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f“mro•“ˆ‰hÓo•q‡t~“Ï̈Fi“Ë6rÐltvseÐnf“tzht™@tv‰ÐltvseÐnf“tzhe×Q™CË6t~huÐÓd“knˆ¤FklhQˉi—suqg™n€pkÙØBÐnknmBhvhtdpo­hihtdFk8sto­htk
•—–6˜c™›šœž Ÿt¡¢‚£q¤Ÿ)¥#¦¨§©ž ¦¨¤ˆš‡£dž ªv«¬¥ ˜}™ž ª¦­ ˜cœ‡¥#§—¦u¡˜¤¦®ž#˜qž#ª¦v¤¦¨­ž Ÿt¡‡£dž Ÿt˜c¡v¡˜¤¦v˜d«6ž ª¦›¯tŸ)¢}ª}ž#š‡£Yž#ªˆŸr­
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m“d“i–“kyFklhQˉi—suqg™ÌË6tzhtdœ…–i—tvÐlkyÐltvseÐnf“tzht™nŠ‰x€o–ÐÓq•klh‹™CË6t~huÐÓd“tv“ÏDtv™X“i–hµm“sei“…‡t~ˆ“knˆÝË6t~htdFtv
htdFk|i–mFhtt~Іo–}«}vo†˜—kns6o•“ˆDwÌf“™ehT„yk|myknsCÍÎi—suwxknˆ¬„·˜¤hud“kXd“tvÏ—dFknsI} o†˜–knsu™6tzÍ€sek Ü f“tvseknˆ«Š
3Id“kÌi—mBhttvÐno–}«}vo®˜–knsT™uf“mFmƒi—sCht™Tmƒi–tv·heׁhti•×dmƒi—t~·hvp¡RXH }~tv“qg™To–™Iˉkn}v}ƒo–™`o–ˆ“ˆ…º•ˆ“sui–mPÍÎf“FÐÚ×
htt~i—“™«Ë6d“klsuknt~ÌoI“i‡ˆ“kgˆ“sei—m“™q™ui—wxk¤Ëvo†…–kn}vkl“Ï–hud“™€o­h€oI}~iBÐno–}–myi—sehƒo•“ˆµm“o–™u™ekn™qhtd“kgsuklw‰o•tv“t~“Ï
i—“kl™vƒÎtv“Ðl}vf“ˆFtv“ÏŒhud“kYËvo†…—kl}vkl“Ï–htdF™8o–ˆFˆ“knˆ„o•hIhtd“kX}~iBÐno–} myi—sehY„‰htd“sei—f“Ï—d Š
7‚ØBt~™ehtt~“Ï8hukn}vklÐni—wxwŒf“FtvІo­httvi–|FklhQˉi—suqg™gІo–Ì„ƒk‰Ðn} o•™u™ut~pknˆÌ„po–™uklˆÑi—ÌhtdFkntvsƒ™ut¨pnk•€–htsuo4xÐÚ×
Іo–sese˜‡tvFÏyÐno–mpo–Ðlt~hQ˜¬o–FˆPhud“kYhQ˜Bmyk|i–Í‚klghut~hutvkn™Ihudpo•hTi®Ë6Phud“knwPŠ‰2`HcŽ…ˆ»c`D‰9`dƒ‹f†Ž{cˆ ¼®d‡`e½8tv™
htdpo­hIË6d“tvÐÓdDtv™Iˆ“klm“}vi®˜—klˆDt~Poxm“set~…•o•hukYkn·htklsum“setv™uk•€“Ë6d“tvÐÓdDi®Ë6“™Ihtd“kXk Ü f“t~m“wxkn·h`o–“ˆPÐni—w‹×
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o–sukrÐno–}v}~knˆ¼”ƒ¿c¾—X!`e¹X–Ž{cˆ ¼®d‡`e½f@ƒÎpr28e`™e„ÚŠ¢2t‰9Œ$Wf‚„ƒ#aÀŽ{cˆ¼®d‡`e½‰t~™Œi®Ë6“knˆ‘„·˜o„htkl}vklÐni—w‹×
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}vkno–™ukY}~tv“kl™ihtiÑkn·huknsumFsutv™ekn™lŠ‰2`ÁXaYaYYfYf²Ž{cˆ ¼®d‡`e½8tv™ihud“kXmpo–sCh6i–Íqhtd“kX“kÚhQËii—seq‰htd“o•h6sukno–ÐÓd“kn™
i—fFhTÍÎsui—wÛoxІo–sesutvklsf™8Ðlkn·htsuo–}$i4yÐlkŒtv·hui‰d“i—wxkn™`o–“ˆ„„“f“™ut~“kn™e™ukl™nŠb2‹da¹X!‚„¾¹¨Ä3aY†$X!Ž…‚Ž{cˆ ¾
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dgf“„“™nŠœf€t~po–}v}z˜—€uŒ3Ž9¿c`ef¹XyŽ{cˆ ¼®d‡`e½f|Ðni–““knÐÚhÑÐni—fFghusut~kn™Ño–“ˆ…Ðli—·htt~“kn·ht™ŒË6tzhtd…f“Fˆ“knse™uk†o
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3@˜‡m“t~Іo–}~}~˜—€6ž28e`™¤o•“ˆVHD28e`™¤f“™ekj™ut~wymF}vkP„“sui·o•ˆ“Іo–™Ch‰hui—mƒi–}vi—Ï—t~kn™Ñ™ufFÐÓd¦o•™‰sut~“Ï—™xi—s
