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Arrhythmogenic
Cardiomyopathy
BSNT. Nguyễn Hoàng Minh
TS.BS Trần Vũ Minh Thư
1
2
Contents
01 Introdutions
03
02
04
Diagnosis
Family screening
Risk Strafication
Treatment
3
INTRODUCTIONS
01
• History
• Pathogenesis
• Prevalence
4
ARVC
ACM
ARVD
ALVC
?
5
1970
1982
90s
1994
2010
• First described by Marcus as Right ventricular dysplasia
• The term ARVC
• Involvement of the LV -> ACM
2020
• 1994 Original Task Force Criteria for ARVC
• Revised Criteria for ARVC
• The 2020 International Criteria For ACM “Padua Criteria”
6
Definition
ACM is defined as an arrhythmogenic heart muscle disorder not
explained by ischemic, hypertensive, or valvular heart disease. ACM
may present clinically as symptoms or documentation of atrial
fibrillation, conduction disease, and/or right ventricular (RV) and/or
left ventricular (LV) arrhythmia
Jeffrey A. Towbin, 2019 HRS expert consensus statement on evaluation, risk stratification, and management of arrhythmogenic
cardiomyopathy May 09, 2019DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hrthm.2019.05.007
7
Pathogenesis
8
Braunwald's Heart Disease, A Textbook of Cardiovascular Medicine 12th ed
9
Pathogenesis
The ESC Textbook of Cardiovascular Medicine (3 edn)
10
Pathogenesis
11
Pathogenesis
Mechanisms Key points
Ion channel defect SCN5A, KCNQ1, KCNH2, LQTS,BrS
Cytoskeletal defects desmin (DES), filamin C (FLNC), ZASP (LDB3)
Sarcomere defects myosin heavy chain (MYH7), MYBPC3, HCM, DCM
Metabolic mechanisms Carnitine deficiency
Amyloidosis ATTR
Mitochondrial LVNC in young children, Kearns-Sayre syndrome
Histiocytoid
Jeffrey A. Towbin, 2019 HRS expert consensus statement on evaluation, risk stratification, and management of arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy
12
Prevalence
• 1:5000
• 11% SCD in young adults
• First-degree relatives -> 35%
• Siblings 3-fold higher
Corrado D, Thiene G. Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy/dysplasia: clinical impact of molecular genetic studies. Circulation
2006; 113:1634.
McKenna WJ, Judge DP. Epidemiology of the inherited cardiomyopathies. Nat Rev Cardiol 2021; 18:22.
13
DIAGNOSIS
02
• Clinical manifestations
• Initial evaluation
• Diagnosis Criteria
• Genetic Testing
14
Clinical manifestations
https://doi.org/10.1161/01.CIR.0000143375.93288.82
15
Initial evaluation
Who should be considered?
• Exercise-related palpitations and/or syncope.
• Survivors of sudden cardiac arrest, during exercise.
• Frequent VPB >500 in 24 hours and/or VT of LBBB morphology
• Family history of ACM
Jeffrey A. Towbin, 2019 HRS expert consensus statement on evaluation, risk stratification, and management of arrhythmogenic
cardiomyopathy May 09, 2019DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hrthm.2019.05.007
16
Initial evaluation
What should be taken?
