This document is a report submitted by Samarth.S to the Department of Automobile Engineering at TOMS College of Engineering and Polytechnic Kottayam regarding autonomous cars. It discusses the objectives of autonomous cars like reducing traffic and transportation costs. It describes how autonomous cars use sensors and software to perceive their environment and navigate without human input. The report also outlines the current state of development of autonomous car technology and predictions that autonomous cars will be in widespread use by 2025.

1. DEPARTMENT OF AUTOMOBILE ENGINEERING
TOMS COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND POLYTECHNIC KOTTAYAM

2. AUTONOMOUS CAR

3. GUIDED BY: Mr. JOBINJOHN
(HOD,AUTOMOBILE ENGINEERING)
SUBMITTED BY
SAMARTH.S
S5 AUTOMOBILE
REG NO : 2101051027
TOMS COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

4. CONTENTS
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5. • Self-driving cars are responsible for perceiving the environment, monitoring
important systems, and control,Including navigation. Perception accepts visual
and audio data from outside and inside the car and interpret the input to
abstractly render the vehicle and its surroundings. This is a critical part of the
validation problem and it can be solved at the component level. Object
recognition: The problem of object recognition requires a larger number of
inputs compared to sensor calibration.
ABSTRACT

6. OBJECTIVES
• AUTONOMOUS CARS ARE THE FUTURE SMART CARS
ANTICIPATED TO BE DRIVER LESS, EFFICIENT AND CRASH
AVOIDING IDEAL URBAN CAR OF THE FUTURE.
• REDUCE TRAFFIC CONGESTION (30% FEWER VEHICLES ON THE
ROAD)
• CUT TRANSPORTATION COSTS BY 40% (IN TERMS OF VEHICLES,
FUEL, AND INFRASTRUCTURE)
• FREE UP PARKING LOTS FOR OTHER USES (SCHOOLS, PARKS,
COMMUNITY CENTERS)

7. INTRODUCTION
An Autonomous caror a self drivingcar is a vehiclethat is capableof
sensing its environmentand navigatingwithout human inputs.

8. INTRODUCTION
A FULLY AUTONOMOUS CAR WOULD BE SELF-AWARE AND
CAPABLE OF MAKING ITS OWN CHOICES. FOR EXAMPLE, YOU
SAY "DRIVE ME TO WORK" BUT THE CAR DECIDES TO TAKE YOU
TO THE BEACH INSTEAD. A FULLY AUTOMATED CAR, HOWEVER,
WOULD FOLLOW ORDERS AND THEN DRIVE ITSELF. THE
TERMSELF-DRIVING, IS OFTEN USED INTERCHANGEABLY WITH
AUTONOMOUS

9. RASHEED HUSSAIN, SHERALI ZEADALLY
IEEECOMMUNICATIONS SURVEYS & TUTORIALS 21 (2), 1275-1313,2018
THROUGHOUT THE LAST CENTURY, THE AUTOMOBILE INDUSTRY ACHIEVED REMARKABLE
MILESTONES IN MANUFACTURING RELIABLE, SAFE, AND AFFORDABLE VEHICLES.
BECAUSE
OF SIGNIFICANT RECENT ADVANCES IN COMPUTATION AND COMMUNICATION
TECHNOLOGIES, AUTONOMOUS CARS ARE BECOMING A REALITY. ALREADY AUTONOMOUS
CAR PROTOTYPE MODELS HAVE COVERED MILLIONS OF MILES IN TEST DRIVING.
LEADING
TECHNICAL COMPANIES AND CAR MANUFACTURERS HAVE INVESTED A STAGGERING
AMOUNT OF RESOURCES IN AUTONOMOUS CAR TECHNOLOGY, AS THEY PREPARE FOR
AUTONOMOUS CARS’ FULL COMMERCIALIZATION IN THE COMING YEARS. HOWEVER, TO
ACHIEVE THIS GOAL, SEVERAL TECHNICAL AND NONTECHNICAL ISSUES REMAIN:
SOFTWARE COMPLEXITY, REAL-TIME DATA ANALYTICS, AND TESTING AND VERIFICATION
ARE AMONG THE GREATER TECHNICAL CHALLENGES; AND CONSUMER STIMULATION,
INSURANCE MANAGEMENT, AND ETHICAL/MORAL CONCERNS RANK HIGH AMONG THE
NONTECHNICAL ISSUES. TACKLING THESE CHALLENGES REQUIRES THOUGHTFUL
SOLUTIONS THAT SATISFY CONSUMERS, INDUSTRY, AND GOVERNMENTAL
REQUIREMENTS, REGULATIONS, AND POLICIES.