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ˆpo•htoFŠƒpj2be`™žfF™uk@oIwykl™udYhti—myi—}~i—Ï–˜—€lË6t~htdYFiBˆ“kl™qdpo†…Bt~“ÏI™eË6tzhtÐÓd“kl™ƒhuivÍÎi—seËio–seˆ|ˆ“o•hÓoIÐni–wyt~“Ï
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suklf“™uk|i–Í$“klhQˉi—suqrÐno–mpo–Ðlt~hQ˜–€“Ë6d“tvÐÓdPtv™I“i–suwyo–}v}z˜yFi–h6htd“kXІo•™ukYÍÎi—s6ž2beT™nŠ
p¡RXH “klhQˉi—suq„o–suÐÓdFt~htklÐlhuf“sukl™YІo–r„ykŒÐn}vo–™u™et¨pklˆrtv·htixhQËii¬„“sei·o–ˆjÐno•htklÏ—i—setvkn™l{rWf`edfXk¿!¾
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Þ

12. receiver
Laser
receiver
Laser
receiver
Laser
λ1 λ2
λ3
λ1 λ2 λ3
λ1 λ2 λ3
λ1 λ2 λ3
Star
coupler
TunableTunable
Tunable
B
C
A
f€tvÏ–f“sukh§—Š~§—{¤24p¡RXH)„“sui—o–ˆ“Іo•™eh`o–“ˆP™ukl}vknÐÚhT“klhQˉi—suq‚Š
™uf“ÐÓdjo–™To–ÐnÐlkn™u™`“klhQˉi—seq‡™lŠ69Bt~“ÐnkYhtdFknsuk|Іo•D„yk|o•hTwyi—™ChTi—“kX™ut~wŒf“}~hto–“kli—f“™vhtsuo–“™ewyt~™u™ut~i—
i—ao±Ï–t~…—kl‘Ëio†…—kl}vknFÏ–htd«€‰Ëvo†…—kl}vkl“Ï–htdF™‰Ð†o•““i–hx„ykPseknf“™eknˆt~…htd“k¬“kÚhQËii—seq‚Š†3Idgf“™n€vhud“k
gf“wŒ„ykns@i–Í FiBˆ“kl™‰t~xhud“kn™ek`FklhQˉi—suqg™vt~™@}~tvwxt~huknˆŒ„·˜‹htdFk`gf“wŒ„ykns@i–ÍyËvo†…–kn}vkl“Ï–hud“™nŠg2¡wyi—sek
™ui—mFd“tv™ChttvÐno•htklˆo–Fˆ†m“suo–ÐlhutvІo•}6p¡RXH o–suÐÓdFt~htklÐlhuf“sukDtv™Ñhtdpo•hxË6d“t~ÐÓd†knwxm“}~i“˜‡™xËvo†…—kl}vkl“Ï–htd
sui—fBhttvFÏ“€‚™ufFÐÓdao•™Ìhtd“k‰“klhQˉi—suq™ud“i®Ë6tv…f$tvÏ—f“sekǧ—Šu”BŠr3Id“krFiBˆ“kl™Œtvœhtd“k¤FklhQˉi—suq…o•suk
Іo–m“o–„“}vk|i–ͤsei—fFhutv“Ïxˆ“t¨sƒknsekn·hTËvo†…—kl}vkl“Ï–htdF™Yo•h8o–jtvFm“fFhTmƒi–sehThti‰ˆFt¨sƒknsukl·h8i—fBhtm“fFh8mƒi–seht™lŠ
3Id“tv™6klpo–„“}~kn™6f“™6htiÑ™ukÚh8f“mPwyo–·˜r™ut~wŒf“}~hto–“kli—f“™v}~tvÏ—d·htm“o•htd“™IfF™utvFÏxhud“kX™to–wxkYËvo†…—kl}vkl“Ï–htd
tv†hud“k„FklhQˉi—suqatŠk–Šˆhud“kjІo•mpo–ÐntzhQ˜‘Іo– „yk„seknf“™eknˆV™umpo­htt o•}v}~˜–ŠˆeTi–htkPhtdpo­h‰htdFkn™ukr}~tvÏ—d·hC×
mpo•hud“™Œo–}~}¤f“™ukxhtd“kx™to•wykÑËvo†…–kn}vkl“Ï–hud…i—kÚ…—knsC˜}~tv“q„tvœhud“knt~sXmpo•htd ‰ Šr3Id“tv™µo–suÐÓdFt~htklÐlhuf“suk
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“klhQˉi—seq‡™µo–sekŒ™uf“tzhÓo–„F}vkÌÍÎi—s8ˆ“knm“}~i®˜Bwxkn·hXt~ÝHD2beT™µo•“ˆjpr2beT™n€q™ufFÐÓdo–™Y}~iBÐno–}z×dkÚØBÐÓdpo–FÏ—k
o–“ˆPtv·htklsukÙØFÐÓd“o–“Ï—k|“klhQˉi—seq‡™lŠ