• Clinical history, physical examination, detailed family history
• ECG, 24h Holter
• Echo, MRI
Jeffrey A. Towbin, 2019 HRS expert consensus statement on evaluation, risk stratification, and management of arrhythmogenic
cardiomyopathy May 09, 2019DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hrthm.2019.05.007
17
Domenico Corrado, Diagnosis of arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy: The Padua criteria
18
Diagnosis Criteria
1. Global or regional dysfunction and structure alteration
2. Tissue characterization
3. Repolarization abnormalities
4. Depolarization and conduction abnormalities
5. Arrhythmias
6. Family history/genetics
2010 TF Criteria
PADUA Criteria
and
Jeffrey A. Towbin, 2019 HRS expert consensus statement on evaluation, risk stratification, and management of arrhythmogenic
cardiomyopathy May 09, 2019DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hrthm.2019.05.007
19
• Definite: 2 major OR 1 major and 2 minor OR 4 minor
• Borderline: 1 major and 1 minor OR 3 minor
• Possible: 1 major OR 2 minor
Diagnosis Criteria
Modified Task Force Criteria for
ARVC
Jeffrey A. Towbin, 2019 HRS expert consensus statement on evaluation, risk stratification, and management of arrhythmogenic
cardiomyopathy May 09, 2019DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hrthm.2019.05.007
20
TF Criteria
Jeffrey A. Towbin, 2019 HRS expert consensus statement on evaluation, risk stratification, and management of arrhythmogenic
cardiomyopathy May 09, 2019DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hrthm.2019.05.007
21
TF Criteria
Jeffrey A. Towbin, 2019 HRS expert consensus statement on evaluation, risk stratification, and management of arrhythmogenic
cardiomyopathy May 09, 2019DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hrthm.2019.05.007
22
23
Epsilon Wave Terminal activation duration
Jeffrey A. Towbin, 2019 HRS expert consensus statement on evaluation, risk stratification, and management of arrhythmogenic
cardiomyopathy May 09, 2019DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hrthm.2019.05.007
24
PADUA Criteria
D. Corrado et al. International Journal of Cardiology, 319 (2020) 106–114. Diagnosis of arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy: The Padua criteria,
25
PADUA Criteria
26
PADUA Criteria
D. Corrado et al. International Journal of Cardiology, 319 (2020) 106–114. Diagnosis of arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy: The Padua criteria,
27
D. Corrado et al. International Journal of Cardiology, 319 (2020) 106–114. Diagnosis of arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy: The Padua criteria,
PADUA Criteria
28
Comparisions
1. Structural/functional criteria
Regional akinesia/dyskinesia must be associated with
quantitative measures
2. Tissue characterization CMR findings
3. Left ventricular involvement Major/minor criteria based on imaging and biopsy
4. Depolarization
Epsilon is now minor criteria
Stronger reliance on CMR and considering
on LV involvement
D. Corrado et al. International Journal of Cardiology, 319 (2020) 106–114. Diagnosis of arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy: The Padua criteria,
29
D. Corrado et al. International Journal of Cardiology, 319 (2020) 106–114. Diagnosis of arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy: The Padua criteria,
30
Which test to use Next-generation sequencing (NGS)
How many gene Minimum set of genes
SAGER
Genetic Testing
31
32
FAMILY SCREENING
RISK STRAFICATION
03
33
Family screening
34
ARVC risk calculator
1. Age
2. Sex
3. Number of Negative T waves
4. 24-h PVC burden
5. NSVT
6. <6 months cardiac syncope
7. RVEF from CMR
Alessio Gasperetti, Arrhythmic risk stratification in arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy, EP Europace, Volume 25, Issue 11,
November 2023,
1, 2, 5 year risk for
Primary prevention: first VA
All patients: fast sustained VA
35
36
37
38
39
40

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Arrthymogennic Cardiomyopathy by Dr Nguyen Hoang Minh

  • 1. Arrhythmogenic Cardiomyopathy BSNT. Nguyễn Hoàng Minh TS.BS Trần Vũ Minh Thư 1