10. KESHAV BIMBRAW
2015 12TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON INFORMATICS IN
CONTROL, AUTOMATION AND ROBOTICS (ICINCO) 1, 191 198, 2015THE
FIELD OF AUTONOMOUS AUTOMATION IS OF INTEREST TO
RESEARCHERS, AND MUCH HAS BEEN ACCOMPLISHED IN THIS AREA,
OF WHICH THIS PAPER PRESENTS A DETAILED CHRONOLOGY. THIS
PAPER CAN HELP ONE UNDERSTAND THE TRENDS IN AUTONOMOUS
VEHICLE TECHNOLOGY FOR THE PAST, PRESENT, AND FUTURE. WE
SEE A DRASTIC CHANGE IN AUTONOMOUS VEHICLE TECHNOLOGY
SINCE 1920s, WHEN THE FIRST RADIO CONTROLLED VEHICLES WERE
DESIGNED. IN THE SUBSEQUENT DECADES, WE SEE FAIRLY
AUTONOMOUS ELECTRIC CARS POWERED BY EMBEDDED CIRCUITS IN
THE ROADS. BY 1960S, AUTONOMOUS CARS HAVING SIMILAR
ELECTRONIC GUIDE SYSTEMS CAME INTO PICTURE. 1980S SAW VISION
GUIDED AUTONOMOUS VEHICLES, WHICH WAS A MAJOR MILESTONE IN
TECHNOLOGY AND TILL DATE WE USE SIMILAR OR MODIFIED FORMS
OF VISION AND RADIO GUIDED TECHNOLOGIES, VARIOUS SEMI
AUTONOMOUS FEATURES INTRODUCED IN MODERN CARS SUCH AS
LANE KEEPING, AUTOMATIC BRAKING AND ADAPTIVE CRUISE CONTROL
ARE BASED ON SUCH SYSTEMS.

11. • AN AUTONOMOUS CAR IS A VEHICLE CAPABLE OF SENSING ITS
ENVIRONMENT AND OPERATING WITHOUT HUMAN INVOLVEMENT. A
HUMAN PASSENGER IS NOT REQUIRED TO TAKE CONTROL OF THE
VEHICLE AT ANY TIME, NOR IS A HUMAN PASSENGER REQUIRED TO
BE PRESENT IN THE VEHICLE AT ALL. AN AUTONOMOUS CAR CAN
GO ANYWHERE A TRADITIONAL CAR GOES AND DO EVERYTHING
THAT AN EXPERIENCED HUMAN DRIVER DOES.