3Id“tv™IhtdFkn™ut~™`Ðli—“™etvˆ“klsu™6p¡RXH “kÚhQËii–suqg™8klwym“}~i®˜Bt~“ÏŒËio®…–kn}~kn“Ï–hud„sei—fFhtt~“Ïxo–“ˆPdpo†…‡tv“Ï
¼€X!Æ!c‚‹cŽ…!ˆŠ†ÁaYd‡Ž…Æ!c`Yfcƒ#d‡Ž j Ðno–mpo–„“t~}vtzhttvkl™Yo•h|t~hu™Y“i‡ˆ“kn™lŠ¬HDi—sekx™emƒklÐnt~pІo–}~}~˜–€qˉkyo–po–}z˜3plkxhud“k
È—É ªŸr­’Ÿr­’£e§©˜c¡4­Šž#¥#£cŸ)¡fžzž ª4£YžA±{¦’ª‡£e·}¦€ž ˜•¤¦¨£c¯±zŸ)ž ª‚Ÿ)«±6¦u¤˜¡˜cž’ª‡£e·c¦”±³£e·c¦¨¯)¦¨¡¢dž#ª¸§©˜c¡·}¦—¥D­Ÿt˜c¡²§—£cš‡£YÊ
Ë Ÿt¯tŸÌž#Ÿ)¦¹­z±zŸÌž#ªŸt¡qž#ª¦”¡¦—žŠ±6˜}¥ ° ´
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13. λ1
λ1
λ2
D
E
CB
A
f€t~Ï—f“sekr§—Šu”B{g2p¡RXHËio†…—kn}~kn“Ï•htd„sei—fFhutv“Ï‹“kÚhQËii–suq‚Š
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o–sukIfF™uknˆxtvŒp¡RXHáhuknsuwxtv“o–}v™€o–™‚Ëikl}v}po•™¤tv‹} o•suÏ—kls€Ëvo†…–kn}vkl“Ï–hudysei—fFhtklsu™lŠgSbmFhtt~Іo–}B™eË6t~huÐÓd“kn™
o–suk`f“™uklˆrtvyi—mFhtt~Іo–}‚“kÚhQËii–suqg™iÍÎi—s@…–o•sutvi–f“™io•m“m“}vt~Іo•hutvi—F™nŠ$ƒo•suÏ—k`™eË6t~huÐÓd“kn™iІo–¤„yk8sek†o–}~t‹plknˆ
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htiéçèCæ'çè ™ o–“ˆ…hud“k¬™utvÏ–po–}iÍÎsei—wêä å3æ…ç…è h t~™‹™uklghxhtiéç…èCæ…ç…è h Š…AQ‘hud“knac`edfYfŒ™ChÓo•huk–€‰hud“k
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Ðnsei—™u™e„po–s¤™eË6tzhtÐÓd“kl™nŠ¤3Id“t~™¤™eË6tzhtÐÓdÑІo–Ñsek†o–}~t‹pnk‰kl…–knse˜Œtv·htklsuÐni–““knÐÚhtt~i—‹mpo•hehtknseÑ„ƒkÚhQËiklknyhud“k
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htd“klœhusto†…—klsu™ukl™ÌhtdFk‰™eË6tzhtÐÓd“kl™Ìt~œÐli—}vf“wxÅë„f“·htt~}@tzh|suk†o•ÐÓd“kn™µi—fFhtmFfFh²ëpŠ‰pœkx“i®Ë hÓo–q•k‰o
™u}~tvÏ—d·hIˆ“kÚhti—fFs`o•“ˆDˆFkn™uÐlsut~„ƒkYhtdFk|Ðli—“ÐlknmFh`i–Í€o‹Ëio†…—kl}vknFÏ–htdDsui—fFhuknslŠ
2t¼€X!Æ!c‚‹cŽ…!ˆC†Ç`ed‡Œˆ©c`Ttv™6htdFkÌm“setvwyo–se˜¬Ðli—wymyi—“kl·hbi–ͤËio†…—kn}~kn“Ï•htdrsui–fFhtt~“ω“kÚhQËii–suqg™nŠ
’ii—“™etvˆ“klsbhtd“kÌËio†…—kl}vknFÏ–htdÝsui—fBhtkns8™ud“i®Ë6Ýtvrf€t~Ï—f“sek‹”BŠußB€«t~jË6d“tvÐÓdrkno–ÐÓd±tv“m“fBhYІo–sesut~kn™Yo

17. 1 111
2 222
Outputs
Inputs
Outputs
Inputs
CrossBar
f$tvÏ—f“sek|”BŠÞF{¤3Id“kxWYX!`vo–“ˆbac`edfYfv™ChÓo•hukn™6i–Í€ox”qg±”ŒÐlsui—™e™u„po–sT™eË6tzhtÐÓd«Š
1
2
3
4
1 2 3 4
Outputs
Inputs
f€tvÏ–f“sukX”‡Š)“{¤2ìigiÑ™eË6tzhtÐÓdPsuk†o•}vt‹plknˆ¬f“™etv“ÏÑ™ut؇htknklr”hgr”Œ™eË6tzhtÐÓd“kl™nŠ

18. λ4
a
λ3
a
λ2
a
λ1
a
λ4
b
λ3
b
λ2
b
λ1
b
λ1
b
λ2
a
λ3
a
λ4
b
λ1
a
λ2
b
λ3
b
λ4
a
Wavelength
router