  • 5. 5 1970 1982 90s 1994 2010 • First described by Marcus as Right ventricular dysplasia • The term ARVC • Involvement of the LV -> ACM 2020 • 1994 Original Task Force Criteria for ARVC • Revised Criteria for ARVC • The 2020 International Criteria For ACM “Padua Criteria”
  • 6. 6 Definition ACM is defined as an arrhythmogenic heart muscle disorder not explained by ischemic, hypertensive, or valvular heart disease. ACM may present clinically as symptoms or documentation of atrial fibrillation, conduction disease, and/or right ventricular (RV) and/or left ventricular (LV) arrhythmia Jeffrey A. Towbin, 2019 HRS expert consensus statement on evaluation, risk stratification, and management of arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy May 09, 2019DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hrthm.2019.05.007
  • 8. 8 Braunwald's Heart Disease, A Textbook of Cardiovascular Medicine 12th ed
  • 9. 9 Pathogenesis The ESC Textbook of Cardiovascular Medicine (3 edn)
  • 11. 11 Pathogenesis Mechanisms Key points Ion channel defect SCN5A, KCNQ1, KCNH2, LQTS,BrS Cytoskeletal defects desmin (DES), filamin C (FLNC), ZASP (LDB3) Sarcomere defects myosin heavy chain (MYH7), MYBPC3, HCM, DCM Metabolic mechanisms Carnitine deficiency Amyloidosis ATTR Mitochondrial LVNC in young children, Kearns-Sayre syndrome Histiocytoid Jeffrey A. Towbin, 2019 HRS expert consensus statement on evaluation, risk stratification, and management of arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy
  • 12. 12 Prevalence • 1:5000 • 11% SCD in young adults • First-degree relatives -> 35% • Siblings 3-fold higher Corrado D, Thiene G. Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy/dysplasia: clinical impact of molecular genetic studies. Circulation 2006; 113:1634. McKenna WJ, Judge DP. Epidemiology of the inherited cardiomyopathies. Nat Rev Cardiol 2021; 18:22.
  • 13. 13 DIAGNOSIS 02 • Clinical manifestations • Initial evaluation • Diagnosis Criteria • Genetic Testing
  • 15. 15 Initial evaluation Who should be considered? • Exercise-related palpitations and/or syncope. • Survivors of sudden cardiac arrest, during exercise. • Frequent VPB >500 in 24 hours and/or VT of LBBB morphology • Family history of ACM Jeffrey A. Towbin, 2019 HRS expert consensus statement on evaluation, risk stratification, and management of arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy May 09, 2019DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hrthm.2019.05.007
  • 16. 16 Initial evaluation What should be taken? • Clinical history, physical examination, detailed family history • ECG, 24h Holter • Echo, MRI Jeffrey A. Towbin, 2019 HRS expert consensus statement on evaluation, risk stratification, and management of arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy May 09, 2019DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hrthm.2019.05.007
  • 17. 17 Domenico Corrado, Diagnosis of arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy: The Padua criteria
  • 18. 18 Diagnosis Criteria 1. Global or regional dysfunction and structure alteration 2. Tissue characterization 3. Repolarization abnormalities 4. Depolarization and conduction abnormalities 5. Arrhythmias 6. Family history/genetics 2010 TF Criteria PADUA Criteria and Jeffrey A. Towbin, 2019 HRS expert consensus statement on evaluation, risk stratification, and management of arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy May 09, 2019DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hrthm.2019.05.007
  • 19. 19 • Definite: 2 major OR 1 major and 2 minor OR 4 minor • Borderline: 1 major and 1 minor OR 3 minor • Possible: 1 major OR 2 minor Diagnosis Criteria Modified Task Force Criteria for ARVC Jeffrey A. Towbin, 2019 HRS expert consensus statement on evaluation, risk stratification, and management of arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy May 09, 2019DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hrthm.2019.05.007
