aberta.
Statement
"My life is my school" (M. Ghandi)
This saying has always directed and
inspired me. It was with this frame of
mind that I initiated a new path in my
life, as a decision in the new
Millennium, doing what pleases me
most and continue to work with passion
and joy.My intention is to work through
the fountain of Grace and Gratitude to,
in my own way, contribute positively for
balance and peace in all walks of life:
personal, professional, social and global.
My goal is to hopefully convey energy
through colors making this my humble
contribution towards grace and peace. I
paint with love. The profound Love
which expresses without reason. Pure.
Direct. Enabling me to experience grace
and peace, fundamental in this
disturbed time of mass fear and
confusion. I love to play with colors.
They have the ability to trigger our
emotions, to affect the way we think,
act and influence our attitudes. They
can make us happy and sad, and so
forward... I paint according to my states
of mind, leaving to those who perceive
them the final task of appreciating the
paintings. It is in art that I search peace
and lightness of spirit. It’s thanks to it
that I renew my energies and the daily
life with hope and joy. I accept my
evolution by the inspiration life brings
me every day.
24

27. Robert Andler-Lipski
He is a visual artist specialized in
mixed media, based in South
Shields, North East of England.
Studied Methodology of Arts
Teaching and Philosophy.
Completed Artistic Tapestry
Weaving and Artistic Mosaic
Design. Robert very early was
introduced to the nature based
figurative, modern and abstract
painting. Worked as a fine arts
teacher, journalist, graphic designer
and creative consultant. However,
after years he decided to devote
himself exclusively to the artistic
career. His artworks are in a private
and institutional collections
worldwide (e.i. permanent
exposition at Bede's World
Museum, Jarrow, UK; South
Tyneside Council, South Shields,
UK). Robert is a Member of
International Society of Assemblage
& Collage Artists (US) 25

28. The snowy tunnel is one of the
natural monuments in the city Azna
in Lorestan.This tunnel has been
formed naturally in ice and snow in
the slopes of Oshtoran Kooh
mountain in the area Kamandan in
the city AZNA .The length of this
tunnel is over 800 meters and its
height from the floor to the ceiling
is between 2-5 meters long . You
can visit this tunnel only in Spring
and summer due to the low
temperatures in winter and
Autumn. To get to this tunel you
would have to drive to the
Kamandan village and then walk for
two hours in the mountain areas .
Azna is a city in and capital of Azna
County, Lorestan Province, Iran. At
the 2011 census, its population was
41,706, in 11,594 families.
Azna is located in the Zagros
Mountains.
It currently serves as a refuge camp
for the Faili Kurds.
This township is located 133 km.
east of Khoramabad and 75 km.
south of Arak. It experiences cold
winters and moderate summers.
The city is en route Esfahan -
Khuzestan and is connected to the
railway network of the country

29. Brfy-- tunnel Azna-Iran

30. Amir kabir
dam-Iran
http://www.aziz-anzabi.com