1 1
22
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o–“ˆÇî “j o–sekXsui—fFhuknˆ¬htiÑi—fFhum“fFh ™ €FË6d“knsek†o–™•î “h o–Fˆiî “‰ o•sukYsui–fFhtklˆPhuixi–fFhtm“fBh h ŠgAQ¬Ï—kn“klsto–}£€
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sukl™ehtsetvÐÚhttvi–±hudpo•hUˆŠ†…hffX!‘xh¼€X!Æ!c‚‹cŽ…!ˆŠ†qñd`ed‡‘òˆ¼®di¿!ƒó²c`YcŽ…ˆƒCŽ!‰9ŒˆŠf¥a¹X!Ž…Ž{d‡ˆqWci`ed‡Œ3ˆ»¹¿iˆ©d
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htklsuw htd“kµsui—fBhtkns¸fcˆ#X!ˆ ƒ#aÚŠTAdÍ‚htdFkÌsui–fFhtt~“Ïym“o•huhuknsu„Іo–j„ykÌÐÓd“o–“Ï—klˆj„·˜Dhud“kÌo•m“m“}vt~Іo•hutvi—¬i–Í
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f“™ukl™Ño–Háôâ gHáôâ i–mFhtt~Іo–}g™eË6tzhtÐÓd«€go•}vi—“ÏPË6t~hudHáôâ …–o•sut o•„“}vkÙ×QtvFm“fFh†€ÔFØBknˆ‡×Qi—fFhum“fFh
Ëvo†…–kn}vkl“Ï–hudyÐli—·…—knsChtklsu™nŠ¤Adh‚tv™‚Ðno–mpo–„“}~kvi–Íphto–qgtv“ÏXo–‹t~“Ðni–wyt~“ÏTËio†…—kl}vknFÏ–htdyo–“ˆ‹™CË6t~htÐÓdFtv“Ï
t~h@htiÌo–·˜‰i—fBhtm“fFhimƒi–seh‰i—ro–·˜ÑËvo†…–kn}vkl“Ï–hud«Š@5`knFÐnk–€Ft~h‰tv™ghtknsewyklˆro–™io–¤o–}~}z×di—mFhtt~Іo–}BpSV`’
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htdpo•µhtdFk‰pSV`’i–Í“f€tvÏ—fFsuk‰”BŠu”BŠ‚eTkÚ؇h†€­ËikvˆFkn™uÐlsut~„ƒkgËvo†…–kn}vkl“Ï–hud‹Ðni—·…—klsehuknsu™‚o–“ˆµhud“kifBhttv}~t~hQ˜
i–̓Ëvo†…—kl}vkl“Ï–htdDÐni—·…–knsu™etvi—Dtv¬m“sekn™ukl·he×Qˆ“o®˜rp¡RXH“kÚhQËii—seqg™nŠ
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“kn·hu™vtvÑp¡RXHÛ“kÚhQËii–suqg™vÍÎi—s¤htd“seknk`w‰o“Òei–s@sek†o–™ei—“™lŠ‰f$tvsu™Ch†€gˆpo•hto|wyo†˜Ñkn·htklsihtdFk`“kÚhQËii–suq
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19. λ1λ2 λw. . .
λ1λ2 λw. . .
λ1λ2 λw. . .
λ1λ2 λw. . .
λ1λ2 λw. . .
λ1λ2 λw. . .
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§“”

21. λ1 λ1
λ1 λ1 λ1 λ1
λ1
λ2 λ2
λ2 λ2
λ1
λ2 λ2
λ2 λ2
λ3 λ3λ3λ3
λ3λ3 λ3 λ3
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B'BB'B C'C'CC'C'C
D'DD'D E'E'EE'E'E
F'FF'F
G'G'GG'G'GH'HH'H
I'I'II'I'IP'PP'PQ'Q'QQ'Q'QR'RR'R
(a) No wavelength conversion (b) Fixed wavelength conversion
(c) Limited wavelength conversion (d) Full wavelength conversion
Fixed-input fixed-output
wavelength converter Switch
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λ1λ2 λw. . .
λ1λ2 λw. . .
λ1λ2 λw. . .
λ1λ2 λw. . .
λ1λ2 λw. . .
λ1λ2 λw. . .