  • 20. 20 TF Criteria Jeffrey A. Towbin, 2019 HRS expert consensus statement on evaluation, risk stratification, and management of arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy May 09, 2019DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hrthm.2019.05.007
  • 21. 21 TF Criteria Jeffrey A. Towbin, 2019 HRS expert consensus statement on evaluation, risk stratification, and management of arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy May 09, 2019DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hrthm.2019.05.007
  • 22. 22
  • 23. 23 Epsilon Wave Terminal activation duration Jeffrey A. Towbin, 2019 HRS expert consensus statement on evaluation, risk stratification, and management of arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy May 09, 2019DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hrthm.2019.05.007
  • 24. 24 PADUA Criteria D. Corrado et al. International Journal of Cardiology, 319 (2020) 106–114. Diagnosis of arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy: The Padua criteria,
  • 26. 26 PADUA Criteria D. Corrado et al. International Journal of Cardiology, 319 (2020) 106–114. Diagnosis of arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy: The Padua criteria,
  • 27. 27 D. Corrado et al. International Journal of Cardiology, 319 (2020) 106–114. Diagnosis of arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy: The Padua criteria, PADUA Criteria
  • 28. 28 Comparisions 1. Structural/functional criteria Regional akinesia/dyskinesia must be associated with quantitative measures 2. Tissue characterization CMR findings 3. Left ventricular involvement Major/minor criteria based on imaging and biopsy 4. Depolarization Epsilon is now minor criteria Stronger reliance on CMR and considering on LV involvement D. Corrado et al. International Journal of Cardiology, 319 (2020) 106–114. Diagnosis of arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy: The Padua criteria,
  • 29. 29 D. Corrado et al. International Journal of Cardiology, 319 (2020) 106–114. Diagnosis of arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy: The Padua criteria,
  • 30. 30 Which test to use Next-generation sequencing (NGS) How many gene Minimum set of genes SAGER Genetic Testing
  • 31. 31
  • 34. 34 ARVC risk calculator 1. Age 2. Sex 3. Number of Negative T waves 4. 24-h PVC burden 5. NSVT 6. <6 months cardiac syncope 7. RVEF from CMR Alessio Gasperetti, Arrhythmic risk stratification in arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy, EP Europace, Volume 25, Issue 11, November 2023, 1, 2, 5 year risk for Primary prevention: first VA All patients: fast sustained VA
  • 35. 35
  • 36. 36
  • 37. 37
  • 38. 38
  • 39. 39
  • 40. 40

Editor's Notes

  1. Good afternoon colleagues, I'm pleased to present on the diagnostic challenges of arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy, an important cardiovascular condition involving the heart muscle.
  2. First of all is the Introductions
  3. So we have heard many terminology used to describe this disease, such as ARVC, ARVD, and ALVC, ACM. This can be confusing. Let's take a look at how our understanding of the disease has developed over time and led to these various names
  4. ACM was first described in the 1970s by Francesco Marcus with the term "right ventricular dysplasia" based on the histological finding of replacement of heart muscle with fatty-fibrous tissue. In 1982, the term "Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Cardiomyopathy" was proposed to define a new clinical entity characterized by structural abnormalities of the right ventricle and life-threatening arrhythmias. Throughout the 1980s, many case reports identified prominent features of the RV-predominant abnormality. However, in the early 1990s, some cases showed left ventricular involvement, an important genetic linkage discovery in the late 1990s found desmosomal protein mutations affect both ventricles. From this, a broader term "Arrhythmogenic Cardiomyopathy" was proposed. Based on these foundations, in 1994 the first consensus diagnostic criteria for ARVC were established. Revised criteria in 2010 aimed to improve diagnostic sensitivity and were widely adopted.