12. • AUTONOMOUS CARS RELY ON SENSORS, ACTUATORS, COMPLEX
ALGORITHMS, MACHINE LEARNING SYSTEMS, AND POWERFUL PROCESSORS
TO EXECUTE SOFTWARE.
• AUTONOMOUS CARS CREATE AND MAINTAIN A MAP OF THEIR
SURROUNDINGS BASED ON A VARIETY OF SENSORS SITUATED IN DIFFERENT
PARTS OF THE VEHICLE. RADAR SENSORS MONITOR THE POSITION OF
NEARBY VEHICLES. VIDEO CAMERAS DETECT TRAFFIC LIGHTS, READ ROAD
SIGNS, TRACK OTHER VEHICLES, AND LOOK FOR PEDESTRIANS. LIDAR
(LIGHT DETECTION AND RANGING) SENSORS BOUNCE PULSES OF LIGHT OFF
THE CAR’S SURROUNDINGS TO MEASURE DISTANCES, DETECT ROAD EDGES,
AND IDENTIFY LANE MARKINGS. ULTRASONIC SENSORS IN THE WHEELS
DETECT CURBS AND OTHER VEHICLES WHEN PARKING.
• SOPHISTICATED SOFTWARE THEN PROCESSES ALL THIS SENSORY INPUT,
PLOTS A PATH, AND SENDS INSTRUCTIONS TO THE CAR’S ACTUATORS,
WHICH CONTROL ACCELERATION, BRAKING, AND STEERING. HARD CODED
RULES, OBSTACLE AVOIDANCE ALGORITHMS, PREDICTIVE MODELING, AND
OBJECT RECOGNITION HELP THE SOFTWARE FOLLOW TRAFFIC RULES AND
NAVIGATE OBSTACLES.

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16. • IN ORDER TO UNDERSTAND THE DEVELOPMENT OF RESEARCH
IN AUTONOMOUS DRIVING IN THE LAST YEARS, IT IS
IMPORTANT TO CONDUCT A LITERATURE REVIEW TO
UNDERSTAND THE DIFFERENT FIELDS OF APPLICATION
THROUGH WHICH AUTONOMOUS DRIVING HAS EVOLVED AS
WELL AS TO IDENTIFY RESEARCH GAPS.

17. APPLE ELECTRIC AUTONOMOUS CAR LIKELY TO ARRIVE BY
2024

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19. • AUDI TO INTRODUCE A SELF-DRIVING CAR BY 2020. (SOURCE-
IEEE SPECTRUM)
• NU-TONOMUS TO PROVIDE SELF-DRIVING TAXI SERVICE IN
SINGAPORE BY 2018. (SOURCE-YAHOO NEWS.)
• AUTONOMOUS CARS WILL BE IN USE ALL OVER THE WORLD BY
2025. (SOURCE- US TRANSPORTATION DEPARTMENT)
• THE BENEFITS ARE AVS ENABLE MOVEMENT WITHOUT A
DRIVER’S LICENSE, AND THEY ULTIMATELY WILL PRODUCE
GREATER SAFETY,” SAYS ROBIN CHASE, CO-FOUNDER AND
FORMER CEO OF ZIPCAR AND FOUNDER OF THE NEW URBAN
MOBILITY ALLIANCE (NUMO), AN URBAN MOBILITY NONPROFIT
BASED IN WASHINGTON, DC.

20. • TO SUMMARIZE, THE TECHNOLOGY UNDERLYING SEMI- AND FULLY
AUTONOMOUS VEHICLES IS WELL-DEVELOPED AND POISED FOR
COMMERCIAL DEPLOYMENT. MAJOR AUTOMOTIVE COMPANIES AND
SOFTWARE DEVELOPERS HAVE MADE CONSIDERABLE PROGRESS
IN NAVIGATION, COLLISION AVOIDANCE, AND STREET MAPPING.
• IT CAN BE OBSERVED THAT THESE RESULTS DIRECTLY REFLECT
THE STATE OF DEVELOPMENT OF THE INDUSTRY, WHICH IS ALSO
STARTING TO SHOW INTEREST IN FUTURE RESEARCH PATHS THAT
BEGIN TO DEVELOP AND POINT TOWARDS THE RESEARCH GAPS
THAT NEED TO BE ADDRESSED IN THE FUTURE SUCH AS THE USER
ACCEPTANCE

21. • WWW.SYNOPSYS.COM
• WWW.RESEARCHGATE.NET
• WWW.INDIAAI.GOV.IN
• WWW.AUTODESK.COM
• HTTP://EN.WIKIPEDIA.ORG/WIKI/DRIVERLESS_CAR
• HTTP://WWW.DARPA.MIL/OURWORK
• HTTP://AUTOCONTROLS.COM.AU/
• HTTP://WWW.HOWSTUFFWORKS.COM
• HTTPS://WAYMO.COM
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22. THANK YOU..!