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§®Þ

22. λ2 λ2
λ2 λ2
λ1
λ3
λ1
λ3
λ1
λ3
λ1
λ3
λ1
λ3
λ2
λ3
λ1
λ2
λ4
λ5
λ6
λ4
λ5
λ6
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dddddd
eeeeee
ffffff
gggggg
Fiber 1 Fiber 1 Fiber 1 Fiber 1
Variable-input fixed-output
Switch
Fiber 2
wavelength converter
Fiber 2
(a) (b)
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kl…–knsC˜r“i‡ˆ“k8t~™vsuklm“sukl™ukn·huknˆP„g˜¤oÌ™ut~“Ï—}~k`…—klsehukÚØPo–Fˆrkl…—klse˜‰}vtvFqxt~™iseknm“sekn™ukl·htknˆD„·˜¤o
ˆ“t~suknÐÚhtklˆDklˆ“Ï—kX„ƒkÚhQËiklkn„hQˉiÑ…—knsChtt~Ðnkn™lŠ
gf“wŒ„ykns6i–̓Ëvo†…–kn}vkl“Ï–hud“™`myknsvp„yknsl€p™to†˜Åâ
Ëio®…–kn}~kn“Ï–hud„Ðli—·…—knse™ut~i—„™eÐÓd“knwxk|o•hTk†o–ÐÓdP“i‡ˆ“kXi–Í$hud“kX“klhQˉi—seq
qkÚh$hud“k@™e˜‡wŒ„yi—}v™’œ€!wro–“ˆrî̈“kn“i•htkiFiBˆ“k•€•}~tv“qbo–“ˆµËio†…—kl}vknFÏ–htdŒsekn™emƒklÐlhttz…—kl}~˜—€­Ë6t~hudÌo
™uf“„F™uÐnsetvmFhvtv“ˆ“t~Іo•hutv“ÏYhud“kbtvFˆ“kÚ؃Š€pœkbsuklm“sukl™uklghIhud“k`p¡RXHÛ“klhQˉi—suqx„·˜¤o@¿!ƒC`YYacˆ»¹¿`Ï—suo–m“d
ˆ ! ƒŠ‰’v„Ú€vÐno–}v}~knˆhtd“kbaY†$X!Ž…Ž{c‚eX‡fYfcƒ~…!Ž…‘xcŽ…ˆq…!`¨Xc‰…†‡€iË6d“knsek%‰ tv™‹htd“kD™ukÚh¤i–Íb…–knsChttvÐlkn™
o–“ˆy‹©tv™`hud“kŒ™eklhYi–Í@klˆ“Ï—kn™8i–ͤhtd“kÌÏ—sto–mFd«Š‹át~™`ÍÎf“sChtd“klsbmpo–sChtt~hutvi—Fknˆjo•™‹Ž! 폋|‘ðg€
Ë6d“knsek’‹±tv™IhtdFkµ™eklh`i–Í€Ëio†…—kn}~kn“Ï•htdjklˆ“Ï—kn™8o–“ˆ#‹“‘¡t~™6hud“kX™ukÚhbi–Í€w‰o–mFm“tv“ÏÑklˆ“Ï—kn™l€yhuiy„yk
ˆ“kn™eÐnsetv„yknˆ¬tv¤ˆFklhÓo•tv} }vo•htklsnŠ‚2ã¼€X!Æ!c‚‹cŽ…!ˆŠ†Å¹¿…@tv‰hud“kYÏ—sto•m“d ˆ seknm“sekn™ukl·ht™`oÌËvo†…—kl}vkl“Ï–htd
i—¢oP}vt~“q‚Š¤2£‘iXc‰k‰9ƒCŽ…¹¿…btv±htd“kyÏ—sto•m“d ˆ suklm“sukl™uklghu™‹oPËio†…—kl}vknFÏ–htdBׁhti•×Ëvo†…–kn}vkl“Ï–hud
w‰o•m“m“tvFÏÝÍÎsei—w o–tvFÐni—wxtv“ÏÝ}vt~“q¢htio–i—fBhtÏ—i—t~“ϐ}~tv“qo­h¤oFiBˆ“kDtŠk–Š¡t~hysuklm“sukl™ukn·hu™
™eË6tzhtÐÓd“t~“Ïjo–FˆÐni–g…–knse™utvi–…o•hXhtdpo­hÌ“i‡ˆ“k•Š¤3Id“k‰kl“ˆBׁ…—knsChtt~Ðnkn™µi–ÍvËio†…—kn}~kn“Ï•htd¢klˆ“Ï—kn™Ìo–“ˆ
§

28. L i
L i
Nout Nin
Nout Nin
,
,
, λ1L i
λ2L i