  5. Bệnh cơ tim sinh loạn nhịp định nghĩa là bệnh cơ tim sinh loạn nhịp không giải thích được bằng hiện tượng thiếu máu cơ tim, tăng huyết áp hoặc bệnh van tim. Bệnh có thể biểu hiện lâm sàng bằng triệu chứng hoặc ghi nhận rung nhĩ, bệnh dẫn truyền, và hoặc rồi loạn nhịp thất phải hoặc thất trái
  6. Vậy thì nguyên nhân nào làm mất đi sự liên kết đó, chất gọi là xi măng ở đây là gì , đó chính là desmosome. Thì thành phần desmosome được cấu thành từ 3 họ protein chính gồm họ Desmosome cadherin (gồm desmoglein và desmocollin.), protein họ amadilo (gồm plakoglobin và plakophilin.), họ plakin: là desmoplakin. Khi các gene mã hóa chính cho những protein trên bị đột biến, chúng sẽ taoj ra những protein bị biến dạng làm yếu đi chức năng của desmosome, kết hợp với tim là cơ quan chịu áp lực cớ học lớn, dẫn đến sự tách rời các tế bào cơ tim, gây chết tế bào và thay dần bởi mô sợi mỡ, tạo thành các ổ loạn sản, gây ra các triệu chứng lâm sàng
  7. Ngoài ra cũng có những gene ngoài Desmosome nhưng rất hiếm, tỉ lệ chỉ chiếm dưới 1% cho từng loại gene
  8. Ngoài ra còn một số cơ chế khác dượcd đề cập trong hướng dẫn của HRS 2019 gồm: Khiếm khuyết kênh Ion: ảnh hưởng tới một số gene như: SCN5A, , KCNQ1, KCNH2 gây nên Hội chứng QT dài, HC QT ngắn và Brugada syndrome Ảnh hưởng đến bộ xương tế bào gây ra bởi 1 số gene . Khiếm khuyết sarco có thể gây nên thêm bệnh HCM và DCM
  9. Tần suất mắc bệnh là 1:5000 người. ARVC là một nguyên nhân quan trọng ở đột tử người trẻ, chiếm 11% tổng số ca. Bệnh di truyền ảnh hưởng trực tiếp đến thế hệ thứ nhất khi có 35% số người thuộc thế hệ thứ nhất dc di truyền lại. Đặc biệt hơn anh chị em ruột có tỉ lệ mắc cao gấp 3 lần so với những người thân thứ nhất khác
  10. Biểu hiện lâm sàng thường chỉ gặp từ 20-40 tuổi mặc dù có một vài trường hợp cũng được ghi nhận trước tuổi trưởng thành và sau 60 tuổi Triệu chứng điển hình là đánh trống ngực, ngất, đau ngực không điển hình, dấu hiệu suy tim phải trên lâm sàng, khó thở. Trong bảng này có thể thấy sự khác biệt có ý nghĩa khi mà ở nhóm BN có tử vong do tim mạch xuất hiện triệu chứng ngất, đau ngực và dấu hiệu suy thất phải là nnhiều hơn so với nhóm khong tử vong
  11. Do đặc điểm lâm sàng không đặc hiệu, vậy những bệnh nhân nào cần nghi ngờ3 Hướng dẫn của HRS có đề cập đến một số bennehj nhân cần quan tâm: 1. Bệnh nhân có triệu chứng hồi hội và ngất liên quan đến gắng sức 2. Bệnh nhân sống sót sau ngưng tim, đặc biệt khi gắng sức, 3. BN có ngoại tâm thu thất thường xuyên (hơn 500 nhịp/24 giờ và/hoặc kèm nhanh thất dạng block nhánh trái khi không có bệnh tim cấu trúc khác, 4 tiền căn gia đình có BCT sinh loạn nhịp
  12. Vậy thì đứng trước một bệnh nhân nghi nừo ACM thì đánh giá ban đầu bao gồm những gì
  13. Sau khi có một số dữ kiện ban đầu, tổng hợp đánh giá, chúng ta sẽ đi đến tiêu chuẩn chẩn đoán của ACM
  14. Tiêu chuẩn chẩn đoán gồm 6 thành phần. 1. Rối loạn vận động toàn bộ hoặc vùng, và thay đổi cấu trúc tim 2. Thay đổi mô 3. Bất thường tái cực 4. Bất thường khử cực và bất thường dẫn truyền 5. Rối loạn hịp 6. Tiền sử gia đình và gene
  15. Siêu âm tim vô động loạn động thất phải hoặc túi phình kèm 1 trong những đặc điểm sau: Đường kính đường ra thất phải lớn hơn 32mm ở cạnh ức trục dài và lớn hơn 36mm ở cạnh ức trục ngắn, FAC <33% Tiêu chuẩn phụ: thì đường kính đường ra thất phải nhỏ hơn chút là 29 và 32 Môtj số tiêu chuẩn trên MRI cũng đánh giá về đường kính thất phải cuối tâm trương và EF thất phải
