The document discusses setting up an Arduino board. It defines an Arduino board as a microcontroller board that contains an onboard power supply, USB port, and Atmel microcontroller chip. It simplifies creating control systems by providing a standard board that can be programmed without requiring sophisticated PCB design. The document also provides instructions on installing the Arduino IDE software, selecting the board and serial port, and uploading a basic blink program to test the setup.

1. Setting up Arduino board
What is Arduino?
•A microcontroller board, contains on-board
•power supply,
•USB port to communicate with PC,
•and an Atmel microcontroller chip.
•It simplify the process of creating any control system by
providing the standard board that can be programmed and
connected to the system without the need to any sophisticated
PCB design and implementation.
•It is an open source hardware, any one can get the details of its
design and modify it or make his own one himself.

2. Installing Arduino IDE
• Check out: http://arduino.cc/en/Guide/HomePage
1. Download & install the Arduino environment (IDE-
Integrated Development Environment)
2. Connect the board to your computer via the USB cable
3. If needed, install the drivers
4. Launch the Arduino IDE
5. Select your board
6. Select your serial port
7. Open the blink example
8. Upload the program

3. Arduino Hardware : Architecture of Arduino
UNO

4. Arduino Hardware : Architecture of Arduino
UNO

6. AVR ATMega328 pin out and features

8. AVR ATMega328 pin out and features
No. of Pins 28
CPU RISC 8-Bit AVR
Operating Voltage 1.8 to 5.5 V
Program Memory 32KB
Program Memory Type Flash
SRAM 2048 Bytes
EEPROM 1024 Bytes
ADC 10-Bit
Number of ADC Channels 8
PWM Pins 6
Oscillator up to 20 MHz
Timer (3) 8-Bit x 2 & 16-Bit x 1
Enhanced Power on Reset Yes
Power Up Timer Yes
I/O Pins 23
Manufacturer Microchip
SPI Yes
I2C Yes
Watchdog Timer Yes
Reset Yes
Operating Temperature -40 C to +85 C

9. Pin mapping between Arduino and AVR

10. Arduino IDE
See: http://arduino.cc/en/Guide/Environment for more information

11. Select Serial Port and Board

13. Arduino C Value Data Types

14. Important
• Keywords in C
– keyword is any word that has special meaning to the C
compiler.
– Because keywords are reserved for the compiler’s use,
– you cannot use them for your own variable or function
names.
• Variable Names in C
• Valid variable names may contain:
1. Characters a through z and A through Z
2. The underscore character (_)
3. Digit characters 0 through 9, provided they are not
used as the first character in the name.

15. boolean Data Type Example
• boolean switchState = false;
• switchState = ReadSwitchState(whichSwitch);
• if (switchState)
• {
• TurnSwitchOff(whichSwitch);
• }
• else
• {
• TurnSwitchOn(whichSwitch);
• }

16. Arduino Digital I/0
pinMode(pin, mode)
Sets pin to either INPUT or OUTPUT
digitalRead(pin)
Reads HIGH or LOW from a pin
digitalWrite(pin, value)
Writes HIGH or LOW to a pin
www.mikroe.com/chapters/view/1

17. todbot.com/blog/bionicarduino

18. Our First Program

19. Blinking of LED using LDR

21. To control brightness of LED
• /* LedBrightness sketch to controls the brightness of LEDs on analog output ports */
• const int firstLed = 3; // specify the pin for each of the LEDs
• const int secondLed = 5;
• const int thirdLed = 6;
• int brightness = 0;
• int increment = 1;
• void setup()
• {
• // pins driven by analogWrite do not need to be declared as outputs
• }
• void loop()
• {
• if(brightness > 255)
• {
• increment = -1; // count down after reaching 255
• }
• else if(brightness < 1)
• {
• increment = 1; // count up after dropping back down to 0

22. • }
• brightness = brightness + increment; // increment
(or decrement sign is minus)
• // write the brightness value to the LEDs
• analogWrite(firstLed, brightness);
• analogWrite(secondLed, brightness);
• analogWrite(thirdLed, brightness );
• delay(10); // 10ms for each step change means
2.55 secs to fade up or down
• }

23. Demo of Blinking LED’s at
different rates

24. What is PWM?
• Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) is a technique for creating a
digital square wave signal.
• A square wave has 3 main characteristics
– Amplitude - The amount the signal changes between On and
Off states
– Frequency - The number of times the signal repeats in a given time
frame
– Duty Cycle - The proportion of On time to Off time usually expressed
as a percentage

25. Duty cycles

26. PMW Pins
• Command:
analogWrite(pin,value)
• value is duty cycle:
between 0 and 255
• Examples:
analogWrite(9, 128)
for a 50% duty cycle
analogWrite(11, 64)
for a 25% duty cycle
Image from Theory and Practice of Tangible User Interfaces at UC Berkley