λ3L i
, λ4L i
,
,
,
,
λ4
L i λ3
L i λ2
L i λ1
out
out
out
out,
,
,
, 4
λ3
λ
λ1L i
L i
L i
L i
2
λ
in
in
in
in
f€t~Ï—f“sukbÞFŠ¨§–{@UXsuo–m“d“t~Іo–}«seknm“sekn™ekn·hÓo•hutvi—Pi–Í€o‹}vtvFq@w€yqË6t~htdrÍÎi—fFsvËvo†…—kl}vkl“Ï–htdF™nŠ
w‰o•m“m“tvFÏŒknˆ“Ï–kn™IÐni–“™ehut~htfBhtk8hud“kb™ukÚh6i–Í$o–}v}‚…—klsehutvÐnkl™Itv ˆ Š‚pœkb“i®Ë¦ÍÎi–suwyo–}v}z˜‹ˆ“kn™eÐnsetv„ykYi—f“s
htklÐÓd““t Ü f“kXhtiÑseknm“sekn™ukl·h8htdFkXp¡RXH)“kÚhQËii–suq¬„·˜rt~hu™IÐÓdpo–““kl}ƒo–™u™etvÏ—“wxkn·h6Ï—suo–m“d«Š
f€tvse™eh†€‚ˉkŒˆ“kn™eÐnsetv„ykµhtdFkŒwykÚhtd“i‡ˆ„fF™uknˆjhui‰seknm“sekn™ukl·h|o‰}vt~“qri–Í‚hud“kµp¡RXH FklhQˉi—suqDtv
htd“kÌÐÓdpo–““kl}z×Qo–™u™etvÏ—“wxkn·h8Ï—sto–mFd ˆ ŠY’ii—“™ut~ˆ“kns8™ui—wxk̈“t~suklÐlhtklˆr}vt~“q¥w€y‚Ë6d“tvÐÓdrt~™8„yklhQˉknkl
hQËiiy“i‡ˆ“kn™l€p™to†˜rÍÎsui—wá“iBˆFkˆh”–•˜—$huiyFiBˆ“k†‚yš™FŠg3Id“k|ˆ“kÚ…Bt~Ðnkl™TË6d“t~ÐÓdD™ekn“ˆPhtd“kltvsIi—fBhtÏ—i—t~“Ï
i—mFhutvІo•} ™ut~Ï—po–}~™vo–}~i—“Ïhw€yq„ykn}~i—“ÏŒhtiqh”–•˜—wŠ¤28po•}vi—Ï—i–f“™u}z˜—€ghtd“kYˆ“kÚ…‡tvÐnkl™IË6d“tvÐÓdPo–ÐlÐnknmBhIhtd“kltvs
tv“Ðli—wxtv“ϵi—mFhtt~Іo–}ƒ™ut~Ï—po–}~™‰ÍÎsui–wtw€yq„ykn}vi–“ÏŒhtiq‚yš™FŠ¤2ˆÐÓdpo–““kl}žtvr}~tv“qiw€yqtv™v}vo–„ykn}vklˆ¤„·˜ro
mpo–t~sq€ôw€y»ïYîq›X€yË6d“knsekiîXtv™8hud“kÌËio†…—kn}~kn“Ï•htd±i–ͤhtdFkŒÐÓdpo–“Fkn}ƒ~ës!ç(ïÙ”ï}|}|}|cïdâì„ÚŠb3IdFtv™
ÐÓdpo–“Fkn}“t~™$seknm“sekn™ukl·htknˆx„·˜Œo`ˆ“tvseknÐlhuknˆ‹klˆ“Ï—kœ!’€Sw€yDïdîž›X€—qg“i®Ë6Ño–™¤ov¼€X!Æ!c‚‹cŽ…!ˆC†i¹¿…Ú€
tv ˆ Š¤žkÚhœ}”–•˜—qo–Fˆsœfyš™|ˆ“knFi–htk8hud“k8kl“ˆBׁ…—knsChtt~Ðnkn™ii–Írœ—ŠgHDi–suk8mFsuknÐltv™ekn}~˜–€oœ8i–sutvÏ–tvpo•hukn™¤ÍÎsui–w
œ}”–•˜—Ÿ! €ow€y»ïdîž› ”–•˜— ƒóhÓo–t~}€i–Í@htdFkyo•susui®Ëq„bo–Fˆ±huknsewyt~po•htkl™Xo•h¡œfyš™s! €ow€y»ïdîž› yš™ ƒ—dFk†o–ˆ
i–Í@htd“kÑo–sesui®Ëq„ÚŠÑf$tvÏ—f“sek‹ÞFŠ~§Ñtv}v}~f“™ehusto•hukn™8hud“k‹Ï—suo–m“d“t~Іo–}‚seknm“sekn™ekn·hÓo•hutvi—Ýi–͉or}vt~“qÇw€ygÍÎsui–w
“i‡ˆ“k‚”–•˜—ƒhtiÑ“i‡ˆ“k‚†y¢™xo–“ˆ¬dpo†…‡tv“Ï‹ÍÎi—f“svËio†…—kl}vknFÏ–htd“™‚í4î{™dïdî…hïdî…‰ïdî'jðgŠgžklh6f“™6“i®ËÏ–klh