  16. Về đặc điểm mẫu mô thành cơ tim: Sinh thiết nội mạc cơ tim cho thấy sự thay thế mô sợi thành tự do thất phải hơn 1 mẫu mô kèm hoặc không kèm sự thay thế mỡ và tế bào cơ tim còn lại <60% , tiêu chuẩn phụ thì nhỏ hơn 75 và trên 60 Về đặc điểm tiền căn gia đình. Có người thân thuộc thế hệ thứ nhất mắc ARVC theo tiêu chuẩn chẩn đoán hiện hành, hoặc bằng giải phẫu bệnh, hoặc mang đột biến bệnh có liên quan đến bệnh ARVC Tiêu chuẩn phụ: có tiền căn ARVC mà không thể khả thi hoặc không thực tế khi áp dụng tiêu chuẩn hiện hành. Đột tử sớm dưới 35 tuổi ở người thân thế hệ thứ nhất được cho liên quan đến ARVC ARVC được xác định bằng GPB và chẩn đoán ở những ng thân thuộc phả hệ thứ 2
  17. Bất thường tái cực khi T đảo ở những chueyẻn đạo phải V1-V3 hoặc hơn ở những BN trên 14 tuổi và không kèm theo cRBBB, tiêu chuẩn phụ thì số chuyển đạo có thể ít đi Bất thường khử cực: điển hình với sóng Epsilon được mô tả là tín hiệu điện thế thấp nằm giữa chỗ kết thúc phức bộ QRS và khởi đầu sóng T ở chuyển đạo (P), têu chuẩn phụ cần kèm phương pháp ECG tín hiệu trung bình, và thứ hai là tiêu chuẩn khoảng thời gian hoạt hóa cuối cùng của QRS >55ms đo từ đáy sóng S đến cuối phức bộ QRS bao gồm sóng R’ mà không có sự xuất hiện của Block nhánh phải Nhịp nhanh thất dai dẳng hoặc không dai dẳng với dạng block nhánh trái kèm trực QRS trênhoặc thuộc vùng không xác định. Tiêu chuẩn phụ thì tương tự nhưng là trục dưới hoặc trên 500 ngoại tâm thu thất/24 giờ
  18. The Padua Criteria also can devided this disease into 3 3 phenotypic variants: ARVC: absence of LV involvement Biventricular And ALVC when have gene mutatution, LV Structural criteria and the absence of RV involvement
  19. About structurall/functional Criteria The Padua Criteria provide the quantitive values, Also, regional akinesia/dyskinesia must be associated with quantitative measures Tissue characterization:  CMR findings of LGE/fibrofatty replacement as a major criterion while 2010 criteria only included histopathology from endomyocardial biopsy. Left ventricular involvement LV forms with major/minor criteria  based on imaging and biopsy Depolarization: Epsilon is now minor criteria In summary, the PADUA have a stronger reliance on CMR and considering on LV involvement
  20. Genetic testing of known ACM susceptibility genes is recommended after establishing a diagnosis using the diagnostic criteria.
  21. Base on HRS 2019, the recommendation for genetic testing is class I Acording this material, we should remember 2 question: Which test to use? It is NGS test. The second things to consider is how many gene that should be taken? We have the minimum set of genes
  22.  That is a really boring tableright? However, having this minimum list of ACM-related genes allows clinicians to efficiently prescribe the appropriate genetic testing panels for patients, focusing on the genes that have the strongest evidence of disease causation.
  23. ARVC risk calculator, employs seven clinical variables ast sustained VA (only ventricular tachycardia (VT) >250bpm; ventricular fibrillation/flutter (VF); sudden cardiac arrest/death (SCA/SCD))