™ui—wxk¤m“d·˜‡™ut~Іo–}‰tv“™etvÏ—d·hÌi–ÍIhtd“k‰kn·httzhttvkl™£€w€y»ïYîž› ”–•˜— o–Fˆ¤€w€y»ïdîž› yš™ Š±Sb„“™uklse…—krhudpo•h
€Sw€yDïdîž› ”–•˜— Ðno–j„ykÌoÑhtsuo–“™uwxt~hehtklsn€yo–„i–fFhtm“fBh8myi—seh`i–Í‚o–„i—mBhttvÐno–}q™eË6tzhtÐÓd«€‚htd“kµi—fFhum“fFh
i–ÍTo„Ëio®…–kn}~kn“Ï–hudÐni—·…—klsehukns‹klhuЖŠœ9Bt~wyt~} o–se}~˜—€k€ow”yDïd y¢™ Ðno–…„ƒk¤ojsuknÐlkntz…—knsl€@o–¢tvFm“fFh
mƒi–seh6i–Í€o–Pi—mFhtt~Іo–}ƒ™eË6tzhtÐÓd«€phtdFk|t~“m“fFh6i•Í‚oŒËio®…–kn}~kn“Ï–hud„Ðli—·…—knsChtkls8klhuЖŠ
9BknÐli—“ˆ«€‚Ëik|ˆ“kl™uÐnsetv„yk|hud“k|wykÚhtd“i‡ˆDfF™uknˆPhtixsuklm“sukl™ukn·hXoÑ“i‡ˆ“kXi–Í€hud“kXp¡RXH “kÚhQËii–suq
tvrhtdFkµÐÓdpo•““kn}×wo–™e™ut~Ï—“wxkn·hTÏ—sto–mFd ˆ Šv’ii–“™ut~ˆ“kns6™ui–wykX“i‡ˆ“k††yƒË6d“tvÐÓdPdpo–™¥t~“Ðni–wyt~“Ï
}vt~“qg™n€¤™to†˜í‡w€yš™¦Yï}|m|}|fïYw€yš™m§uðDo–“ˆ¨¥ i—fFhuÏ—i—tvFÏj}vt~“qg™n€¤™to†˜ í‡wk”Š•©—ª¦dïm|}|}|fïewk”Š•©—«§€ðgŠÝpœkrsuklmB×
sukl™ukn·hi‚yTo–™‹o„„“t~mpo–sChtt~huk‰Ï—suo–m“dË6tzhtd…tzht™Ì™eklhÑi–Í6…–knsehutvÐlkn™‹mpo–sChttzhttvi–“knˆo–™x퇁†yš¬®­ïY†y¢¯Š°²±»ðgŠ
”–•

29. , λ 3L 1
, λ 2L 1
, λ 1L 1
, λ 3L 2
, λ 2L 2
, λ 1L 2
, λ 3L 3
, λ 2L 3
, λ 1L 3
, λ 3L 4
, λ 2L 4
, λ 1L 4
N
N N
L 1
L 2
L 3
L 4
Ni
i
i iin out
f€tvÏ–f“sukDÞFŠu”B{±UYsto–m“dFtvІo•}Tseknm“sekn™ekn·hÓo•hutvi—†i–Í|oœ“i‡ˆ“kǁ†y8Ë6tzhtd‘hQËii…t~“Ðni—wxtvFÏÝ}~tv“qg™l€ihQËii
i—fFhuÏ—i—tvFÏ‹}vtvFq‡™6o•“ˆDFiÑËio†…—kl}vknFÏ–htdDÐni—·…—klsu™etvi—nƒ£ÞŒËvo†…–kn}vkl“Ï–hud“™8myknsI}~tv“q3„ÚŠ
Gii–hud ‚y³¬´­o–“ˆ ‚yš¯µ°¶±ydpo†…—k¨¥ ™eklhu™Ýi•Í@â …—klsehtt~Ðnkl™Ýkno–ÐÓd«€ŒÐli—susekn™emƒi—Fˆ“tv“Ï huihtd“k…t~B×
Ðni—wxtvFÏa}~tv“qg™Po–“ˆ¦i—fFhtÏ–i—tv“Ï‘}vt~“qg™Dsekn™emƒklÐlhttz…—kl}~˜—Š0‚y³¬®­Ðli—“™ut~™ehu™„i–ÍŒhud“k·¥mâ …–knsChttvÐlkn™
퀏w€yš™˜¸ïdî{™¹› y¢™ ï}|m|}|fï}€ow€yš™Œ¸ïdî~º› yš™ ðjÍÎi—sˆë¤! §!ï}|}|}|}ﻥrŠ †yš¯µ°²±XÐni—“™etv™Cht™‰i•Í‚¥mâ …—klsC×
htt~Ðnkn™m퀏w¼”–•˜—®¸‡ïYî³™¹› ”–•˜— ï}|}|}|}ï}€w¼”–•˜—®¸ïdî„~Ž› ”–•˜— ðrÍÎi—sˆë ! §(ï}|}|m|fﻥrŠ¡AdÍYhtd“kDËvo†…—kl}vkl“Ï–htd
Ðni—·…–knsu™etvi—„™uÐÓd“klwykÌo•hq†y$mƒklsuwxt~ht™vhusto–F™eÍÎknsTi–Í€tvFÍÎi—sew‰o­httvi–¤ÍÎsui—w t~“Ðni–wyt~“Ï‹Ëvo†…—kl}vkl“Ï–htd
î‘Xhtiyi—fFhuÏ—i—tvFÏyËio®…–kn}~kn“Ï–hudßî“t€ o‰ˆ“t~suknÐÚhtklˆjknˆ“Ï–k–€«qg“i®Ë6±o–™Yom‘iXc‰k‰9ƒCŽ…Ő¹¿…Ú€ƒt~™8ˆ“suo®Ë6
ÍÎsui—w½€Sw€yš™Œ¸ïdî…‘ž› yš™ hti¾€w¼”–•˜—À¿‡ïYî“Á› ”–•˜— ÍÎi—s’ë(ï˜Â¾! §(ïm|}|}|fïj¥rŠ¤fpf“sehud“knsewyi—sek–€—hud“k`i–suˆ“klsuknˆ
mpo–t~sYi–͉Ëio†…—kl}vknFÏ–htd“™@ƒ#î…‘4ïYî“©„8t~™X™to–t~ˆ±huiD„ykiaYd‡Ž…Ž{Yacˆ ƒWf‚‹8o•h|“i‡ˆ“kiœŠyf€t~Ï—f“sukÑÞBŠ”¤™udFi“Ë6™
htd“kxÏ—suo–m“d“t~Іo–}¤seknm“sekn™ukl·hÓo•hutvi—¢i•ÍIoDFiBˆ“kU¦Ë6t~htdÝtvFÐni—wxtv“Ϭ}~tv“qg™†w®™Ú€tw”h‹o–Fˆœi—fBhtÏ—i—t~“Ï
}vt~“qg™uw”‰†€)w€jvË6t~hudxhud“suklkTËio†…—kl}vknFÏ–htd“™‰mƒkls‰}~tv“q|…‡t‹p–Šuí4î³™dïYîhïYî‰fðgŠ€AQyhtdFkepÏ–f“suk•€3 dpo–™@“i
Ëvo†…–kn}vkl“Ï–hudrÐni—·…—klsu™etvi—±tŠk–Š`o‰™etvÏ—po•}$o­hbtvFÐni—wxtv“ÏÑËio®…–kn}~kn“Ï–hudî…y€wŒf“™ChY}vkno®…–kµhud“kŒ“i‡ˆ“k
o•hIhtdFk|™uo–wxkXËio†…—kl}vknFÏ–htdiî…yŠ
28™6Ëik|dpo†…—k|™uklkn„t~D’idpo–mFhukns†§—€‚om‚„ƒ~…‡†ˆ„‰$X!ˆC†Œt~™`o•Pkl“ˆBׁhti•×dkn“ˆPÐnt~suÐnfFt~he×d™eË6tzhtÐÓd“klˆDÐli—B×
“knÐÚhtt~i—rtv±o‰p¡RXH“kÚhQËii—seq‚ŠŒAdhYtv™`ÍÎi—suwxknˆr„·˜±o–}~}vi‡Ð†o•hutv“Ïyo‰ÍÎsuklkŒËvo†…–kn}vkl“Ï–hudœi—rkÚ…—klse˜
}vt~“q‰o•}vi—“Ïxo‹ˆ“t~suknÐÚhtklˆDmpo­htd¬ÍÎsui—w©htd“kX™ui–f“suÐlk|huiÑhud“kXˆ“kn™Chtt~po•htt~i—Po–“ˆ¬knF™uf“setv“ÏÑhtdpo­hThud“k
Ëvo†…–kn}vkl“Ï–hudB×QÐli—·…—knse™ut~i—VÐni—“™Chtsuo–tv·ht™yo–sek„™to­httv™—pknˆo•h‰kÚ…—klse˜atv·htklsuwxknˆ“tvo•htk¬“i‡ˆ“k–Š¦e`i•htk
htdpo­hvËvo†…–kn}vkl“Ï–hudB×Q™edpo–sut~“ÏÑi—¤htdFkY™to–wxkb}vt~“qÑ„·˜¤wxi—suk8hudpo–ri—Fkb}vt~Ï—d·htmpo•hud¤tv™im“sui—dFtv„“tzhtknˆ Š
28}~™ui“€qk†o•ÐÓdœ™CË6t~htÐÓdFtv“ÏP“i‡ˆ“kÑtv™YІo•mpo–„“}~kxi•ÍiÐli—““klÐlhtt~“ÏÁƒ£o–“ˆÝmyi—™u™etv„“}z˜jÐni–g…–knsChttvFÏ—„Xt~“ˆ“t×
…‡tvˆ“fpo•}itvg„yi—f““ˆ¢Ëio†…—kl}vknFÏ–htd“™Ñt~“ˆ“knmyknFˆ“kn·ht}z˜huijhtd“kltvs̈Fkn™ut~suklˆ‘i–fFht„yi—f““ˆ¢Ëio†…—kl}vknFÏ–htd“™
”3§